MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 08 2019, 9:48 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Donald C. Swanson, Jr. Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Tiffany A. McCoy Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ethan A. Cox, July 8, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-3085 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable John F. Surbeck, Appellee-Plaintiff Jr., Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D06-1804-F6-378
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 1 of 8 [1] Ethan A. Cox appeals the aggregate sentence of four years executed and two
and a half years suspended that he received for his convictions, three Level 6
felonies and a Class A misdemeanor, stemming from his attempt to flee police
rather than be pulled over for speeding while on probation. He claims his
sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his character.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On the morning of March 30, 2018, Allen County Police Officer Jeffery
Reasoner was in full police uniform and sitting in his marked police vehicle
when his radar indicated a gold GMC SUV was traveling 79 miles per hour
down a road with a posted speed limit of 50 miles per hour. Officer Reasoner
activated his emergency lights and sirens and started to follow the vehicle, later
confirmed to be driven by Cox. Rather than stop his vehicle, Cox sped up,
reaching speeds of over 90 miles per hour.
[4] At one point, Cox pulled over, waited until Officer Reasoner had pulled up
behind him, and then backed up into Officer Reasoner’s front bumper and took
off again. The chase eventually exceeded speeds of 95 miles per hour. Cox
drove through stop signs and turned down multiple roads. Cox then made a U-
turn to head in the direction of Officer Reasoner’s vehicle. Cox swerved
partially into Officer Reasoner’s lane but did not hit him. Cox left the roadway
and drove off-road through parking lots and fields in an attempt to lose the
officer. Cox got back on the road, ran another stop sign, and turned so his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 2 of 8 vehicle was heading in Officer Reasoner’s direction again. Cox crossed into
Officer Reasoner’s lane and hit the driver’s side back door of Officer Reasoner’s
car. The impact of the crash tore off Officer Reasoner’s rear bumper and drove
the officer’s car into a ditch, almost landing it in a stream.
[5] After driving his SUV into a utility pole, Cox attempted to flee the scene on
foot. Officer Reasoner exited his car and attempted to deploy his police K-9 but
could not get the damaged back door to open. Officer Reasoner and other
officers now on the scene chased Cox on foot, yelling, “Stop, Police!”
Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 31. Cox ran a little farther before lying down in a
field to surrender.
[6] At the time of the incident, Cox was on probation for Class B misdemeanor
possession of hash oil in LaGrange County. Additionally, Cox was registered
as a habitual traffic violator until 2023, and he did not have a valid license.
Cox’s prior criminal history consisted of one drug possession misdemeanor and
five driving-related misdemeanors.
[7] Cox was charged with and pled guilty without a plea agreement to multiple
counts. The court entered convictions on four counts. For Count I, Level 6
felony criminal recklessness with a deadly weapon, Cox was sentenced to two
and a half years executed in the Department of Correction (DOC). For Count
II, Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement using a vehicle, Cox was sentenced
to two and a half years suspended to probation. For Count III, Level 6 felony
operating a vehicle after being a habitual traffic violator, Cox was sentenced to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 3 of 8 one and a half years executed. Counts I, II, and III were to be served
consecutively. For Count IV, Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement,
Cox received a concurrent sentence of 180 days. Cox now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[8] Cox contends that his sentence is inappropriate. Pursuant to Indiana Appellate
Rule 7(B), this Court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due
consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender.” The main purpose of such a review is to “leaven the outliers,” not to
achieve a perceived “correct” result. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225
(Ind. 2008). As such, our focus is on the aggregate sentence, rather than the
particulars of any individual count (e.g. consecutive or concurrent, number of
counts, length of individual count’s sentence). Id.
[9] In reviewing sentences, “we must and should exercise deference to a trial
court’s sentencing decision, both because Rule 7(B) requires us to give ‘due
consideration’ to that decision and because we understand and recognize the
unique perspective a trial court brings to its sentencing decisions.” Stewart v.
State, 866 N.E.2d 858, 866 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). “Such deference should
prevail unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light
the nature of the offense (such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of
brutality) and the defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 4 of 8 persistent examples of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122
(Ind. 2015).
[10] The determination of whether a sentence as inappropriate “turns on our sense
of the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to
others, and myriad other factors that come to light in a given case.” Bethea v.
State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1145 (Ind. 2013). The question under App. R. 7(B) is
“not whether another sentence is more appropriate” but rather “whether the
sentence imposed is inappropriate.” Miller v. State, 105 N.E.3d 194, 196 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2018). Cox bears the burden of persuading us that his sentence is
inappropriate. Stewart, 866 N.E.2d at 866.
[11] “To assess the appropriateness of the sentence, we look first to the statutory
range established for the classes of offenses.” Croy v. State, 953 N.E.2d 660, 664
(Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Cox was sentenced for three Level 6 felonies, which have
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 08 2019, 9:48 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Donald C. Swanson, Jr. Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Tiffany A. McCoy Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ethan A. Cox, July 8, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-3085 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable John F. Surbeck, Appellee-Plaintiff Jr., Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D06-1804-F6-378
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 1 of 8 [1] Ethan A. Cox appeals the aggregate sentence of four years executed and two
and a half years suspended that he received for his convictions, three Level 6
felonies and a Class A misdemeanor, stemming from his attempt to flee police
rather than be pulled over for speeding while on probation. He claims his
sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his character.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On the morning of March 30, 2018, Allen County Police Officer Jeffery
Reasoner was in full police uniform and sitting in his marked police vehicle
when his radar indicated a gold GMC SUV was traveling 79 miles per hour
down a road with a posted speed limit of 50 miles per hour. Officer Reasoner
activated his emergency lights and sirens and started to follow the vehicle, later
confirmed to be driven by Cox. Rather than stop his vehicle, Cox sped up,
reaching speeds of over 90 miles per hour.
[4] At one point, Cox pulled over, waited until Officer Reasoner had pulled up
behind him, and then backed up into Officer Reasoner’s front bumper and took
off again. The chase eventually exceeded speeds of 95 miles per hour. Cox
drove through stop signs and turned down multiple roads. Cox then made a U-
turn to head in the direction of Officer Reasoner’s vehicle. Cox swerved
partially into Officer Reasoner’s lane but did not hit him. Cox left the roadway
and drove off-road through parking lots and fields in an attempt to lose the
officer. Cox got back on the road, ran another stop sign, and turned so his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 2 of 8 vehicle was heading in Officer Reasoner’s direction again. Cox crossed into
Officer Reasoner’s lane and hit the driver’s side back door of Officer Reasoner’s
car. The impact of the crash tore off Officer Reasoner’s rear bumper and drove
the officer’s car into a ditch, almost landing it in a stream.
[5] After driving his SUV into a utility pole, Cox attempted to flee the scene on
foot. Officer Reasoner exited his car and attempted to deploy his police K-9 but
could not get the damaged back door to open. Officer Reasoner and other
officers now on the scene chased Cox on foot, yelling, “Stop, Police!”
Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 31. Cox ran a little farther before lying down in a
field to surrender.
[6] At the time of the incident, Cox was on probation for Class B misdemeanor
possession of hash oil in LaGrange County. Additionally, Cox was registered
as a habitual traffic violator until 2023, and he did not have a valid license.
Cox’s prior criminal history consisted of one drug possession misdemeanor and
five driving-related misdemeanors.
[7] Cox was charged with and pled guilty without a plea agreement to multiple
counts. The court entered convictions on four counts. For Count I, Level 6
felony criminal recklessness with a deadly weapon, Cox was sentenced to two
and a half years executed in the Department of Correction (DOC). For Count
II, Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement using a vehicle, Cox was sentenced
to two and a half years suspended to probation. For Count III, Level 6 felony
operating a vehicle after being a habitual traffic violator, Cox was sentenced to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 3 of 8 one and a half years executed. Counts I, II, and III were to be served
consecutively. For Count IV, Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement,
Cox received a concurrent sentence of 180 days. Cox now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[8] Cox contends that his sentence is inappropriate. Pursuant to Indiana Appellate
Rule 7(B), this Court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due
consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender.” The main purpose of such a review is to “leaven the outliers,” not to
achieve a perceived “correct” result. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225
(Ind. 2008). As such, our focus is on the aggregate sentence, rather than the
particulars of any individual count (e.g. consecutive or concurrent, number of
counts, length of individual count’s sentence). Id.
[9] In reviewing sentences, “we must and should exercise deference to a trial
court’s sentencing decision, both because Rule 7(B) requires us to give ‘due
consideration’ to that decision and because we understand and recognize the
unique perspective a trial court brings to its sentencing decisions.” Stewart v.
State, 866 N.E.2d 858, 866 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). “Such deference should
prevail unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light
the nature of the offense (such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of
brutality) and the defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 4 of 8 persistent examples of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122
(Ind. 2015).
[10] The determination of whether a sentence as inappropriate “turns on our sense
of the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to
others, and myriad other factors that come to light in a given case.” Bethea v.
State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1145 (Ind. 2013). The question under App. R. 7(B) is
“not whether another sentence is more appropriate” but rather “whether the
sentence imposed is inappropriate.” Miller v. State, 105 N.E.3d 194, 196 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2018). Cox bears the burden of persuading us that his sentence is
inappropriate. Stewart, 866 N.E.2d at 866.
[11] “To assess the appropriateness of the sentence, we look first to the statutory
range established for the classes of offenses.” Croy v. State, 953 N.E.2d 660, 664
(Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Cox was sentenced for three Level 6 felonies, which have
a statutory range of six months to two and a half years, with an advisory
sentence of one year. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7 (b). For two of the Level 6 felonies
Cox received the maximum sentence, and for the third Cox received a sentence
six months greater than the advisory sentence. For his Class A misdemeanor,
Cox was sentenced to 180 days, which is almost squarely in the middle of the
statutory sentencing range of zero days to one year. I.C. § 35-50-3-2.
[12] With respect to the nature of his offenses, Cox asserts that his sentence is
inappropriate because no one was injured during the police chase. This court
has recognized that “[t]he nature of the offense is found in the details and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 5 of 8 circumstances of the commission of the offense and the defendant’s
participation.” Croy, 953 N.E.2d at 664. Here, Cox drove through multiple
stop signs, fields, and parking lots as he led Officer Reasoner on a high-speed
chase. He hit Officer Reasoner’s car, not once, but twice. During the chase,
Cox posed a risk not only to Officer Reasoner, but also to other travelers and
bystanders. While it is true that no one was injured, that is due to luck, not any
particular restraint or regard on Cox’s part. The nature of Cox’s police chase
warranted the sentence he received.
[13] With respect to his character, Cox asserts that his untreated learning disabilities
and criminal record do not support his sentence length or placement in the
DOC. While “obligated to receive and consider mitigating factors, the trial
court is not obligated to accept the defendant’s contentions as to what
constitutes a mitigating circumstance or to give the proffered mitigating
circumstances the same weight the defendant does” – nor are we. Wilkes v.
State, 917 N.E.2d 675, 690 (Ind. 2009). Cox claims that his learning disabilities
are the root cause of his legal problems, and he argues that any sentence that
includes time executed in the DOC over work release or home detention is
inappropriate because the DOC will not give Cox the same access to treatment
services that work release or home detention would. Like the trial court, we are
not persuaded. While Cox blames his learning disability for his legal trouble,
we note that he confessed that he knew he was supposed to pull over for Officer
Reasoner when he saw the lights flashing behind him. Cox’s learning
disabilities do not excuse his behavior.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 6 of 8 [14] “The significance of criminal history varies based on the gravity, nature, and
number of prior offenses in relation to the current offense.” Garcia v. State, 47
N.E.3d 1249, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). While it is true that Cox does not
have a juvenile record or any prior felony convictions, he has six prior
misdemeanor convictions that similarly involve operating a vehicle. Cox’s
prior criminal history consists of three counts of operating a vehicle without
ever receiving a valid license, one instance of operating a vehicle while
intoxicated endangering a person, one failure to stop after accident resulting in
non-vehicle damage, and one possession of hash oil. Having had his license
suspended and being placed on probation multiple times has failed to deter Cox
from driving. Further aggravating matters, Cox was on probation for the hash
oil possession at the time of the present incident and has been unsatisfactorily
discharged from probation before. Additionally, when Cox received a work
release placement several years ago, it was revoked and Cox was ordered to
serve the remainder of his sentence in jail. Given evidence of Cox’s repeated
disregard for the law and failure to reform regarding driving without a license
and his unsuitability for work release, the trial court’s decision to sentence Cox
to time served in the DOC is appropriate.
[15] Considering the nature of the offense and Cox’s character, an aggregate
sentence of four years executed in the DOC and two and a half years suspended
to probation is not inappropriate.
[16] Judgment affirmed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 7 of 8 Kirsch, J. and Vaidik, C.J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3085 | July 8, 2019 Page 8 of 8