LEVIN H. CAMPBELL, Senior Circuit Judge.
In this shareholder’s derivative suit brought on behalf of Centro Médico del Turabo, Inc. (“CMT”), Plaintiffs-Appellants Ivette Perez Vda. de Soler, Marie Ivette Soler Perez, Jaime A. Soler Perez, and Antonio Soler Perez (as representatives of the Estate of Dr. Jaime Soler, or the “Soler Estate”) and Dr. Jose A. Badillo appeal from the district court’s Opinion and Order and Order on Reconsideration dismissing their verified complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
Estate of Soler ex rel. Soler v. Rodríguez,
847 F.Supp. 286 (D.P.R.1994). The district court held that appellants failed to plead the “in connection with” requirement of a cause of action under Section
10(b)
and Rule 10b-5,
but rather alleged only a case of breach of fiduciary duty and corporate mismanagement under Puerto Rico law. We reverse.
I.
FACTS.
The facts alleged in the complaint — extending every reasonable inference in plaintiffs’ favor,
see Coyne v. City of Somerville,
972 F.2d 440, 443 (1st Cir.1992)—are as follows. CMT is a private, for-profit Puerto Rico corporation organized in 1978 to offer medical services in the eastern central region of Puerto Rico. Through its subsidiary, Tu-rabo Medical Center Partnership,
CMT owns and operates the Hospital Interameri-cano de Medicina Avanzada (“HIMA”), a hospital located in Caguas, Puerto Rico.
The individual plaintiffs are the widow and children of Dr. Jaime Soler, one of CMT’s founders, and Dr. José Badillo, the other
founder of CMT. Prior to the disputed sale of securities described below, Dr. Badillo owned 217,500 shares of common voting stock of CMT, which constituted 16.81% of the total 1,293,942 shares of common voting stock of the company then issued and outstanding. In 1990, Dr. Soler passed away, leaving his 435,000 shares, which constituted 33.62% of CMT’s common voting stock, to the Soler Estate. Appellants thus collectively owned 50.43% of CMT’s common voting stock.
Appellee Joaquín Rodriguez was originally hired by Drs. Soler and Badillo to manage CMT and eventually became a minority shareholder as well as the chairman of its board of directors. The founders gave Rodriguez full administrative, financial, and operational control over all of the affairs of CMT. On November 14, 1991, Mrs. Soler replaced her deceased husband on the board. The other directors during the relevant periods were appellant Dr. Badillo and appellees Juan Chaves, Carlos M. Piñeiro, and Dr. José J. Vargas-Cordero. Rodríguez was CMT’s president; Dr. Badillo its vice-president; Chaves its secretary; and Piñeiro its treasurer. Appellee Fernando E. Agrait was an attorney hired by Rodriguez to handle the in-house legal affairs of CMT. Appellee Luis Garcia Passalaequa was owner of Miramar Construction, Inc., which had a pending business deal with CMT.
Appellees Chaves and Vargas-Cordero were also respectively the owner and dean of appellee Universidad de Ciencias Médicas San Juan Bautista, Inc. (“UCMSJB”), a nonprofit company operating an independent school of medicine at HIMA. Appellees Rodríguez and Piñeiro were trustees of UCMSJB. UCMSJB operated its medical school from a space rented from CMT for $1.00 per year. Prior to the disputed sale, UCMSJB also owned 10,000 shares, or 0.77%, of CMT’s common voting stock.
In 1987, CMT’s shareholders authorized the issuance of 300,000 common voting shares of CMT and the placement of those shares in a public sale at $10 per share, subject to registration under the Blue Sky laws of Puerto Rico, and for distribution solely to residents of Puerto Rico. This sale was not successful; very few of the shares were sold. Sometime between 1991 and the fall of 1993, Rodriguez told Dr. Ramon Carlos, a physician with privileges at HIMA who had approached him to purchase shares in CMT, that the public sale had been closed and that CMT’s shares were no longer for sale.
During all of 1992 and until October 1993, shareholders meetings of CMT were not held, because, according to Rodriguez, the audited financial statements of the company were not ready. In 1993, Mrs. Soler and Dr. Badillo [the “plaintiff directors”] decided that outside experts should be hired to analyze CMT’s future plans, and felt that no corporate assets should be conveyed or encumbered until this was done and the board was fully informed.
Notwithstanding this decision, Rodriguez insisted upon the sale of surface rights over HIMA’s parking facility to Miramar Construction for the development of a doctor’s office building. Mrs. Soler opposed this sale at a meeting of CMT’s board of directors held on September 9, 1993. At this same meeting, Rodriguez reiterated a prior request for approval of a three-year lease to UCMSJB of land managed and partly owned by CMT. Mrs. Soler and Dr. Badillo opposed the lease because of the nominal yearly rent of $1.00, because no independent evaluation of the best use of that land had ever been performed, and because no outside independent advice had ever been obtained as to the financial benefit to CMT of having UCMSJB’s school of medicine, long unaccredited by the nationwide accrediting body, affiliated with CMT. The plaintiff directors also felt that the transaction between CMT and UCMSJB, which was effectively controlled by Chaves, Rodríguez, and Dr. Vargas, needed to be independently analyzed for conflicts of interest.
Unbeknownst to the plaintiff directors, to the board of CMT, and to CMT as a corporate entity, Rodríguez and Chaves had designed a scheme to deprive plaintiffs of their historic majority ownership in the company and gain control of CMT for themselves. The scheme consisted of the issuance by Rodríguez and Chaves, on September 16,
1993, without prior knowledge or approval of the board of directors, of 200,000 shares of CMT stock to UCMSJB at a price of $10 per share, for a total price of $2,000,000. UCMSJB made a down payment of $500,000, and agreed to pay CMT the balance through eight promissory notes in the amount of $100,000 each, payable consecutively on August 1 and February 1 through February, 1997, at 6% annual interest, and a promissory note in the amount of $700,000 on the same terms due on August 1, 1997.
These notes were secured by an assignment of a contract between the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and UCMSJB by virtue of which UCMSJB was to receive monthly payments of $249,864.08. This collateral is alleged to have been “fictitious” because the contract in question was supposedly non-assignable under Puerto Rico law. The purposes of the scheme were allegedly to,
a) secure control by Rodríguez and Chaves and approval of the lease with UCMSJB at CMT’s expense, b) to procure and finance a substantial block of shares to UCMSJB at a wholly inadequate price and with fictitious collateral, c) to entrench management and validate sweetheart deals and/or situations of conflicts of interest, d) to dilute and eliminate plaintiffs’ majority ownership in CMT, e) to evict plaintiffs from the corporate board, and f) to prevent the appointment of independent outside directors to the company board at the annual shareholders’ meeting.
At the next board meeting on September 29, 1993, Rodriguez again insisted that the three-year lease be approved at no charge, ostensibly in order to free up other space occupied by the medical school in the hospital. The plaintiff directors decided at this point firmly to oppose the lease until independent analysis could be done. No mention was made at this meeting of the sale of shares to UCMSJB.
In early October 1993, the plaintiff directors noticed that certain statements contained in the minutes of the September 29th meeting were inaccurate or misleading. Specifically, the minutes stated that Mrs. Soler had moved for approval of the minutes of the September 9th meeting, which she had not done; reflected a motion made by Mrs. Soler and Dr. Badillo setting forth certain requirements for consideration of the sale of surface rights to Miramar Construction, but omitted the principal requirement that such sale not be approved until it was independently determined that it was in CMT’s best interest; and reflected that Dr. Badillo had proposed approval of the lease to UCMSJB, when both he and Mrs. Soler had strongly opposed such lease.
The plaintiff directors decided that the only way to deal with the increasing conflicts of interest was to appoint to CMT’s board reputable and experienced independent outside directors at the upcoming shareholders’ meeting, to be held on October 28, 1993, and to do so in such a manner that these outside directors would hold a determinative vote in case of an impasse. Dr. Badillo also considered selling the plaintiff shareholders’ majority block as a means of ending the tense situation, but the Soler Estate decided that until such time as outside directors were appointed, it would not consider or decide whether it wished to sell its shares in CMT.
The plaintiff directors formalized their position in a letter dated October 7, 1993, a copy of which was hand-delivered to the directors of CMT at a board meeting held on that date. The letter stated their formal opposition, both as directors and as majority shareholders, to the approval of the lease with UCMSJB, complained of the absence of information concerning the transaction, and demanded that the board not approve the lease until such information had been received and analyzed. The board, controlled by Rodriguez, nonetheless approved the lease. Again, no mention was made of the sale of shares to UCMSJB.
Following this meeting, the plaintiff directors commenced a search for qualified individuals with no financial ties to CMT who would agree to serve as outside directors.
Between October 10 and October 28, 1993, two such individuals were located and agreed to serve. The plaintiff directors intended at the upcoming shareholders’ meeting to vote for the reelection of Rodríguez, Piñeiro, Vargas-Cordero, and themselves, as well as the two new outside directors, and to retain Rodriguez as president and chief operating officer of CMT. It was their intention to inform Rodriguez of their plans on the night of the shareholders’ meeting, prior to its commencement. However, when the plaintiff directors arrived at the meeting with their counsel and the outside directors, Rodriguez informed them that they no longer had a majority position in the company, by virtue of the sale of shares to UCMSJB.
Upon learning of this sale, the plaintiff directors walked out of the shareholders’ meeting. The meeting, allegedly in the absence of a quorum, then removed Mrs. Soler and Dr. Badillo as directors, and replaced them with García Passalaequa. Rodriguez then informed the newly constituted board of the sale to UCMSJB, and the sale was ratified.
Prior to the shareholders’ meeting, Rodriguez had obtained a letter from CMT’s inside counsel, Agrait, dated October 11, 1993 (“the Agrait letter”), to the effect that the proposed sale of stock to UCMSJB was legal. Plaintiffs contend that this letter was deliberately intended to conceal the illegality of the sale from other shareholders and directors. The letter first recited the details of the sale, as recounted above. It then stated that the sale was valid under the 1987 shareholders’ resolution authorizing the issuance of 300,000 common voting shares of CMT. The letter concluded that since not all of the 300,000 shares had been sold, and since the sale to UCMSJB was a private sale to a single purchaser for part of the balance of the authorized but unsold shares, the sale had been implicitly authorized by the shareholders in 1987, and no public disclosure and registration under the Blue Sky laws were required because the sale was not part of an offering to more than ten purchasers.
The complaint also notes that although the Agrait letter states that the sale was effected on September 16,1993, Agrait wrote another letter on behalf of CMT to the Commissioner of Financial Institutions on September 27, 1993, inquiring whether a private sale of securities to a single entity was subject to the disclosure and registration requirements of Puerto Rico Blue Sky laws. The September 27 letter stated that CMT was “going to sell” 200,000 shares to one of its shareholders.
The complaint also alleges that while $10 per share was an adequate price in 1987, when CMT was in dire financial straits and on the verge of bankruptcy, Rodríguez and Chaves knew that it was no longer an adequate price. In support of this allegation, the complaint states that Rodriguez had hired the services of Clark Melvin Securities and Merrill Lynch to conduct an appraisal in connection with the refinancing of CMT’s debt, which was expected to close shortly. On the day of the shareholders’ meeting, Rodríguez and Chaves were told by a Mr. Montilla, pursuant to that appraisal, that the market value of all of CMT’s common voting shares upon approval of the financing would be approximately $24 million, or at least $18 per share (not counting the 200,000 shares sold to UCMSJB).
Finally, the complaint states that on November 3, 1993, the plaintiffs sent a formal demand letter to CMT’s management and “the illegally appointed directors,” advising them that any actions taken by the new board after October 28,1993 were invalid and illegal and demanding various remedial actions including the convening of an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting. After various negotiated delays, the defendants responded that under no circumstances would plaintiffs be reinstated to the board, and offered to buy plaintiffs’ shares at approximately $5 per share. They also rejected plaintiffs’ demand for an extraordinary shareholders meeting, notwithstanding the requirement in Article IV, Section 2 of the company by-laws that such meetings “shall be called by the presi
dent” at the request of the holders of more than 25% of the outstanding voting stock.
II.
THIS LAWSUIT.
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged, on behalf of CMT, a violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C.- § 78j(b) and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Commission, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. The complaint also sought, under the district court’s supplemental jurisdiction,
see
28 U.S.C. § 1367, rescission of the stock purchase agreement for lack of corporate authority and lack of proper consideration, annulment of the October 28, 1993 board election, and a new election under Puerto Rico law. The complaint was filed on November 24, 1993, and included requests for preliminary and permanent injunctions and for a temporary restraining order prohibiting any extraordinary disbursement of corporate funds, sale or encumbrance of corporate assets, and the holding of board of directors meetings during the next ten days. The district court issued the temporary restraining order on the same day the complaint was filed and set a hearing on the preliminary injunction for December 3,1993. At a status conference held on December 2, 1993, the district court consolidated consideration of the preliminary and permanent injunctions, and set a trial date of February 7,1994. The temporary restraining order lapsed by its own terms on December 3, 1993.
CMT then filed a motion requesting realignment as a defendant, and for dismissal or summary judgment. UCMSJB moved to joint CMT’s motion for dismissal or summary judgment. Agrait filed a motion for summary judgment. The remaining defendants filed a motion to dismiss. The district court, in an opinion and order filed on February 7, 1994, decided the motions based on the pleadings only, treating all motions as motions to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Finding that the alleged securities fraud did not make out a claim under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the district court dismissed the federal securities fraud claim for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).
Because federal jurisdiction was based solely on that claim, the court declined to retain jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims, and dismissed them without prejudice.
The plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration on February 21, 1994. The district court denied the motion in a written order dated March 24, 1994. This appeal followed.
III.
THE DISTRICT COURT’S DECISION.
The district court characterized the case as presenting the question
whether a corporation can be said to have been deceived in connection with the sale of its securities within the meaning of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, when the president and the secretary authorized the sale of allegedly previously-issued stock to a shareholder, without approval of the board of directors or the other shareholders.
Estate of Soler,
847 F.Supp. at 238. The court said that the “in connection with” element requires a showing “that the wrongful conduct caused the plaintiff to engage in the disputed sale or purchase of securities and that the plaintiff’s injuries are directly attributable to the deception and to the resulting transaction.”
Id.
at 239 (citing
Wilson v. Ruffa & Hanover, P.C.,
844 F.2d 81, 85 (2d Cir.1988)). If the alleged fraud does not relate to “the inherent nature, characteristics or value of the security and, therefore, could not have influenced the plaintiff in a decision to sell or purchase the security,”
id.
at 240, there is no causal link to the disputed sale.
The court then said that the alleged omission in this case was
the failure of the defendants to reveal, in advance, the sale of the stock of CMT to UCMSJB. Where a corporation is fraudulently induced into issuing its own securities for less than their fair value because of the misappropriation of inside information regarding the stock, the corporation itself is injured and a shareholder derivative action is appropriate.
Frankel v. Slotkin,
984 F.2d 1328, 1334 (2d Cir.1993). Howev
er, the sale in this case did not take place because the corporation was uninformed about the nature of the stock, or because defendants misappropriated inside information about the value of the securities to be sold. We cannot find that the concealment of the sale itself from the corporation caused the corporation to enter into the sale. Rather than “in connection with” the sale of a security, the deception here was “of’ the sale of a security.
Id.
(footnote omitted). The district court noted the incongruity of suggesting “that disclosure of a sale without full disclosure of some material aspect of the sale would be a violation of 10b-5, while failing to disclose the sale at all is not violation.”
Id.
at 241. However, the court concluded, Rule 10b-5 is not meant to address instances of corporate mismanagement. “Rather, it was intended to promote full and fair disclosure to those who buy or sell securities in order to ensure that investors are able to make the correct decision as to whether to carry out the purchase or sale.”
Id.
(citing
Santa Fe Indus., Inc. v. Green,
430 U.S. 462, 477-78, 97 S.Ct. 1292, 1302-03, 51 L.Ed.2d 480 (1977);
O’Brien v. Continental Ill. Nat. Bank & Trust Co.,
593 F.2d 54, 60 (7th Cir.1979)). The court then noted,
While we recognize that the failure to reveal the sale at all necessarily meant that information about the nature of the shares was also concealed, because the company did not “know” that it was selling any securities, the corporate entity cannot be said to have been deceived as to the characteristics or value of the securities, or to have made any decisions based on a lack of knowledge about the nature of the securities.
Id.
The court then exercised its discretion to dismiss without prejudice the remaining supplemental state law claims.
On reconsideration, the district court first noted, in response to the argument that it had applied an incorrect subjective test of causality, that it had not held that CMT had not relied on the omitted information, but rather that the omission was not of the type Rule 10b-5 was meant to remedy.
Id.
The court then discussed plaintiffs’ argument that it had applied a test of awareness of an investment decision applicable to transactions between individuals and entities, not to transactions in which a corporation is deceived by its own management. The court noted that
Goldberg v. Meridor,
567 F.2d 209 (2d Cir.1977),
cert. denied,
434 U.S. 1069, 98 S.Ct. 1249, 55 L.Ed.2d 771 (1978) and its progeny recognize that
even though some controlling directors or shareholders have complete information, they can conceal that information and utilize it to the detriment of the corporation, thus deceiving the corporate entity in violation of Rule 10b-5. We agree that in the case before us, taking the facts as alleged by plaintiffs, the corporation was deceived when some members of the board of directors conducted a sale of corporate stock without informing the full board and the remaining shareholders.
Id.
at 242. Nevertheless, the court reiterated its holding that the deception here was not in connection with the sale of securities as required for liability under Rule 10b-5.
Id.
The court distinguished
Goldberg,
saying,
In
Goldberg,
the minority shareholders knew that the disputed transaction was to take place, but they were deceived into forgoing a possible state injunction because pertinent facts about the transaction were not revealed by defendants. Therefore, a decision by the minority shareholders not to seek a state injunction was completed without the benefit of complete information. Here, because the minority shareholders had no knowledge that the transaction was taking place, there was no decision-making process of either type.
Id.
(citation and footnote omitted).
The court also addressed plaintiffs’ argument that the transaction found actionable under Rule 10b-5 in
Superintendent of Ins. v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co.,
404 U.S. 6, 92 S.Ct. 165, 30 L.Ed.2d 128 (1971), involved a deception unrelated to the inherent nature, characteristics or value of the security. The court in effect conceded that this was so, saying that in
Bankers Life,
[t]he deception related to the nature of the transaction — that the plaintiff would be
paying for its own securities — and not to the existence of the transactions. We were not intending to create a hard and fast rule as to what should be deemed “in connection with” a securities transaction, but merely to point to illustrative cases in order to demonstrate why the instant action falls outside the purview of Rule 10b-5.
Estate of Soler,
847 F.Supp. at 242 (citation omitted). Finally, the court compared this case with
Ketchum v. Green,
557 F.2d 1022 (3d Cir.1977),
cert. denied,
434 U.S. 940, 98 S.Ct. 431, 54 L.Ed.2d 300 (1977). In that case, a secret scheme was hatched to oust certain employees/shareholders, which had the additional result of forcing them to sell their shares back to the corporation. The court interpreted the Third Circuit as holding “that the disputed transaction was not actionable under Rule 10b-5 because it occurred in connection with a struggle for control of the corporation, rather than in connection with the sale of securities.”
Id.
at 243. The court concluded that the present case similarly involved a dispute over control of CMT, and thus belonged in state court.
Id.
IV.
A. The Standard of Appellate Review.
For purposes of Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), a court must accept all well-pleaded facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant.
Washington Legal Found, v. Massachusetts Bar Found.,
993 F.2d 962, 971 (1st Cir.1993) (citing
Coyne,
972 F.2d at 442-43). “A court may dismiss a complaint only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations.”
Hishon v. King & Spalding,
467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 2232-33, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984) (citing
Conley v. Gibson,
355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99,101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). An appellate court is not limited to the legal grounds relied upon by the district court, but may affirm on any independently sufficient grounds.
Willhauck v. Hatpin,
953 F.2d 689, 704 (1st Cir.1991).
B. Fraud Upon a Corporation by its Directors.
“To prevail under Rule 10b-5, ‘a plaintiff must prove, in connection with the purchase or sale of a security, that the defendant, with scienter, falsely represented
or omitted to disclose
a material fact upon which the plaintiff justifiably relied.’ ”
Willco Kuwait (Trading) S.A.K. v. deSavary,
843 F.2d 618, 623 (1st Cir.1988) (quoting
Kennedy v. Josephthal & Co., Inc.,
814 F.2d 798, 804 (1st Cir.1987)) (emphasis supplied). “The Act protects corporations as well as individuals who are sellers of a security.”
Bankers Life,
404 U.S. at 10, 92 S.Ct. at 167-68. We hold that the district court erred in ruling that the verified complaint did not state a claim for CMT under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5.
Briefly recounted, the scheme described in the complaint was allegedly hatched by CMT’s president and by its secretary, both of whom were also its directors. The scheme was to cause CMT to issue and sell 200,000 shares of earlier authorized common voting stock
to UCMSJB — a medical school of
which CMT’s president was a trustee, and of which CMT’s secretary was the owner — for the price of $10 a share. The issuance and sale of stock was allegedly accomplished without the knowledge or approval of the plaintiff directors, of the board of directors, and of the corporate entity itself. UCMSJB paid CMT for the stock largely in notes secured by an assignment of a contract between the Department of Health of Puerto Rico and UCMSJB. Two of CMT’s other directors were at the time closely affiliated with UCMSJB, while the two plaintiff directors — who between them controlled a bare majority of CMT’s stock — were unhappy with CMT’s developing relationship with UCMSJB. As a result of the deliberately concealed sale, the proportion of CMT stock controlled by the plaintiff directors fell below 50%, leaving UCMSJB and those associated with it in practical control of CMT. The complaint alleged that an objective of selling the 200,000 shares of CMT stock to UCMSJB was to enable the latter to obtain a substantial block of CMT shares at a wholly inadequate price and to finance the stock purchase with fictitious collateral. According to the complaint, the appraised market value of CMT’s stock when sold to UCMSJB in 1993 was $18, not $10, a share; and the government contract constituting collateral for the notes was non-assignable, rendering the collateral fictitious. The complaint further alleged that, although the stock was issued to UCMSJB on September 16, 1993, no mention was made of the fact at the two board of director meetings held in September — one held before and one after the 16th. By the time of the October shareholders’ meeting, defendants — now firmly in control — revealed the stock transaction for the first time to the plaintiff directors and former majority shareholders. Plaintiffs were then ousted as directors.
It is by now well established that a corporation has a claim under § 10(b) if the corporation was defrauded in respect to the sale of its own securities by some or even all of its directors.
See, e.g., Goldberg,
567 F.2d at 215. In
Ruckle v. Roto Am. Corp.,
339 F.2d 24 (2d Cir.1964), a case factually close to the present, a director who represented more than half the stock entitled to vote at the 1964 annual meeting of the defendant corporation successfully brought a derivative action against his six fellow directors, who also constituted the corporation’s officers. The complaint alleged that the officers had sought to perpetuate their control by, among other ways, having the board approve the issuance of some 75,000 treasury shares that were to be resold to the president or voted as he directed. The plaintiff alleged that the defendants had withheld the latest financial statements from the board, had arbitrarily ascribed a $3 value to the shares, and had approved several transactions involving the stock without disclosing pertinent facts to the entire board.
Id.
at 26. Reversing a dismissal, the Second Circuit held that it was possible under Rule 10b-5 for a corporation to be defrauded by a majority of its directors “or even the entire board.”
Id.
at 29. The court went on to say,
If, in this case, the board defrauded the corporation into issuing shares either to its members or others, we can think of no reason to say that redress under Rule 10B-5 [sic] is precluded, though it would have been available had anyone else committed the fraud. There can be no more effective way to emasculate the policies of the federal securities law than to deny relief solely because a fraud was committed by a director rather than an outsider. Denial of relief on this basis would surely undercut the congressional determination to prevent the public distribution of worthless securities.
Id.
While
Ruckle
predated the Supreme Court’s decision in
Santa Fe,
nothing in
Santa Fe
and its progeny invalidate
Ruckle’s
relevant holding.
See, e.g., Franked
984 F.2d at 1334 (citing
Ruckle
with approval);
see also O’Neill v. Maytag,
339 F.2d 764 (2d Cir.1964);
Schoenbaum v. Firstbrook,
405 F.2d 215 (2d Cir.1968) (en banc),
cert. denied sub nom. Manley v. Schoenbaum,
395 U.S. 906, 89 S.Ct. 1747, 23 L.Ed.2d 219 (1969);
Santa Fe,
430 U.S. at 462, 97 S.Ct. at 1295;
Goldberg,
567 F.2d at 209;
see also
7 Louis
Loss & Joel Seligman,
Securities Regulation
3530-41 (3rd ed. 1991) (discussing this line of cases).
As in
Bankers Life,
it is here alleged that the corporation on behalf of which suit has been brought was “injured as an investor through a deceptive device which deprived it of [adequate] compensation for the sale of its valuable block of securities.” 404 U.S. at 10, 92 S.Ct. at 168. The deceptive device was that interested directors of CMT and other parties deliberately omitted to inform CMT’s disinterested directors and shareholders, at a time when they might still have acted to protect CMT, of an impending, allegedly deleterious, sale of stock to UCMSJB. CMT “relied upon” this omission to its detriment, in that its managers issued and sold its stock at an allegedly inadequate price and without adequate security, CMT having been fraudulently deprived of the judgment of its full board of directors on the matter and, in particular, of the judgment of those directors and stockholders who were disinterested and not personally connected with UCMSJB. Such facts plainly make out a claim of defendants’ knowing deception of and injury to CMT in connection with the sale of its stock.
The district court recognized that, “in the case before us, taking the facts as alleged by plaintiffs, the corporation was deceived when some members of the board of directors conducted a sale of corporate stock without informing the full board and the remaining shareholders.”
Estate of Soler,
847 F.Supp. at 242. The court even acknowledged that a § 10(b) violation would have occurred had the directors been told of the proposed sale of stock but deceived as to related material facts. The court believed, however, that no violation occurred here, because the sale itself was concealed, resulting, it said, in no decision-making process at all. We do not see the distinction. The calculated concealment of the sale itself, thus depriving CMT’s disinterested directors of the opportunity to take steps to prevent it before it occurred, was an omission to provide essential material information to the company regarding the stock sale. Indeed, accepting the allegations of the complaint as true, it is a reasonable inference that concealment of the proposed sale from CMT’s board of directors was essential to the success of the fraud, since the plaintiff directors controlled a majority of CMT’s outstanding shares and would doubtless have acted to block the sale had they known.
We see no merit in the district court’s analogy between this case and
Santa Fe.
In
Santa Fe,
acting without fraud or concealment, a controlling company utilized Delaware’s “short form merger” statute to force minority stockholders in a subsidiary to sell back their shares. The latter sued under § 10(b) asserting a breach of fiduciary duty. Noting the absence of a “manipulative or deceptive device,” the Supreme Court held that § 10(b) is not meant to remedy corporate mismanagement, but rather to promote full disclosure to those who buy or sell securities. The Court in
Santa Fe
nowhere suggested that a deliberate stock fraud, involving the calculated omission by personally interested directors to tell other directors that the company was selling its treasury stock at a below market price and without adequate security, was beyond the reach of § 10(b).
The allegations here are precisely of a lack of full disclosure to CMT, the seller of the securities. They go beyond mismanagement to the calculated and deliberate concealment, by interested directors, of information that a substantial block of the company’s stock was being sold at an improperly low price to another company with whom the interested directors were linked. The sale of CMT’s securities, and the price and terms of the sale, were deliberately withheld to prevent the disinterested members of CMT’s board of directors, who were also its controlling shareholders, from taking action prior to the completed sale. Hence those sharing in the legal responsibility to manage CMT’s affairs were kept in the dark until the time had passed when they might still have acted to safeguard CMT’s interests. As there was no “full and fair disclosure” to those legally empowered to act for the corporation, there was no full and fair disclosure to CMT itself. Unlike the situation in
Santa Fe,
the facts alleged go well beyond mere corporate mismanagement “in which the essence of the complaint is that shareholders were treated
unfairly by a fiduciary.” 430 U.S. at 477, 97 S.Ct. at 1303.
Appellees contend that the verified complaint alleges no more than violations of state law, such as breach of fiduciary duty, and that therefore this case falls into the “exception” to § 10(b) liability created by
Bankers Life.
We do not agree. That state causes of action are also available to the plaintiff does not mean that a right of action will not lie under § 10(b). “Section 10(b) must be read flexibly, not technically and restrictively. Since there was a ‘sale’ of a security and since fraud was used ‘in connection with’ it, there is redress under § 10(b), whatever might be available as a remedy under state law.”
Bankers Life,
404 U.S. at 12, 92 S.Ct. at 169. The statement in that case that “[C]ongress by § 10(b) did not seek to regulate transactions which constitute
no more than
internal corporate mismanagement,”
id.
(emphasis added), means only that a breach of fiduciary duty, “without any deception, misrepresentation, or nondisclosure,”
Santa Fe,
430 U.S. at 476, 97 S.Ct. at 1302, does not violate § 10(b). Where corporate fiduciaries deceive other board members and stockholders by withholding key information pertinent to the corporation’s sale of its own securities, the corporation may have redress through § 10(b).
In dismissing the corporation’s § 10(b) claim, the district court also held that the defendants’ alleged deception here was not sufficiently linked causally to a sale of securities. The court cited to cases where the misrepresentations or omissions “did not relate to the inherent nature, characteristics or value of the security.”
See, e.g., Chemical Bank v. Arthur Andersen & Co.,
726 F.2d 930 (2d Cir.),
cert. denied,
469 U.S. 884, 105 S.Ct. 253, 83 L.Ed.2d 190 (1984). From these, the court reasoned that simply omitting to tell CMT’s directors and majority shareholders of the fact of the sale of CMT’s authorized stock was different from feeding them false information about the specifics of the sale. In so reasoning, the court sought to distinguish cases such as
Bankers Life,
404 U.S. at 6, 92 S.Ct. at 169,
Goldberg,
567 F.2d at 209, 219-20, and
Frankel v. Slotkin,
984 F.2d 1328 (2d Cir.1993). The short answer, we think, is that these cases cannot be distinguished. The district court asserts that “the sale in this ease did not take place because the corporation was uninformed about the nature of the stock.”
Estate of Soler,
847 F.Supp. at 240. Yet the complaint alleges that an appraisal of the stock indicated that it was worth $18, not $10, a share. Had the board of directors been so advised, and had it been told of other aspects of the sale (such as the alleged fictitious security), it might not have agreed to the sale, and, in any case, the minority directors (who were majority shareholders) might have been able to take action to block the sale.
Nor do we agree that this case is controlled by
Ketchum v. Green,
557 F.2d 1022 (3d Cir.1977). In that case, the Third Circuit wrote:
Upon review of the stipulation of facts and the record of the proceedings before the district court, it becomes clear that the case at hand involved little more than allegations pertaining to an internal corporate conflict. Although the complaint seemingly stresses the importance of the relinquishment of plaintiffs’ shares under the stock retirement plan, the factual stipulation and other segments of the record are largely silent on this point. For example, it is only in the concluding paragraphs of the stipulation that there is any mention of the forced sale of securities. It thus is manifest that the essence of the plaintiffs’ claim concerns their dismissal as officers of Babb, Inc.
557 F.2d at 1027 (footnote omitted).
The alleged fraud in
Ketchum
was defendants’ failure to reveal their intentions to oppose the reelection of the plaintiffs as officers. While termination of plaintiffs as corporate employees would trigger a by-law forcing them to sell their stock, the Third Circuit concluded that § 10(b) did not apply as the essence of the relief sought was directed against termination of plaintiffs as officers, not to the sale of securities. In contrast with
Ketchum,
the stock sale to UCMSJB is central to the fraud detailed in the complaint here. We see no basis in
Ketchum
from which to hold that the present
scheme was not “in connection with” the sale of a security, as Rule 10b-5 requires.
We have considered appellees’ other arguments, including those related to the adequacy of the complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b), and find them to be without merit. We hold that the complaint in this case, viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiffs, states a cause of action under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. Of course, nothing we say is meant to relieve appellants of their burden of proof as to the matters alleged in the complaint, nor to suggest that we accept those matters as necessarily being complete or true.
C. Conclusion.
We reverse the district court’s judgment dismissing the complaint in this ease for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.