UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY NORTHERN DIVISION AT COVINGTON
CIVIL ACTION NO. 26-182-DLB
ERICK ADONY PEREZ VALDERAMOS PETITIONER
v. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
TODD LYONS, et al. RESPONDENTS
* * * * * * * * * * I. INTRODUCTION This matter is before the Court on Petitioner Erick Adony Perez-Valderamos’s pro se Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. # 1). Federal Respondents having filed their Response (Doc. # 5) and Perez-Valderamos failed to file a timely Reply. Accordingly, the Petition is ripe for the Court’s review. For the following reasons, the Court will grant the Petition. II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Petitioner Erick Adony Perez-Valderamos is native and citizen of Honduras who entered the United States on or around April 2015. (Doc. # 1 at 9). He presented himself to immigration authorities at the time of his crossing and was released without inspection. (Id. at 12). Since his entry, he has lived continuously in the United States and has established residency in New Hampshire. (Id.). He has two young children and no criminal history. (Id.). He was detained by ICE officials on January 20, 2026. (Id.). Perez-Valderamos received a bond hearing before an immigration judge (“IJ”) on March 30, 2026. (Doc. # 1-1 at 5–6). In that hearing, the IJ denied his bond, stating that the IJ lacked authority to redetermine bond or custody conditions under Section 235 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). (Id.). He has remained in ICE custody at the Boone County Jail in Burlington, Kentucky since his arrest. (Doc. # 5 at 2). On April 27, 2026, Perez-Valderamos, proceeding pro se, filed the instant Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. # 1). In his Petition, he claims he is being unlawfully
detained and requests that this Court order his immediate release or, alternatively, a constitutionally adequate bond hearing. (Id. at 13). One day later, the Court ordered Respondents to file a Response to the Petition. (Doc. # 3). Respondents having filed their Response (Doc. # 5) and Perez-Valderamos having failed to file a timely Reply, the Petition is now ripe for the Court’s review. III. ANALYSIS Petitioner argues that his present detention violates the INA and his right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. (Doc. # 1 at 13). As a result, he requests that the Court order his immediate release or, alternatively, an individualized bond hearing under
8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). (Id. at 17). A. Relevant Framework On May 11, 2026, the Sixth Circuit issued its decision in Lopez-Campos et al. v. Raycraft et al., wherein it determined that § 1226 is the properly applied statutory provision for detaining noncitizens like Petitioner who are not “seeking admission” into the United States. --- F.4th ---, 2026 WL 1283891, at *11 (6th Cir. May 11, 2026). In its opinion, the Sixth Circuit affirmed the judgments of four district courts below, determining that the “text, canons, and past practice” of two statutes all support the conclusion that the petitioners were not subject to the mandatory detention provisions of § 1225. Id. at *6. Accordingly, the Circuit rejected the government’s position that § 1225 governs noncitizen detainees, concluding that “[t]o hold otherwise would subject long-term law- abiding residents in the United States. . . to the hardship of mandatory detention without due process.” Id. at *13. The same reasoning applies here. Petitioner has been in the United States for
roughly eleven years. (Doc. # 1 at 12). After being detained at the border he was released into the country years prior to his present detention. (Id.). Accordingly, pursuant to the Sixth Circuit’s recent opinion in Lopez-Campos, the Court concludes that § 1226 governs Petitioner’s detention. B. Due Process Because the Court has concluded that § 1226(a) is the appropriate statutory framework to apply to Perez-Valderamos, the Court must now determine whether his present detention violates his due process rights. The Sixth Circuit has concluded that petitioners like Perez-Valderamos have “passed through our gates” which affords them
protection by the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Lopez-Campos, 2026 WL 1283891, at *11. The Court recognizes that Perez-Valderamos was given a bond hearing in March 2026. (See Doc. # 1-1 at 2). However, that bond hearing took place under the auspices of 8 U.S.C. § 1225, which the Sixth Circuit recently determined does not apply to noncitizens like Perez-Valderamos. Further, while this Court is barred by § 1226(e) from reviewing discretionary decisions of IJs, the Court may review the procedures of the bond hearings to evaluate whether they were constitutionally adequate. Perez-Valderamos’s prior bond hearing took place under an entirely different and unapplicable analytical framework. (See Doc. # 1-1 at 5–6). As such, the Court finds it necessary to evaluate whether due process requires Perez-Valderamos receive a second bond hearing. The Fifth Amendment provides, in pertinent part, that no person shall be “deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law[.]” U.S. Const. amend. V. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the Due Process Clause extends to all persons,
regardless of citizenship status. See A.A.R.P. v. Trump, 605 U.S. 91, 94 (2025) (“[T]he Fifth Amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in the context of removal proceedings.” (quoting Trump v. J.G.G., 604 U.S. 670, 673 (2025))). To determine whether a detainee’s due process rights have been violated, courts apply a three-part balancing test to weigh (1) the private interest that will be affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the United States’ interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 321 (1976). It is undisputed that Perez-Valderamos has a cognizable liberty interest in avoiding detention. See Lopez-Campos, 2026 WL 1283891, at *13 (a person’s liberty interest in being free from detention “is the most fundamental interest protected by the Due Process Clause and is shared by citizens and noncitizens alike.”); Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 531 (6th Cir. 2004) (affirming “the fundamental nature of a citizen’s right to be free from involuntary confinement by his own government without due process of law[.]”). Indeed, “[f]reedom from bodily restraint has always been at the core of the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause[.]” Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80 (1992); see also Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 690 (2001) (“Freedom from imprisonment— from government custody, detention, or other forms of physical restraint—lies at the heart of the very liberty that [the Due Process Clause] protects.”). Our immigration law has long recognized that noncitizens have an interest in an individualized hearing prior to detention in connection with immigration proceedings. See Yamataya v. Fisher, 189 U.S. 86, 101 (1903). Further, the Supreme Court has previously required individualized hearings for
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY NORTHERN DIVISION AT COVINGTON
CIVIL ACTION NO. 26-182-DLB
ERICK ADONY PEREZ VALDERAMOS PETITIONER
v. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
TODD LYONS, et al. RESPONDENTS
* * * * * * * * * * I. INTRODUCTION This matter is before the Court on Petitioner Erick Adony Perez-Valderamos’s pro se Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. # 1). Federal Respondents having filed their Response (Doc. # 5) and Perez-Valderamos failed to file a timely Reply. Accordingly, the Petition is ripe for the Court’s review. For the following reasons, the Court will grant the Petition. II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Petitioner Erick Adony Perez-Valderamos is native and citizen of Honduras who entered the United States on or around April 2015. (Doc. # 1 at 9). He presented himself to immigration authorities at the time of his crossing and was released without inspection. (Id. at 12). Since his entry, he has lived continuously in the United States and has established residency in New Hampshire. (Id.). He has two young children and no criminal history. (Id.). He was detained by ICE officials on January 20, 2026. (Id.). Perez-Valderamos received a bond hearing before an immigration judge (“IJ”) on March 30, 2026. (Doc. # 1-1 at 5–6). In that hearing, the IJ denied his bond, stating that the IJ lacked authority to redetermine bond or custody conditions under Section 235 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). (Id.). He has remained in ICE custody at the Boone County Jail in Burlington, Kentucky since his arrest. (Doc. # 5 at 2). On April 27, 2026, Perez-Valderamos, proceeding pro se, filed the instant Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. # 1). In his Petition, he claims he is being unlawfully
detained and requests that this Court order his immediate release or, alternatively, a constitutionally adequate bond hearing. (Id. at 13). One day later, the Court ordered Respondents to file a Response to the Petition. (Doc. # 3). Respondents having filed their Response (Doc. # 5) and Perez-Valderamos having failed to file a timely Reply, the Petition is now ripe for the Court’s review. III. ANALYSIS Petitioner argues that his present detention violates the INA and his right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. (Doc. # 1 at 13). As a result, he requests that the Court order his immediate release or, alternatively, an individualized bond hearing under
8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). (Id. at 17). A. Relevant Framework On May 11, 2026, the Sixth Circuit issued its decision in Lopez-Campos et al. v. Raycraft et al., wherein it determined that § 1226 is the properly applied statutory provision for detaining noncitizens like Petitioner who are not “seeking admission” into the United States. --- F.4th ---, 2026 WL 1283891, at *11 (6th Cir. May 11, 2026). In its opinion, the Sixth Circuit affirmed the judgments of four district courts below, determining that the “text, canons, and past practice” of two statutes all support the conclusion that the petitioners were not subject to the mandatory detention provisions of § 1225. Id. at *6. Accordingly, the Circuit rejected the government’s position that § 1225 governs noncitizen detainees, concluding that “[t]o hold otherwise would subject long-term law- abiding residents in the United States. . . to the hardship of mandatory detention without due process.” Id. at *13. The same reasoning applies here. Petitioner has been in the United States for
roughly eleven years. (Doc. # 1 at 12). After being detained at the border he was released into the country years prior to his present detention. (Id.). Accordingly, pursuant to the Sixth Circuit’s recent opinion in Lopez-Campos, the Court concludes that § 1226 governs Petitioner’s detention. B. Due Process Because the Court has concluded that § 1226(a) is the appropriate statutory framework to apply to Perez-Valderamos, the Court must now determine whether his present detention violates his due process rights. The Sixth Circuit has concluded that petitioners like Perez-Valderamos have “passed through our gates” which affords them
protection by the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Lopez-Campos, 2026 WL 1283891, at *11. The Court recognizes that Perez-Valderamos was given a bond hearing in March 2026. (See Doc. # 1-1 at 2). However, that bond hearing took place under the auspices of 8 U.S.C. § 1225, which the Sixth Circuit recently determined does not apply to noncitizens like Perez-Valderamos. Further, while this Court is barred by § 1226(e) from reviewing discretionary decisions of IJs, the Court may review the procedures of the bond hearings to evaluate whether they were constitutionally adequate. Perez-Valderamos’s prior bond hearing took place under an entirely different and unapplicable analytical framework. (See Doc. # 1-1 at 5–6). As such, the Court finds it necessary to evaluate whether due process requires Perez-Valderamos receive a second bond hearing. The Fifth Amendment provides, in pertinent part, that no person shall be “deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law[.]” U.S. Const. amend. V. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the Due Process Clause extends to all persons,
regardless of citizenship status. See A.A.R.P. v. Trump, 605 U.S. 91, 94 (2025) (“[T]he Fifth Amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in the context of removal proceedings.” (quoting Trump v. J.G.G., 604 U.S. 670, 673 (2025))). To determine whether a detainee’s due process rights have been violated, courts apply a three-part balancing test to weigh (1) the private interest that will be affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the United States’ interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 321 (1976). It is undisputed that Perez-Valderamos has a cognizable liberty interest in avoiding detention. See Lopez-Campos, 2026 WL 1283891, at *13 (a person’s liberty interest in being free from detention “is the most fundamental interest protected by the Due Process Clause and is shared by citizens and noncitizens alike.”); Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 531 (6th Cir. 2004) (affirming “the fundamental nature of a citizen’s right to be free from involuntary confinement by his own government without due process of law[.]”). Indeed, “[f]reedom from bodily restraint has always been at the core of the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause[.]” Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80 (1992); see also Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 690 (2001) (“Freedom from imprisonment— from government custody, detention, or other forms of physical restraint—lies at the heart of the very liberty that [the Due Process Clause] protects.”). Our immigration law has long recognized that noncitizens have an interest in an individualized hearing prior to detention in connection with immigration proceedings. See Yamataya v. Fisher, 189 U.S. 86, 101 (1903). Further, the Supreme Court has previously required individualized hearings for
deprivations of interests less fundamental than Perez-Valderamos’s interest in freedom from detention. See Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 268 (1970) (requiring an individualized hearing prior to the termination of welfare benefits). Second, the risk of erroneous deprivation of that interest is high if Perez- Valderamos is not afforded a detention hearing. See Edahi v. Lewis, No. 4:25-cv-129- RGJ, 2025 WL 3466682, at *14 (W.D. Ky. Nov. 27, 2025) (holding that detention “without any individualized assessment, leads to a high risk of erroneous deprivation of an individual’s liberty interest”) (citation omitted); Yao v. Almodovar, No. 25 Civ. 9983 (PAE), 2025 WL 3653433, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 17, 2025) (finding that ICE’s “discretion-free
detention of [the petitioner] abridged his rights under [8 U.S.C.] § 1226 and violated due process”) (citations omitted). To date, Petitioner has not had a detention hearing at which his eligibility for bond is determined on the merits of his individual circumstances. Thus, Petitioner’s present detention creates a high risk of an erroneous deprivation of his liberty interest. Accordingly, the second Mathews factor favors Petitioner. As to the third factor, the Federal Respondents have not put forth any argument whatsoever advocating for the United States’ interest. The Court, on its own, concludes that the United States likely has a strong interest in immigration proceedings, but certainly, the “existing statutory and regulatory safeguards” which this Court discussed at length about above, “serve the governmental interest in public safety.” Barrera v. Tindall, No. 3:25-cv-541-RGJ, 2025 WL 2690565, at *7 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 19, 2025) (quoting Günaydin v. Trump, No. 25-cv-01151, 2025 WL 1459154, at *10 (D. Minn. May 21, 2025)). Accordingly, all three factors weigh in favor of Perez-Valderamos. Perez-Valderamos claims that immediate release is the most appropriate remedy
in this case. (Doc. # 1 at 4). This Court agrees with Petitioner that his Fifth Amendment due process rights were violated when he was detained without access to an individualized hearing. However, the Court disagrees that immediate release is the proper remedy. Rather, this Court agrees with other district courts in the country which have concluded that the proper remedy to this violation is a constitutionally adequate bond hearing in which the government bears the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence. See Hernandez-Lara v. Lyons, 10 F.4th 19, 39 (1st Cir. 2021) (“[T]he government must bear the burden of proving dangerousness or flight risk in order to continue detaining a noncitizen under section 1226(a)"); Velasco Lopez v. Decker, 978
F.3d 842, 846 (2nd Cir. 2020) (finding that the “district court correctly ordered a new bond hearing where the Government bore the burden of proof"); Azalyar v. Raycraft, No. 1:25- cv-916, 2026 WL 30741, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 2, 2026) (“Respondents must provide a custody redetermination hearing at which the government bears the burden of justifying [the petitioner’s] continued detention”); Rajesh v. Barr, 420 F. Supp. 3d 78, 87-88 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2019) (“The Court agrees with the district court cases holding that allocating the burden to a noncriminal alien to prove he should be released on bond under § 1226(a) violates due process because it asks ‘[t]he individual . . . to share equally with society the risk of error when the possible injury to the individual is significantly greater than any possible harm to the [Government]” (quoting Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 427 (1979))). IV. CONCLUSION Accordingly, for the reasons stated herein, IT IS SO ORDERED as follows: (1) | Perez-Valderamos’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. # 1) is GRANTED; (2) | Respondents are ORDERED to immediately release Petitioner, or in the alternative, provide him with a constitutionally adequate bond hearing where the government bears the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence under 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a) within seven (7) days of the date of this Order; and (3) | Respondents shall file a Status Report with this Court on or before June 19, 2026 to certify compliance with this Order. The Status Report shall include when the bond hearing occurred, if bond was granted or denied, and if denied, the reasons for that denial. This 5th day of June, 2026.
he ~ Be Signed By: ; *, as i > David L. Bunning DP 3 = —_Chief United States District Judge
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