By the Court,
Talbot, J.:
In the petition for rehearing it is said that we determined that the petitioner’s imprisonment was not in violation of the civil rights guaranteed to him by the constitution of the [426]*426State of Nevada, but that we did not decide the questions raised as to whether his detention was in violation of the rights guaranteed to him under the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, and as to whether he was imprisoned without due process of law, and whether his fine was excessive.
The petition further states: " That, since the rendition of the opinion of the Supreme Court of the State of Nevada declaring an eight-hour law constitutional under the police power of the state, the Supreme Court of the United States has declared such law unconstitutional in the case of Lochner v. State of New York, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937, on the ground that' no state can deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law,’ and 'the right to purchase or to sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this document, unless there are circumstances which exclude the right,’ and 'the general right to make a contract in relation to his business is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the fourteenth amendment to the constitution.’ Statistics were quoted to show that the occupation of baker was not particularly unhealthful, showing that outside evidence can be introduced to vary the judgment of the legislature. Justice Harlan, in dissenting, said it was the most important decision rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States within a century, proving that the case of Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 368, 18 Sup. Ct. 383, 42 L. Ed. 780, did not decide the question of the right of men sui juris to contract one with the other. That your petitioner is not fully informed of the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Lochner v. State of New York, but believes the same to be controlling in the case at bar.”
At the time the rehearing was ordered the press dispatches indicated that the Supreme Court of the United States had reversed the decision of the New York Court of Appeals in the Lochner case, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773, but the publication of the full text of the decision had not arrived. From a review of that case (25 Sup. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937) it appears that the New York statute providing a ten-hour day for bakers was upheld by the Oneida County court, by [427]*427three of the five judges of the supreme court, and by four of the seven justices of the court of appeals of that state, and that it was finally declared unconstitutional by five of the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. It will be seen that twelve of these judges deemed the act valid, and that ten of them considered it unconstitutional. The decisions being by a bare majority in every court through which the case passed, no question has ever presented a sharper diversity of opinion among able jurists than the validity of this statute concerning bakers. The same cannot be said regarding the acts limiting the hours of labor in mines and mills for the reduction of ores. The legislative enactment from which ours is copied was sustained by the full bench in Utah, and by seven of the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in Holden v. Hardy.
The Supreme Court of Missouri, in the Cantwell case (78 S. W. 569) unanimously upheld the law, making an eight-hour day for underground miners in that state, and all agreed that testimony tending to show that the work was not unhealthful could not be received to overthrow the statute. The only decision found to the contrary is the strained one in Re Morgan (Colo. Sup.) 58 Pac. 1071, 47 L. R. A. 52, 77 Am. St. Rep. 269, which led to so much trouble, suffering, and loss of life in Colorado. The opinions of the majority, as well as those of the minority, in the Lochner case, refer to and approve the decision in Holden v. Hardy, which sustains the Utah act similar to ours, and Justice Brown, who wrote the opinion of the court in the last-named ease, concurred with the majority in the other. The court of last resort was careful to distinguish between the two.
In the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York, it is said: "Among the later cases where the state law has been upheld by this court is that of Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 42 L. Ed. 780, 18 Sup. Ct. 383. A provision in the act of the Legislature of Utah was there under consideration; the act limiting the employment of workmen in all underground mines or workings to eight hours per day, except in cases of emergency, where life or property is in imminent danger. It also limited the hours [428]*428of labor in smelting and other institutions for the reduction or refining of ores or metals to eight hours per day, except in like cases of emergency. The act was held to be a valid exercise of the police powers of the state. It was held that the kind of employment and the character of the employees in such kinds of labor were such as to make it reasonable and proper for the state to interfere to prevent the employees from being constrained by the rules laid down by the proprietors in regard to labor. * * * There is nothing in Holden v. Hardy which covers the case now before us. * * * The case differs widely, as we have already stated, from the expressions of this court in regard to laws of this nature, as stated in Holden v. Hardy.” And in the dissenting opinions Justice Holmes said: "The law sustaining an eight-hour day for miners is still recent.” And Justice Harlan: "So, as said in Holden v. Hardy, 'this right of contract, however, is itself subject to certain -limitations, which the state may lawfully interpose in the exercise of its police powers.’ ”
The cases are distinguished on a question of fact, work in bakeries not being considered more unhealthful than in ordinary employments by the majority of the court, while evidently the opposite was held in regard' to labor in mines and mills for the reduction of ores. Justice Peckham, in the opinion of the court, said: "We think there can be no fair doubt that the trade of a baker, in and of itself, is not an unhealthful one to that degree which would authorize the legislature to interfere. In looking through statistics regarding all trades and occupations, it may be true that the trade of a baker does not appear to be as healthful as some other trades, and is also vastly more healthful than still others. To the common understanding the trade of a baker has never been regarded as an unhealthful one. * * * It seems to us that the real object and purpose were simply to regulate the hours of labor in a private business not dangerous in any real and substantial degree to the health of the employees.”
The conclusion of the Supreme Court of the United States was quite different regarding the effect of labor in quartz-mills, where, in adopting the language of the Supreme Court [429]*429of Utah in Holden v. Hardy,
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By the Court,
Talbot, J.:
In the petition for rehearing it is said that we determined that the petitioner’s imprisonment was not in violation of the civil rights guaranteed to him by the constitution of the [426]*426State of Nevada, but that we did not decide the questions raised as to whether his detention was in violation of the rights guaranteed to him under the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, and as to whether he was imprisoned without due process of law, and whether his fine was excessive.
The petition further states: " That, since the rendition of the opinion of the Supreme Court of the State of Nevada declaring an eight-hour law constitutional under the police power of the state, the Supreme Court of the United States has declared such law unconstitutional in the case of Lochner v. State of New York, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937, on the ground that' no state can deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law,’ and 'the right to purchase or to sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this document, unless there are circumstances which exclude the right,’ and 'the general right to make a contract in relation to his business is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the fourteenth amendment to the constitution.’ Statistics were quoted to show that the occupation of baker was not particularly unhealthful, showing that outside evidence can be introduced to vary the judgment of the legislature. Justice Harlan, in dissenting, said it was the most important decision rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States within a century, proving that the case of Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 368, 18 Sup. Ct. 383, 42 L. Ed. 780, did not decide the question of the right of men sui juris to contract one with the other. That your petitioner is not fully informed of the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Lochner v. State of New York, but believes the same to be controlling in the case at bar.”
At the time the rehearing was ordered the press dispatches indicated that the Supreme Court of the United States had reversed the decision of the New York Court of Appeals in the Lochner case, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773, but the publication of the full text of the decision had not arrived. From a review of that case (25 Sup. Ct. 539, 49 L. Ed. 937) it appears that the New York statute providing a ten-hour day for bakers was upheld by the Oneida County court, by [427]*427three of the five judges of the supreme court, and by four of the seven justices of the court of appeals of that state, and that it was finally declared unconstitutional by five of the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. It will be seen that twelve of these judges deemed the act valid, and that ten of them considered it unconstitutional. The decisions being by a bare majority in every court through which the case passed, no question has ever presented a sharper diversity of opinion among able jurists than the validity of this statute concerning bakers. The same cannot be said regarding the acts limiting the hours of labor in mines and mills for the reduction of ores. The legislative enactment from which ours is copied was sustained by the full bench in Utah, and by seven of the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in Holden v. Hardy.
The Supreme Court of Missouri, in the Cantwell case (78 S. W. 569) unanimously upheld the law, making an eight-hour day for underground miners in that state, and all agreed that testimony tending to show that the work was not unhealthful could not be received to overthrow the statute. The only decision found to the contrary is the strained one in Re Morgan (Colo. Sup.) 58 Pac. 1071, 47 L. R. A. 52, 77 Am. St. Rep. 269, which led to so much trouble, suffering, and loss of life in Colorado. The opinions of the majority, as well as those of the minority, in the Lochner case, refer to and approve the decision in Holden v. Hardy, which sustains the Utah act similar to ours, and Justice Brown, who wrote the opinion of the court in the last-named ease, concurred with the majority in the other. The court of last resort was careful to distinguish between the two.
In the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York, it is said: "Among the later cases where the state law has been upheld by this court is that of Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 42 L. Ed. 780, 18 Sup. Ct. 383. A provision in the act of the Legislature of Utah was there under consideration; the act limiting the employment of workmen in all underground mines or workings to eight hours per day, except in cases of emergency, where life or property is in imminent danger. It also limited the hours [428]*428of labor in smelting and other institutions for the reduction or refining of ores or metals to eight hours per day, except in like cases of emergency. The act was held to be a valid exercise of the police powers of the state. It was held that the kind of employment and the character of the employees in such kinds of labor were such as to make it reasonable and proper for the state to interfere to prevent the employees from being constrained by the rules laid down by the proprietors in regard to labor. * * * There is nothing in Holden v. Hardy which covers the case now before us. * * * The case differs widely, as we have already stated, from the expressions of this court in regard to laws of this nature, as stated in Holden v. Hardy.” And in the dissenting opinions Justice Holmes said: "The law sustaining an eight-hour day for miners is still recent.” And Justice Harlan: "So, as said in Holden v. Hardy, 'this right of contract, however, is itself subject to certain -limitations, which the state may lawfully interpose in the exercise of its police powers.’ ”
The cases are distinguished on a question of fact, work in bakeries not being considered more unhealthful than in ordinary employments by the majority of the court, while evidently the opposite was held in regard' to labor in mines and mills for the reduction of ores. Justice Peckham, in the opinion of the court, said: "We think there can be no fair doubt that the trade of a baker, in and of itself, is not an unhealthful one to that degree which would authorize the legislature to interfere. In looking through statistics regarding all trades and occupations, it may be true that the trade of a baker does not appear to be as healthful as some other trades, and is also vastly more healthful than still others. To the common understanding the trade of a baker has never been regarded as an unhealthful one. * * * It seems to us that the real object and purpose were simply to regulate the hours of labor in a private business not dangerous in any real and substantial degree to the health of the employees.”
The conclusion of the Supreme Court of the United States was quite different regarding the effect of labor in quartz-mills, where, in adopting the language of the Supreme Court [429]*429of Utah in Holden v. Hardy, it was said: "Poisonous gases, dust, and impalpable substances arise and float in the air in stamp-mills, smelters, and other works in which ore containing metals, combined with arsenic or other poisonous elements or agencies, are treated, reduced, and refined; and there can be no doubt that prolonged effort, day after day, subject to such conditions and agencies, will produce morbid, noxious, and other deadly effects in the human system. Some organisms and systems will resist and endure such conditions longer than others.” That the legislature may regulate and limit the hours of labor in employments that are dangerous and especially unhealthful is no longer open to doubt. That underground mining, and the smelting, milling, and reduction of ores, are occupations of that kind and subject to reasonable legislative regulations such as this act provides, we think is well settled by these decisions in Missouri and Utah, and by the Supreme Court of the United States in Holden v. Hardy, and in New York, and by this court in Ex parte Boyce, 27 Nev. 299, 75 Pac. 1, 65 L. R. A. 47.
The question remains whether the particular mill and employment in which petitioner worked should be exempted from the operation 'of the statute under his claim that labor there is not unhealthful. Subject to objection and to the admissibility of the evidence being determined later, witnesses have been sworn and interrogated before us regarding this mill and a few other wet-crushing ones in that vicinity. On behalf of petitioner they testified that labor in wet-crushing quartz-mills is perfectly healthful and preferable to outside work; that the danger depends upon the construction of the mill; that there is no dust in the Dazet and other wet - crushing mills in that vicinity, and no danger in amalgamating, if the men do not let the pans get too hot and are careful about raising the lid; that they do not need to get their hands and feet wet; and that work around cyanide plants is unusually, healthful. On cross-examination witnesses admitted that some mills are unhealthful because improperly constructed, that dust may arise from rock breakers in wet-crushing mills, that they had known men to become salivated, that the constant din of the battery may affect the hearing, that cyanide [430]*430produced sores on the skin of men who were careless in shoveling out tanks, and that work around the pans is considered unhealthful. For the petitioner a physician of twenty-eight years’ experience stated that he knew of no specific disease peculiar to millmen, except possibly, miner’s consumption, which might arise from the dust floating in the mills; that the din may injure the hearing in some cases; that the jar would not affect the kidneys of a strong man; that during seven years’ experience at a mining town in the eastern part of the state he found that men engaged with free-milling ores were generally healthy, and those engaged with base ores containing lead and such substances were liable to be injured; that work in underground mines was more injurious than in mills; and that men had become afflicted with miner’s consumption on the Comstock.
A witness for the state testified that he had worked in the Dazet Mill, the one in which petitioner was employed; that a car of ore is run onto and dumped over a grizzly about every fifteen minutes, and quite a dust arises; that a rock breaker with large jaws makes flinty dust, and after a man works there awhile he can spit it out in chunks, and that the dust settled over the mill; that he never saw a man clean the battery that did not get wet; that he had worked with hundreds of men in mills, and had heard them complain, and knew their hearing and nerves were affected; that the jar injured his kidneys; that he knew a man who had been stricken with paralysis in a cyanide plant; and that his brother-in-law died from working in mills. Other witnesses testified' that men became salivated, and that prolonged employment in mills had a tendency to cause deafness and nervousness and to break down the system; that the men who perform the labor in these institutions generally consider the work unhealthful; and that they knew of deaths resulting.
The testimony does not extend to the mills and reduction works generally throughout the state, and is conflicting, and does not show clearly that prolonged labor in them and in the particular employment of a general millman, followed by the petitioner, would not résult in real and substantial injury to workingmen of ordinary vitality. However, feeling still [431]*431in accord with the Supreme Court of Missouri in the Cant-well ease, we think this evidence cannot be received or considered to affect the constitutionality of the statute. If, for the purpose of the argument, it be conceded that no one has been seriously affected in health by laboring in this particular mill during the past few years, and that the petitioner has followed with impunity his avocation for a period longer than the usual life, this does not prove that months and ■years of labor in this and other quartz-mills may not disable or greatly injure men of common physical powers. The evil results are not always immediate nor easily ascertained in advance. Minds may honestly differ as to whether they will ever occur. Under certain conditions some, and especially those who are interested, may earnestly believe that particular mills and part of the labor in them should be immune from this enactment; but the future may prove the wisdom of the legislature in regard to them, as the past has done concerning underground mines and institutions generally for the reduction of ores. If exceptions were to be made, based on the peculiarities of the mill or its method of’operation, or on the chemicals used, or on the ingredients of the ore, or on the ability of some workmen to maintain their health longer than others, there would be great uncertainty and much litigation in securing the benefits of the act, and it could thereby be nullified to a great extent.
The fact that controls the decision in the Lochner case— the finding of the majority of the court of last resort — that the trade of a baker is not more unbealthful than ordinary occupations, appears to be based on judicial knowledge aided by statistics and general information, and not upon testimony. Essentially the same is true of the conclusion of this court in this ease and in Ex parte Boyce, and of the opinion reached in Holden v. Hardy by the court in Utah, and followed and approved by the Supreme Court of the United States, holding that labor in mines, smelters, and institutions for the reduction and refining of ores is so hazardous and unhealthful as to justify the legislature in limiting the hours of labor in those places. We held it was a matter of common knowledge that men sickened and died as a result [432]*432of labor in underground mines and quartz-mills, and byway of example referred to the well-known fact that in one of the largest plants in the state the most of the men died in from a few months to two years from the effects of flinty dust from quartzite ores. Recently, and since the submission of this case, there casually appeared before this court, as a spectator during the argument of a water suit, a man in the advanced stages of miner’s consumption, sallow, emaciated, and with hollow cough; an impressive exhibit of the frequent effect of work in underground mines. Testimony cannot be received to establish nor to overthrow these or other matters of judicial cognizance. If it could be tak'en to overturn the conclusion that labor in these places is unhealthful, for the same reasons it ought to be accepted to reverse the finding that work in bakeries is not more ■unhealthful than in ordinary employments.
If evidence were to be considered for the purpose of showing that a particular mill or the labor performed by some of the workmen in the reduction of certain ores is not unhealthful, and that, therefore, it should be excepted from the operation of the act, testimony should also be admissible to prove that the conditions existing in a few particular bakeries in the State of New York made them especially injurious to the health of the employees therein, and that as to them the statute ought .to be enforced, notwithstanding it has been declared unconstitutional as to the bakeries generally in that state. If, regardless of the reasons and difficulties indicated here and in the opinion, testimony were receivable to limit the operation of the statute in exceptional eases, the evidence would have to be clear to render the act unconstitutional or ineffective as to them, and would háve to be presented in the court having jurisdiction of the offense, and not on petition for writ of habeas corpus. If questions of fact not conclusively shown by judicial knowledge were to vary or restrict the control of the statute in some cases, the state and the defendant would be entitled to have them submitted to a jury in the court having jurisdiction of the offense, and the proper method for the correction of errors in that tribunal would be by appeal.
[433]*433We do not find the statute to be in conflict with the fourteenth amendment, nor with any provision of the state or federal constitutions, nor do we deem the fine excessive. We realize the importance of the question involved, and that it borders on the line that divides the right of the individual to work, contract, and act as he may please from the power of the legislature to restrain or limit him in this regard for his benefit, and that of the community by the enactment of laws for the protection of his health, safety, morals, and the common welfare. After mature reflection we feel confirmed in the correctness of the conclusions reached in the opinion, and that the statute controls the employment followed by petitioner.. If this will work unnecessary hardships without corresponding • benefits in exceptional cases, application should be made to the legislature, and not to the courts, for relief.
The petitioner is remanded, as ordered before.