NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 17-3209 ______________
EVETTE BOYLE, Appellant
v.
PMA MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, LLC; JOHN DOE DEFENDANTS NOS. 1-10
______________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-16-cv-02492) District Judge: Hon. C. Darnell Jones, II ______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) January 15, 2019 ______________
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SHWARTZ, and PORTER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: January 16, 2019)
OPINION ∗ ______________
∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Evette Boyle appeals the District Court’s order granting Defendant PMA
Medical Specialists, LLC’s (“PMA”) motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6). Because Boyle failed to file a “proof of claim” with the Bankruptcy
Court before PMA’s reorganization plan was confirmed and PMA has been discharged of
debts that arose before the plan’s confirmation, her lawsuit is barred. Therefore, we will
affirm the order dismissing her complaint.
I1
Boyle filed an employment discrimination suit against PMA in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Unbeknownst to Boyle, before
she commenced her lawsuit, PMA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania set a July 8, 2016 deadline for
any creditors to file claims against PMA. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3003(c)(3). After Boyle
filed her lawsuit, PMA amended its schedule of unsecured claims to include Boyle’s
claim as “disputed,” App. 49, and served her with notice of the July 8, 2016 deadline to
file a proof of claim. Boyle did not file a proof of claim.
PMA eventually served Boyle with its reorganization plan. The Bankruptcy Court
thereafter confirmed the plan, and PMA moved to close the bankruptcy. Boyle did not
1 We accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008), and may consider matters of public record, such as the items filed in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, see Schmidt v. Skolas, 770 F.3d 241, 249 (3d Cir. 2014). 2 object to the plan or the motion to close the bankruptcy. Instead, Boyle sought relief
from the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) that was triggered by the bankruptcy
petition. The Bankruptcy Court found that while Boyle did not knowingly violate the
stay when she first filed her lawsuit in District Court, she did not file a proof of claim and
her request for relief from the stay was “moot” because the bankruptcy proceeding was
already closed. App. 171.
Based on the Bankruptcy Court proceedings, PMA moved to dismiss Boyle’s
employment discrimination complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). The District Court granted
the motion to dismiss, holding that her failure to file a proof of claim barred her suit and
her employment discrimination claims were discharged in bankruptcy. Boyle appeals,
contending that her discrimination claims are exempt from discharge in bankruptcy. 2
II 3
“[O]ne of the principal purposes of bankruptcy law” is “to secure within a limited
period the prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the debtor’s estate.”
Chemetron Corp. v. Jones, 72 F.3d 341, 346 (3d Cir. 1995). To this end, the bankruptcy
rules provide a mechanism to gather creditors’ claims to determine how to allocate the
assets of the bankruptcy estate. Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3003(c)(2)
provides that “[a]ny creditor . . . whose claim . . . is . . . scheduled as disputed . . . shall
file a proof of claim within the time prescribed by subdivision (c)(3) of this rule.” Rule
2 Boyle appeals only the District Court’s order. 3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Phillips, 515 F.3d at 230. 3 3003(c)(3), in turn, provides that the bankruptcy court sets the date “proofs of claim . . .
may be filed” and may extend this deadline “for cause.” Rule 3003(c)(3)’s deadline is
known as the “bar date.” Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346. After the bar date, “a claimant
cannot participate in the reorganization unless she establishes sufficient grounds for the
failure to file a proof of claim.” Id.
Because PMA listed Boyle’s claim as “disputed,” App. 49, and the Bankruptcy
Court set a bar date of July 8, 2016, Boyle needed to file a proof of claim by that date.
Id. at 344-45 (“Stated simply, under bankruptcy law, the bar claims date is the last day on
which existing claims can be filed against the debtor.”). Boyle did not do so. As a result,
Boyle was not listed as a creditor with a claim against PMA.
Once PMA’s reorganization plan was confirmed, it was discharged “from any debt
that arose before the date of such confirmation . . . .” 4 11 U.S.C. § 1141(d)(1)(A);
Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346. The discharge “operates as [a permanent] injunction against
the commencement or continuation of an action . . . to collect, recover or offset any such
debt as a personal liability of the debtor . . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2); In re Germaine,
152 B.R. 619, 623 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1993). However, a § 1141 discharge “does not
4 “The term ‘debt’ means liability on a claim.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(12); Wright v. Corning, 679 F.3d 101, 104 n.4 (3d Cir. 2012). “Claim” is broadly defined as a “right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment,” and it may be “disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(5); Ohio v. Kovacs, 469 U.S. 274, 279 (1985) (observing that “Congress desired a broad definition of a ‘claim’” under the Bankruptcy Code). 4 discharge an individual debtor” from debts “for willful and malicious injury” caused by
the “debtor to another entity . . . .” 5 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 17-3209 ______________
EVETTE BOYLE, Appellant
v.
PMA MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, LLC; JOHN DOE DEFENDANTS NOS. 1-10
______________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-16-cv-02492) District Judge: Hon. C. Darnell Jones, II ______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) January 15, 2019 ______________
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SHWARTZ, and PORTER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: January 16, 2019)
OPINION ∗ ______________
∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Evette Boyle appeals the District Court’s order granting Defendant PMA
Medical Specialists, LLC’s (“PMA”) motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6). Because Boyle failed to file a “proof of claim” with the Bankruptcy
Court before PMA’s reorganization plan was confirmed and PMA has been discharged of
debts that arose before the plan’s confirmation, her lawsuit is barred. Therefore, we will
affirm the order dismissing her complaint.
I1
Boyle filed an employment discrimination suit against PMA in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Unbeknownst to Boyle, before
she commenced her lawsuit, PMA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania set a July 8, 2016 deadline for
any creditors to file claims against PMA. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3003(c)(3). After Boyle
filed her lawsuit, PMA amended its schedule of unsecured claims to include Boyle’s
claim as “disputed,” App. 49, and served her with notice of the July 8, 2016 deadline to
file a proof of claim. Boyle did not file a proof of claim.
PMA eventually served Boyle with its reorganization plan. The Bankruptcy Court
thereafter confirmed the plan, and PMA moved to close the bankruptcy. Boyle did not
1 We accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008), and may consider matters of public record, such as the items filed in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, see Schmidt v. Skolas, 770 F.3d 241, 249 (3d Cir. 2014). 2 object to the plan or the motion to close the bankruptcy. Instead, Boyle sought relief
from the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) that was triggered by the bankruptcy
petition. The Bankruptcy Court found that while Boyle did not knowingly violate the
stay when she first filed her lawsuit in District Court, she did not file a proof of claim and
her request for relief from the stay was “moot” because the bankruptcy proceeding was
already closed. App. 171.
Based on the Bankruptcy Court proceedings, PMA moved to dismiss Boyle’s
employment discrimination complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). The District Court granted
the motion to dismiss, holding that her failure to file a proof of claim barred her suit and
her employment discrimination claims were discharged in bankruptcy. Boyle appeals,
contending that her discrimination claims are exempt from discharge in bankruptcy. 2
II 3
“[O]ne of the principal purposes of bankruptcy law” is “to secure within a limited
period the prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the debtor’s estate.”
Chemetron Corp. v. Jones, 72 F.3d 341, 346 (3d Cir. 1995). To this end, the bankruptcy
rules provide a mechanism to gather creditors’ claims to determine how to allocate the
assets of the bankruptcy estate. Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3003(c)(2)
provides that “[a]ny creditor . . . whose claim . . . is . . . scheduled as disputed . . . shall
file a proof of claim within the time prescribed by subdivision (c)(3) of this rule.” Rule
2 Boyle appeals only the District Court’s order. 3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Phillips, 515 F.3d at 230. 3 3003(c)(3), in turn, provides that the bankruptcy court sets the date “proofs of claim . . .
may be filed” and may extend this deadline “for cause.” Rule 3003(c)(3)’s deadline is
known as the “bar date.” Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346. After the bar date, “a claimant
cannot participate in the reorganization unless she establishes sufficient grounds for the
failure to file a proof of claim.” Id.
Because PMA listed Boyle’s claim as “disputed,” App. 49, and the Bankruptcy
Court set a bar date of July 8, 2016, Boyle needed to file a proof of claim by that date.
Id. at 344-45 (“Stated simply, under bankruptcy law, the bar claims date is the last day on
which existing claims can be filed against the debtor.”). Boyle did not do so. As a result,
Boyle was not listed as a creditor with a claim against PMA.
Once PMA’s reorganization plan was confirmed, it was discharged “from any debt
that arose before the date of such confirmation . . . .” 4 11 U.S.C. § 1141(d)(1)(A);
Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346. The discharge “operates as [a permanent] injunction against
the commencement or continuation of an action . . . to collect, recover or offset any such
debt as a personal liability of the debtor . . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2); In re Germaine,
152 B.R. 619, 623 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1993). However, a § 1141 discharge “does not
4 “The term ‘debt’ means liability on a claim.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(12); Wright v. Corning, 679 F.3d 101, 104 n.4 (3d Cir. 2012). “Claim” is broadly defined as a “right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment,” and it may be “disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(5); Ohio v. Kovacs, 469 U.S. 274, 279 (1985) (observing that “Congress desired a broad definition of a ‘claim’” under the Bankruptcy Code). 4 discharge an individual debtor” from debts “for willful and malicious injury” caused by
the “debtor to another entity . . . .” 5 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).
Under § 1141’s discharge rule, the Bankruptcy Court’s confirmation of PMA’s
reorganization plan, permanently enjoined Boyle from pursuing her discrimination claims
against PMA. Because Boyle was not entitled to relief once the reorganization plan was
confirmed, the District Court did not err in dismissing her complaint. 11 U.S.C. § 524(a);
Rederford v. U.S. Airways, Inc., 589 F.3d 30, 36-37 (1st Cir. 2009) (affirming Rule
12(b)(6) dismissal of discrimination claim because it was discharged in bankruptcy).
Boyle asserts that the “willful and malicious injury” exception to the discharge
rule precludes dismissal. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The exception does not apply. By its
terms, this exception applies to “individual debtor[s].” Id. PMA, however, is a corporate
debtor. See In re Spring Valley Farms, Inc., 863 F.2d 832, 834 (11th Cir. 1989) (“A
corporate debtor is not an individual debtor for the purposes of Section 523.”); Yamaha
Motor Corp. U.S.A. v. Shadco, Inc., 762 F.2d 668, 670 (8th Cir. 1985) (“[W]e hold that
the exemptions embodied in 11 U.S.C. § 523(a) do not apply to corporate debtors.”).
Thus, the “willful and malicious injury” exception to dischargeability does not save
Boyle’s complaint. 6
5 The § 523(a) exceptions are “liberally construed in favor of debtors.” In re Cohn, 54 F.3d 1108, 1113 (3d Cir. 1995). 6 Because we “may affirm the district court on any ground supported by the record,” Hildebrand v. Allegheny Cty., 757 F.3d 99, 104 (3d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted), we need not address whether Boyle’s complaint was void ab initio when she filed it without obtaining relief from the automatic stay, 11 U.S.C. § 362(a); Mar. Elec. Co., Inc. v. United Jersey Bank, 959 F.2d 1194, 1206 (3d Cir. 1991) 5 III
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm. 7
(stating “[a]bsent relief from the stay, judicial actions and proceedings against the debtor are void ab initio.”). 7 Because there is a legal bar to Boyle’s complaint, and there is no further action required by her counsel, his motion to withdraw is denied as moot. 6