NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1228-17T2
ESSEX COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICERS PBA LOCAL 183 and ESSEX COUNTY SUPERIOR OFFICERS FOR LODGE 106,
Petitioners-Appellants,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, DIVISION OF PENSIONS AND BENEFITS, STATE HEALTH BENEFITS COMMISSION,
Respondent-Respondent. _______________________________
ESSEX COUNTY SUPERIOR OFFICERS PBA LOCAL 183A, ESSEX COUNTY SUPERIOR OFFICERS FOR LODGE 138, and ESSEX COUNTY PBA LOCAL 382,
Intervenors-Appellants. _______________________________
Argued May 6, 2019 – Decided June 14, 2019 Before Judges Sabatino, Haas and Sumners.
On appeal from the State Health Benefits Commission, Department of the Treasury, Declaratory Ruling 2017- 001.
Valerie Palma DeLuisi, Cathlene Y. Banker, and Joseph P. Slawinski argued the cause for appellants (Law Office of Nicholas J. Palma, attorneys for appellant PBA Local 183 and intervenor PBA Local 183A; C. Elston & Associates, LLC, attorneys for appellant FOP Lodge 106 and intervenor FOP Lodge 138; and Law Offices of Steven A. Varano, PC, attorneys for intervenor PBA Local 382; Valerie Palma DeLuisi, Cathlene Y. Banker, Joseph P. Slawinski, and Albert J. Seibert, of counsel and on the joint briefs).
Angelo J. Genova argued the cause for respondent County of Essex (Genova Burns LLC, attorneys; Angelo J. Genova, of counsel and on the briefs; Joseph M. Hannon and Diane M. Camacho, on the brief).
Christopher R. Meyer, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent State Health Benefits Commission (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Danielle P. Schimmel, Deputy Attorney General and Christopher R. Meyer, on the briefs).
PER CURIAM
This administrative appeal involves a narrow jurisdictional issue. The
issue comes to this court after the State Health Benefits Commission ("the SHB
A-1228-17T2 2 Commission") issued a declaratory ruling arising from a dispute between the
labor union appellants and Essex County regarding health insurance benefits.
The unions maintain that the County unilaterally reduced the levels of
their members' bargained-for contractual health benefits without engaging in
prior good faith negotiations. In particular, the unions claim their members were
transitioned by the County from the coverage under their previous plan to the
State Health Benefits Program ("SHBP") under duress. The unions accordingly
have filed a separate unfair practice charge against the County, a claim which is
pending before the Public Employment Relations Committee ("PERC").
With the unfair practice proceeding before PERC pending, the unions filed
a request for declaratory ruling from the SHB Commission on four issues related
to the SHBP. According to the unions, the ruling was requested for the purposes
of facilitating labor negotiations and the fashioning of an adequate remedy
before PERC, assuming the County's unfair practice were proven. The SHB
Commission subsequently issued the declaratory ruling, answering all four of
the questions posed by the unions.
The unions now contest the SHB Commission's statutory authority and
jurisdiction to issue its declaratory ruling concerning what is known as
A-1228-17T2 3 "Question 3" of the issues they had presented. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm the SHB Commission's declaratory ruling.
I.
This appeal was brought by Essex County Sheriff’s Officers PBA Local
183 and Essex County Superior Officers FOP Lodge 106, and joined by
intervenors, Essex County Superior Officers Association (Sheriff) FOP Lodge
138, New Jersey State PBA Local 382, and Essex County Sheriff’s Superior
Officers Association PBA Local 183A (collectively, "the Unions"). Together,
the Unions represent all the sheriff's officers and corrections officers employed
by Essex County.
On September 27, 2016, Essex County adopted a resolution approving its
participation for its employees in the SHBP, effective January 1, 2017.
According to the resolution, "if Essex County moves into the SHBP in 2017, the
savings will be over $9.7 million dollars versus the last and best 2017 offer of
Aetna [Insurance Company], our current provider."
In response to this change of health benefits, the Unions brought unfair
labor practice proceedings against the County before PERC. The Unions assert
in the PERC case that the County did not engage in good faith negotiations in
A-1228-17T2 4 advance of the change in health care benefits, and were transitioned into the
SHBP under duress. 1
On January 23, 2017, the Unions sought declaratory rulings from the SHB
Commission on an expedited basis, seeking to have such rulings assist in
resolving the labor disputes pending in PERC. 2 Specifically, the Unions
requested the SHB Commission's declaratory ruling on these four specific
questions:
(1) Whether Essex County is required to enroll all employees and retirees who meet the eligibility requirements of the SHBP;
(2) Whether Essex County, as an SHBP participating employer in the SHBP can supplement the medical plans it offers to employees and retirees with the non- SHBP plans;
(3) Whether Essex County, as an SHBP-participating employer, can reimburse employees for incremental costs arising from changes in negotiated levels of health benefits; and
1 According to the Unions' brief, the unfair practice charges are being held in abeyance by PERC pending this appeal. 2 The Unions' brief details the torturous procedural history of the matters pending before PERC. However, that complicated procedural history of the PERC matters – which involves several emergent applications to both this court and the Supreme Court – is not relevant to the narrow jurisdictional issue now before us. The events in the PERC matter only provide context as to why the Unions sought a declaratory ruling from the SHB Commission in the first place. A-1228-17T2 5 (4) If the relief requested is not permissible under the SHBP Act, which provisions of the Act will the [SHB] Commission waive to facilitate a remedy to the change in the negotiated level of benefits?
The Unions' request for declaratory rulings was not heard at the SHB
Commission's March or May 2017 regularly scheduled meetings. Consequently,
the Unions appealed the SHB Commission's inaction to this court. On July 5,
2017, a panel of this court granted the SHB Commission's cross-motion to
remand the case, and ordered the SHB Commission to issue a ruling on the four
questions at its "July or September 2017 meeting."
In accordance with this court's remand, on September 13, 2017, the
Unions and the County presented arguments before the SHB Commission
concerning the four listed questions.3
On September 28, 2017, the SHB Commission met in public session to
vote on the four presented issues. The day before the vote, six labor
representatives of the twelve-member State Health Benefits Plan Design
Committee ("Plan Design Committee") sent a letter to the SHB Commission,
asserting the Plan Design Committee was the appropriate state entity with
3 A transcript of the September 13, 2017 session is not included in the appellate record and the parties do no rely on it. A-1228-17T2 6 jurisdiction over Question 3. That letter was read into the record at the SHB
Commission's public meeting. The letter states:
Dear Chairwoman Culliton: We the undersigned union representatives of the Plan Design Committee of the State Health Benefits Program request that you hold off on the declaratory ruling on your agenda for September 28th until such time as the [Plan Design Committee] has met and fully considered the implications on plan design raised by question 3. The SHB Commission no longer has any authority to make plan design decisions. Respectfully, Patrick Nolan, Robert Little, Kevin Lyons, Hetty Rosenstein, Abdur Yasin and Michael Sandur.
Although the Unions' counsel was not present at the September 28 public
meeting, Kevin Lyons, a union-designated member of the Plan Design
Committee, appeared before the SHB Commission. Amplifying the September
27 letter he co-signed, Lyons maintained that the SHB Commission did not have
the authority to rule on Question 3. Lyons argued that the Plan Design
Committee has the sole authority to design state health benefit plans, and that
because Question 3 involves copay and reimbursements under the plan, the Plan
Design Committee is the correct venue to determine that issue. Lyons also
A-1228-17T2 7 clarified that the Plan Design Committee was only asserting jurisdiction over
Question 3, and not Questions 1, 2, and 4. 4
After hearing from Lyons, and seeking legal advice in executive session,
the SHB Commission issued a detailed written declaratory ruling on September
28, 2017. The relevant part of the ruling as to Question 3 states:
RULING REQUEST #3:
Pursuant to the [SHBP], is it permissible for the County, as a participant in the SHBP, to reimburse its employees for incremental costs arising from changes in negotiated levels of health benefits?
No, a local employer may not reimburse any out-of- pocket costs that are part of the design of an SHBP plan. With the enactment of Chapter 78 and the Legislature's creation of the [Plan Design Committee], that body was vested with "the sole discretion to set the amounts for maximums, co-pays, deductibles, and other such participant costs for all plans in the program." N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27(b).
....
As previously stated, reimbursing incremental costs alters the participant's out of pocket costs in the SHBP, and these costs are established plan by plan by the [Plan Design Committee]. The [Plan Design Committee] has exercised its jurisdiction and established co-payments, which are a plan component, for each plan offered. Thus[,] the [SHB] Commission has no authority to
4 On appeal, the Unions likewise only challenge the SHB Commission's jurisdiction over Question 3. A-1228-17T2 8 modify these plan components and cannot permit a participating employer to do so either. The [Plan Design Committee] has the sole authority to modify these plan components and the [SHB] Commission is bound by the plan components created by the [Plan Design Committee].
[(Emphasis added).]
The Unions thereafter filed a motion with this court seeking an order to
refer jurisdiction over Question 3 to the Plan Design Committee. Another panel
of this court denied that motion.
Additionally, in August 2018, this court denied the Unions' application to
compel joinder of the Plan Design Committee as a party to this appeal. Notably,
the Plan Design Committee itself has not sought to intervene.
The Unions appeal the SHB Commission's exercise of jurisdiction over
Question 3. They also disagree with the substance of the SHB Commission's
answer to that Question. The County and the SHB Commission oppose the
appeal, and argue the Commission properly exercised its jurisdiction.
II.
This court's review of administrative agency decisions is generally
limited. In re Stallworth, 208 N.J. 182, 194 (2011). "We will ordinarily defer
to the decision of a State administrative agency unless the appellant establishes
that the agency's decision was arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, or that it
A-1228-17T2 9 was unsupported by sufficient credible, competent evidence in the record."
Green v. State Health Benefits Comm'n, 373 N.J. Super. 408, 414 (App. Div.
2004).
It is also well established that "[c]ourts afford an agency great deference
in reviewing its interpretation of statutes within its scope of authority." N.J.
Ass'n of Sch. Adm'rs v. Schundler, 211 N.J. 535, 549 (2012) (citations omitted).
For example, "'[d]eference to an agency decision is particularly appropriate
where interpretation of the [a]gency's own regulation is in issue.'" R.S. v. Div.
of Med. Assistance & Health Servs., 434 N.J. Super. 250, 261 (App. Div. 2014)
(quoting I.L. v. N.J. Dep't of Human Servs., 389 N.J. Super. 354, 364 (App. Div.
2006)).
Nonetheless, "when an agency's decision is based on the 'agency's
interpretation of a statute or its determination of a strictly legal issue,' we are
not bound by the agency's interpretation. Statutory interpretation involves the
examination of legal issues and is, therefore, a question of law subject to de
novo review." Saccone v. Bd. of Trs. of Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 219 N.J.
369, 380 (2014) (quoting Russo v. Bd. of Trs. of Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys.,
206 N.J. 14, 27 (2011)).
A-1228-17T2 10 With these review standards in mind, we proceed to the substance of this
jurisdictional appeal. We begin with an overview of the pertinent statutory and
regulatory scheme.
A.
The State Health Benefits Program Act
Through the authority granted by the State Health Benefits Program Act
("SHBP Act"), the SHBP offers medical, prescription drug, and dental coverage
to qualified State and local employees, retirees, and eligible dependents.
N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.25 to -17.46a. The SHBP is not itself an insurance carrier,
but rather a program that offers health benefit coverage through contracts
negotiated between the SHB Commission and insurance carriers. N.J.S.A.
52:14-17.28. Once a local government employer has elected to participate in
the SHBP, it is "a participating employer under the program, subject to and in
accordance with the rules and regulations of the [SHB] [C]omission related
thereto." N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.37(a).
B.
Chapter 78 and Creation of the Plan Design Committee
"In 2011, the Legislature enacted Chapter 78, making numerous
significant changes to public employee pension and health care benefits."
A-1228-17T2 11 Rosenstein v. State, 438 N.J. Super. 491, 494 (App. Div. 2014). See also L.
2011, c. 78, § 45(b) (codified at N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27). Perhaps the most
significant change to the SHBP was Chapter 78's creation of the Plan Design
Committee, which the Legislature vested with "the exclusive authority to design
state health benefits plans – a power previously possessed by the [SHB
Commission]." Ibid.
The Plan Design Committee consists of twelve members: six members
appointed by the Governor and six members from various state labor unions.5
N.J.S.A 52:14-17.27(b). The SHB Commission, meanwhile, consists of five
members: "the State Treasurer; the Commissioner of Banking and Insurance; the
Chairperson of the Civil Service Commission; a State employees' representative
chosen by the Public Employee Committee of the AFL-CIO; and . . . a local
employees' representative chosen by the Public Employee Committee of the
AFL-CIO." N.J.S.A 52:14-17.27(a). As this court has previously observed:
5 Specifically, the six union members are: "three members . . . appointed by the Public Employee Committee of the AFL-CIO; one member . . . appointed by the head of the union . . . that represents the greatest number of police officers in this State; one member appointed by the head of the union . . . that represents the greatest number of firefighters in this State; and one member . . . appointed by the head of the State Troopers Fraternal Association." N.J.S.A 52:14- 17.27(b).
A-1228-17T2 12 [O]ne clear legislative intent revealed by [the creation of the Plan Design Committee] . . . was the leveling of the balance of power between labor and the public employer by giving six votes to each side, rather than the three-to-two edge previously possessed by the administration when the [SHB Commission] had the authority to create, modify and terminate components of the state health plan.
[Rosenstein, 438 N.J. Super. at 501 n.4.]
The Plan Design Committee establishes the components of the SHBP's
overall plan designs, while the SHB Commission authorizes the plan's contracts
with various insurance carriers. See N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.28; see also Beaver v.
Magellan Health Servs., Inc., 433 N.J. Super. 430, 433 (App. Div. 2013)
("Although the State contracts with health insurers to administer various benefit
plans for program participants, the [SHB Commission] alone has the authority
and responsibility to make payments on claims and to limit or exclude
benefits.").
Accordingly, the SHBP Act provides:
The [Plan Design Committee] shall have the responsibility for and authority over the various plans and components of those plans, including for medical benefits, prescription benefits, dental, vision, and any other health care benefits, offered and administered by the program. The [Plan Design Committee] shall have the authority to create, modify, or terminate any plan or component, at its sole discretion. Any reference in law to the [SHB Commission] in the context of the creation,
A-1228-17T2 13 modification, or termination of a plan or plan component shall be deemed to apply to the [Plan Design Committee].
[N.J.S.A 52:14-17.27(b) (emphasis added).]
See also Rosenstein, 438 N.J. Super. at 500 ("[T]he adoption of Chapter 78
transferred authority over the plan design of the state health benefits program to
the newly-created [Plan Design Committee]"); Teamsters Local 97 v. State, 434
N.J. Super. 393, 416 (App. Div. 2014) ("With the enactment of Chapter 78, the
Legislature has vested the [Plan] Design Committee with the sole discretion to
create, modify, or terminate any plan or component, as well as to set amounts
for maximums, co-pays, deductibles, and other participant costs for all plans
offered.").
C.
SHBP Contract Procurement and Coverage Terms
N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29 mandates the types of coverage the SHB
Commission must provide for when procuring contracts with insurers, and also
contains several subsections discussing the administration of contract
coverages. For example, N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29(A)(1)-(2) details the required
coverage for "basic benefits" (e.g., hospital benefits, surgical benefits, inpatient
A-1228-17T2 14 benefits) and "major medical expense benefits," which provides benefit
coverage for "reasonable and necessary eligible medical expenses."
Subsection (D) of this portion of the statute, an administrative provision,
provides in pertinent part:
Benefits under the contract or contracts purchased as authorized by this act may be subject to such limitations, exclusions, or waiting periods as the [SHB Commission] finds to be necessary or desirable to avoid inequity, unnecessary utilization, duplication of services or benefits otherwise available . . . . No benefits shall be provided beyond those stipulated in the contracts held by the [SHB Commission].
[N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29(D) (emphasis added).]
Subsection (J), the last portion of N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29, was included in
the Chapter 78 amendments enacted in 2011. Subsection (J) instructs:
[T]he . . . Plan Design Committee shall provide to employees the option to select one of at least three levels of coverage each for family, individual, individual and spouse, and individual and dependent, or equivalent categories, for each plan offered by the program differentiated by out of pocket costs to employees including co-payments and deductibles. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, the [Plan Design Committee] shall have the sole discretion to set the amounts for maximums, co- pays, deductibles, and other such participant costs for all plans in the program.
[N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29(J) (emphasis added).]
A-1228-17T2 15 See also Teamsters Local 97, 434 N.J. Super. at 417 ("In view of the
Legislature's vesting in the [Plan] Design Committee the sole discretion to make
changes in the . . . healthcare plans, such changes are no longer effectuated
through collective negotiations between the State and its employees.").
D.
Administration of the SHBP
The provision creating the SHB Commission and the Plan Design
Committee, N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27, states in pertinent part: "The [SHB]
[C]ommission, in consultation with the [Plan Design Committee], shall establish
rules and regulations as may be deemed reasonable and necessary for the
administration of [the SHBP Act]."
Pursuant to that delegated authority, the SHB Commission promulgated
N.J.A.C. 17:9-1.3, a regulation which governs hearings before the SHB
Commission. That regulation provides, in pertinent part, that "any member of
the SHBP who disagrees with a decision of the carrier and has exhausted all
appeals with the plan . . . may request that the matter be considered by the [SHB]
Commission." N.J.A.C. 17:9-1.3(a).
The Division of Pensions and Benefits ("the Division"), in turn,
administers the SHBP. N.J.A.C. 17:1-1.1(d). The SHB Commission is one of
A-1228-17T2 16 thirteen "boards and commissions" that provides "oversight and direction to the
[Division's] benefits programs." N.J.A.C. 17:1-1.1(f)(8).
The Attorney General serves as the legal advisor to both the SHB
Commission and the Plan Design Committee. N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27(a).
With this backdrop in mind, we turn to the substance of the appeal.
III.
As a threshold matter, the County argues that the Unions are judicially
estopped from contesting the authority of the SHB Commission to issue a ruling
on Question 3 because the Unions specifically requested the SHB Commission
to issue the declaratory ruling. The Attorney General does not join in this
argument.
Although it is understandable from a practical perspective why the County
would raise this argument, judicial estoppel is considered "an 'extraordinary
remedy,' which should be invoked only 'when a party's inconsistent behavior
will otherwise result in a miscarriage of justice.'" Ali v. Rutgers, 166 N.J. 280,
288 (2000) (quoting Ryan Operations G.P. v. Santiam-Midwest Lumber Co., 81
F.3d 355, 365 (3d Cir. 1996)).
A-1228-17T2 17 The essence of the Unions' argument – that the SHB Commission does not
have jurisdiction to issue a declaratory ruling on Question 3 – is essentially an
issue of subject matter jurisdiction, a fundamental concern which can be raised
at any time. See, e.g., Macysyn v. Hensler, 329 N.J. Super. 476, 481 (App. Div.
2000); see also Murray v. Comcast Corp., 457 N.J. Super. 464, 470 (App. Div.
2019) ("Subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived by the parties' failure to
object, nor conferred upon the court by the parties' agreement"); Lall v. Shivani,
448 N.J. Super. 38, 48 (App. Div. 2016) ("Challenges to subject matter
jurisdiction may be raised at any time.").
Consequently, although we are puzzled as to why the Unions presented
Question 3 to the SHB Commission in the first place, they are not barred by
principles of judicial estoppel from raising on appeal a jurisdictional challenge
to the SHB Commission's authority to answer Question 3.
Having dispensed with the estoppel argument, we turn to the crux of this
appeal: Whether the SHB Commission properly exercised jurisdiction over the
issue raised by Question 3.
The Unions contend that the Plan Design Committee has the sole
jurisdiction over this issue, and therefore the declaratory ruling by the SHB
A-1228-17T2 18 Commission was ultra vires. To support this position, the Unions cite to
N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29(J), which provides: "the [Plan Design Committee] shall
have the sole discretion to set the amounts for maximums, co-pays, deductibles,
and other such participant costs for all plans in the program." (Emphasis added).
Therefore, because Question 3 essentially asks whether plan participants (i.e.,
union members) can be reimbursed for increased costs, and because the Unions
interpret reimbursements and "participant costs" as "one and the same," the
Unions maintain that the Plan Design Committee alone has the authority to
adjudicate Question 3.
It is undisputed that the Plan Design Committee has the sole authority to
design and modify components of statewide health plans. See, e.g., Rosenstein,
438 N.J. Super. at 500; see also N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27(b). Indeed, the SHB
Commission recognized this principle in its declaratory ruling, stating: "The
[Plan Design Committee] has the sole authority to modify these plan
components and the [SHB] Commission is bound by the plan components
created by the [Plan Design Committee]." The Plan Design Committee also has
the authority to modify a plan, plan component, or to terminate a plan. It does
not, however, have any authority over labor relations.
A-1228-17T2 19 The Plan Design Committee is not an adjudicatory body. The Unions do
not point to any regulatory or statutory authority under which the Plan Design
Committee would have the jurisdiction to issue an adjudicatory decision on
Question 3. Even if Question 3 were brought before the Plan Design Committee,
and it decided that the County could reimburse participants dollar-for-dollar for
increased costs, it is unclear how the Committee could enforce that decision. In
fact, the Plan Design Committee notably is not mentioned at all in the SHBP
regulations.
By contrast, the SHBP regulations vest certain adjudicatory authority to
the SHB Commission, albeit mainly for the adjudication of benefits and
coverage disputes between participants and insurance carriers. That mechanism
enables disputes to be brought before the SHB Commission, which in turn can
refer contested factual disputes to the Office of Administrative Law. See, e.g.,
N.J.A.C. 17:9-1.3(d). 6 In that same vein, the regulations of the Division
6 In issuing the declaratory ruling in the present case, the SHB Commission cited N.J.S.A. 52:14B-8 as its authority to issue such a ruling. That provision generally covering New Jersey administrative agencies states:
[A]n agency upon the request of any interested person may in its discretion make a declaratory ruling with respect to the applicability to any person, property or state of facts of any statute or rule enforced or administered by that agency. A declaratory ruling shall A-1228-17T2 20 recognize the SHB Commission as one of the "boards and commissions"
providing oversight and direction to the benefit programs administered by the
Division. N.J.A.C. 17:1-1.1(f)(8).
In addition to these regulatory provisions, the terms of the SHBP Act
reflect that the SHB Commission has the authority to enforce and administer the
bounds of the existing plan. Two statutory provisions are particularly instructive
on this point.
The first statutory provision is N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27, which details the
structure and overlap between the SHB Commission and the Plan Design
Committee. As we have already noted, N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.27 provides, in
pertinent part: "The [SHB] Commission, in consultation with the [Plan Design
Committee], shall establish rules and regulations as may be deemed reasonable
bind the agency and all parties to the proceedings on the state of facts alleged. Full opportunity for hearing shall be afforded to the interested parties. Such ruling shall be deemed a final decision or action subject to review in the Appellate Division of the Superior Court. Nothing herein shall affect the right or practice of every agency in its sole discretion to render advisory opinions.
A-1228-17T2 21 and necessary for the administration of [the SHBP Act]." (Emphasis added).
This provision shows that the SHB Commission does in fact have the authority
– after consulting with the Plan Design Committee – to create rules and
regulations that would aid in the administration of the SHBP Act.
Another instructive statutory provision is N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.29(D), which
as we have noted, is in the section establishing the SHB Commission's authority
to purchase contracts for health coverage, and to make adjustments to avoid
inequity. This provision indicates that the SHB Commission has the authority
to consider equitable factors in administering the contracts.
The Attorney General asserts that the SHB Commission's declaratory
ruling on Question 3 with respect to these specific Essex County unions avoids
inequity in administering the statewide program, because "[a]ltering the
participants costs[,] alters the entire plan created by the [Plan Design
Committee] and the [SHB] Commission and impacts the costs for everyone.
Neither the [SHB] Commission nor participating employer[s] [are] authorized
to modify the plan."
We agree with that interpretation of the statutory and regulatory scheme.
The Unions have not identified any language in the statutes or regulations that
A-1228-17T2 22 empowers the Plan Design Committee to revise plan components for a county
participant in the SHBP on an employer-specific or union-specific basis.
The Attorney General, who, as previously mentioned, serves as the legal
advisor to both the SHB Commission and the Plan Design Committee (although
not a party to this appeal), asserts the Plan Design Committee can set participant
costs, but that body cannot "retroactively change an existing design on an ad hoc
basis." As the Attorney General puts it: "the [Plan Design Committee] designed
the plan. The SHB Commission enforced the bounds of the plan in issuing its
ruling."
In a supplemental brief filed at our request following oral argument, the
Attorney General amplified this interpretation of the statutory scheme. As that
supplemental brief explains:
Employees of an employer other than the State are not automatically included in the State Health Benefits Program. A local employer [7] must elect to participate in the SHBP for its employees to be eligible. N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.37(a). Once a local employer elects to participate, the plans available to the local employer are the same as those available to the State, because "all provisions of [the SHBP Act] will . . . be construed as to participating employers . . . the same as for the State." N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.36 (a); see also N.J. Sch.
7 An employer is defined to include, among other things, "a county" such as Essex County, but does not include individual bargaining units, such as the Unions. N.J.S.A. 52:17.35(a). A-1228-17T2 23 Bds. Ass'n v. State Health Benefits Comm'n, 183 N.J. Super. 215, 220 (App. Div. 1982) ("The legislative intention was to maintain uniformity in benefits afforded state and local employees."). The local employer may then determine which plans to make available to its employees: "the availability of plans within the program may be limited for employees . . . pursuant to a binding collective negotiations agreement." N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.37(b).
In short, when a local employer elects to participate in the SHBP, it elects to participate in the program itself, not any one plan. The [Plan Design Committee] creates plans for the program, which plans become available to all local employers to offer to its employees. If it so chooses, a participating local employer may select a subset of plans, but it must select from the plans available in the program. Thus, the [Plan Design Committee] has no authority to create a plan that applies only to Essex County employees or the individual bargaining units of the Union.
[(Emphasis added)].
Although we are not obliged to adopt the Attorney General's
interpretation 8 of the SHBP Act, we accord the Attorney General a degree of
deference because the Attorney General is the legal advisor to the Division as a
whole and its sub-agencies. See N.J.S.A. 52:17A-4(e); see also Quarto v.
Adams, 395 N.J. Super. 502, 513 (App. Div. 2007) (recognizing that the
8 The County has submitted a supplemental letter joining in the Attorney General's legal position. A-1228-17T2 24 Attorney General's interpretation of a statute or law is entitled "to a degree of
deference" because of its "special role as the sole legal adviser to most agencies
of State Government"); Clark v. Degnan, 163 N.J. Super. 344, 371 (Law Div.
1978) (finding the Attorney General's statutory interpretation, as the legal
advisor to most state agencies, is considered "strongly persuasive" but ultimately
not binding on courts).
We reject the Unions' contention that the Attorney General, as the legal
advisor to both the SHB Commission and the Plan Design Committee, has an
untenable conflict of interest in asserting a single legal position on behalf of the
State contrary to the wishes of six of the twelve Plan Design Committee
members. The "wide scope of function" of the Attorney General justifies the
Attorney General in having the discretion to overrule the preferences of client
agencies in interpreting the law and litigating cases. See Gormely v. Lan, 88
N.J. 26, 43-44 (1981).
In their own post-argument submission, the Unions assert the Attorney
General's interpretation of the statute is too narrow and not reflective of actual
practice. The Unions inform us that the Plan Design Committee recently
exercised authority in altering plans available to members of a union of State
workers. Although we appreciate the Unions calling the development to our
A-1228-17T2 25 attention, it does not analytically refute the soundness of the Attorney General's
statutory analysis in this case. In addition, the situation identified by the Unions
involved a union of State workers, not local or county employees participating
in the SHBP.
In sum, we agree with the Attorney General that the Plan Design
Committee has no statutory authority to alter the statewide plan components at
the county level, on a county-specific or union-specific basis. Such alterations
would affect utilization of health benefits and, in turn, upset the economic
balance of the overall statewide plan. The SHB Commission properly exercised
jurisdiction over Question 3 and provided a legally sound answer.
Lastly, the Unions argue that the SHB Commission's ruling on Question
3 unfairly deprives them of a possible "make-whole" remedy in the PERC
proceedings. The Unions allege the SHB Commission's conclusion that
reimbursement funds are impermissible undermines PERC's ability to provide
an award of monetary damages. We disagree.
The declaratory ruling addressed this concern by expressly stating that,
"[t]he Commission is confident that in cases where violations of the New Jerse y
Employer-Employee Relation Act are found, the PERC can fashion an
A-1228-17T2 26 appropriate remedy that does not infringe on the SHBP plan design or offend
the public policies underlying the State Health Benefits program." (Emphasis
added).
As the County notes, there has been no harm yet established by the union
members whose grievance is pending before PERC. The County argues the
Unions are improperly seeking from this court an advisory opinion on remedial
options before PERC. We agree.
The SHB Commission did not rule that PERC cannot issue an appropriate
remedy if an unfair labor practice is found by PERC. It expressed confidence
PERC can fashion a fair remedy that would not infringe on the overall SHBP
plan design.
In essence, the Unions are seeking from this court an advisory opinion
about whether any fair remedies – other than dollar-for-dollar reimbursements
to individual employees – could be issued in the future by PERC in this matter.
We respectfully decline to do so.
The questions of remedy must be decided in the first instance by PERC.
See De Vesa v. Dorsey, 134 N.J. 420, 428 (1993) (noting that our courts
"refrain[] from rendering advisory opinions or exercising [their] jurisdiction in
the abstract."). See also G.H. v. Twp. of Galloway, 199 N.J. 135, 136 (2009)
A-1228-17T2 27 (instructing that courts should not "answer abstract questions or give advisory
opinions."). If any party is aggrieved by PERC's ultimate decision, including as
to the terms of any remedy, it may appropriately seek appellate review of that
ruling in a separate appeal.
IV.
Affirmed, without prejudice to findings and any appropriate remedies that
PERC may choose to issue in the pending unfair labor practice case.
A-1228-17T2 28