NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 25-3118 __________
ERIC JASON WATSON, Appellant
v.
DEPUTY CODY REESE; PROBATION OFFICER KEN STAHL; BEAVER COUNTY; SGT. THOMAS SHANE; DEPUTY MICHAEL KNUPFER; DEPUTY TYLER URSIDA ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:24-cv-00630) District Judge: Honorable Mark R. Hornak ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) June 22, 2026 Before: BIBAS, CHUNG, and BOVE, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 24, 2026) ___________
OPINION* ___________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. PER CURIAM
Eric Watson appeals pro se and in forma pauperis from the District Court’s order
dismissing his second amended complaint with prejudice. We will affirm.
I.
Watson’s lawsuit stems from his interactions with officials in Beaver County,
Pennsylvania. On August 23, 2022, Watson met with a representative of the Behavioral
Health Department on the second floor of the county’s Human Services Building (“the
building”) to discuss certain grievances. Unsatisfied with the answers he got, he asked to
speak with someone else. Two sheriff’s deputies arrived soon thereafter in response to a
call about a disturbance and asked Watson to leave and not come back that day. On his
way out, Watson said whoever had made the call was a “fucking asshole.” Although the
deputies’ incident report characterized the episode as a “public nuisance,” they did not
charge Watson with any crime. The Sheriff’s Office subsequently circulated his picture
and instructed its officers, who provide security for the facility, that the only part of the
building Watson was permitted to access without an escort was behavioral services on the
first floor.
Watson alleges that he was attempting to photograph historic structures near the
building’s parking lot three days after his removal when Probation Officer Ken Stahl
confronted him to find out what he was doing. Watson said that he was not breaking the
law and asked Stahl to stop following him down the block. Stahl persisted, so Watson
entered the building, explained the situation to Sheriff’s Deputy Cody Reese, and asked 2 for help. Stahl arrived a moment later and said he had called the police. Both officers
instructed Watson not to leave the lobby. Beaver Falls police officers arrested Watson a
short time later and charged him with public intoxication; he was acquitted.
In May 2024, Watson filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Beaver
County, Stahl, Reese, and a few other law enforcement officers (“Defendants” or
“Appellees”). The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
screened the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and dismissed it without
prejudice for a variety of reasons. Watson twice amended his pleadings with the court’s
leave, ultimately asserting violations of his First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights, alongside claims for false imprisonment and intentional infliction of emotional
distress (IIED) under Pennsylvania law. The District Court granted Defendants’ motion
to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Watson appeals.1
II.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the dismissal of
Watson’s second amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, accepting as true his
1 Watson also has filed a motion to vacate the judgment for fraud upon the court, in which he contends that the District Court’s opinion is tainted by artificial intelligence and is “technically nonexistent.” See C.A. Doc. 17 at 2-3. Appellees oppose that motion, and Watson now seeks to strike their response because it was four days late. Appellees seek leave to file their response out of time. 3 factual allegations and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor. Schmidt v. Skolas,
770 F.3d 241, 248 (3d Cir. 2014).
III.
Watson challenges the District Court’s analysis on several grounds. None is
persuasive. Watson’s brief detention and subsequent arrest were supported by probable
cause of public intoxication, which is undisputed on the face of his pleadings. We thus
affirm the dismissal of his Fourth Amendment claim pursuant to the “any-crime rule.”
See Wexler v. Hawkins, 173 F.4th 478, 483 (3d Cir. 2026) (citing Rivera-Guadalupe v.
City of Harrisburg, 124 F.4th 295, 303 (3d Cir. 2024)); see also Wright v. City of Phila.,
409 F.3d 595, 602 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that “it is irrelevant to the probable cause
analysis . . . whether a person is later acquitted of the crime for which she or he was
arrested”), abrogated on other grounds by Chiaverini v. City of Napoleon, 602 U.S. 556
(2024).
Watson’s public intoxication, viewed in conjunction with his disruptive behavior
at the building three days earlier, also are intervening factors that break the causal chain
undergirding his First Amendment claims. See Thomas v. Independence Twp., 463 F.3d
285, 296 (3d Cir. 2006) (explaining that retaliation claims require proof of, inter alia, “a
causal link between the constitutionally protected conduct and the retaliatory action”).
He highlights his complaints against the Department, but it is not plausible that Appellees
limited his access to the Human Services Building simply in retaliation “for his
successful advocacy.” See ECF Doc. 31 ¶ 73. Watson plainly was permitted to enter the 4 building and reach its upper floors despite successfully complaining about the
Department that summer; indeed, he met with Department employees on the second floor
without an escort on August 23. Appellees limited that privilege only after he availed
himself of it and caused a disturbance, prompting Department staff to call security. By
his own admission, Watson audibly referred to the complainant using a double expletive
while being escorted out, for which he was labeled a “public nuisance.” Appellees thus
had good reason to place some limits on his access to the building and Department
employees other than those in behavioral services, and they did not need to provide
Watson notice or a hearing before doing so because the restrictions did not implicate a
protected liberty interest. See Williams v. Town of Greenburgh, 535 F.3d 71, 74-76 (2d
Cir. 2008) (holding that a municipality’s decision to limit an individual who engaged in
improper behavior from accessing certain facilities without advance warning did not
violate the Due Process Clause). Appellees’ actions in that regard offended neither the
First nor the Fourteenth Amendments.
To the extent Watson maintains that Stahl and Reese independently violated the
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 25-3118 __________
ERIC JASON WATSON, Appellant
v.
DEPUTY CODY REESE; PROBATION OFFICER KEN STAHL; BEAVER COUNTY; SGT. THOMAS SHANE; DEPUTY MICHAEL KNUPFER; DEPUTY TYLER URSIDA ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:24-cv-00630) District Judge: Honorable Mark R. Hornak ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) June 22, 2026 Before: BIBAS, CHUNG, and BOVE, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 24, 2026) ___________
OPINION* ___________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. PER CURIAM
Eric Watson appeals pro se and in forma pauperis from the District Court’s order
dismissing his second amended complaint with prejudice. We will affirm.
I.
Watson’s lawsuit stems from his interactions with officials in Beaver County,
Pennsylvania. On August 23, 2022, Watson met with a representative of the Behavioral
Health Department on the second floor of the county’s Human Services Building (“the
building”) to discuss certain grievances. Unsatisfied with the answers he got, he asked to
speak with someone else. Two sheriff’s deputies arrived soon thereafter in response to a
call about a disturbance and asked Watson to leave and not come back that day. On his
way out, Watson said whoever had made the call was a “fucking asshole.” Although the
deputies’ incident report characterized the episode as a “public nuisance,” they did not
charge Watson with any crime. The Sheriff’s Office subsequently circulated his picture
and instructed its officers, who provide security for the facility, that the only part of the
building Watson was permitted to access without an escort was behavioral services on the
first floor.
Watson alleges that he was attempting to photograph historic structures near the
building’s parking lot three days after his removal when Probation Officer Ken Stahl
confronted him to find out what he was doing. Watson said that he was not breaking the
law and asked Stahl to stop following him down the block. Stahl persisted, so Watson
entered the building, explained the situation to Sheriff’s Deputy Cody Reese, and asked 2 for help. Stahl arrived a moment later and said he had called the police. Both officers
instructed Watson not to leave the lobby. Beaver Falls police officers arrested Watson a
short time later and charged him with public intoxication; he was acquitted.
In May 2024, Watson filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Beaver
County, Stahl, Reese, and a few other law enforcement officers (“Defendants” or
“Appellees”). The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
screened the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and dismissed it without
prejudice for a variety of reasons. Watson twice amended his pleadings with the court’s
leave, ultimately asserting violations of his First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights, alongside claims for false imprisonment and intentional infliction of emotional
distress (IIED) under Pennsylvania law. The District Court granted Defendants’ motion
to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Watson appeals.1
II.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the dismissal of
Watson’s second amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, accepting as true his
1 Watson also has filed a motion to vacate the judgment for fraud upon the court, in which he contends that the District Court’s opinion is tainted by artificial intelligence and is “technically nonexistent.” See C.A. Doc. 17 at 2-3. Appellees oppose that motion, and Watson now seeks to strike their response because it was four days late. Appellees seek leave to file their response out of time. 3 factual allegations and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor. Schmidt v. Skolas,
770 F.3d 241, 248 (3d Cir. 2014).
III.
Watson challenges the District Court’s analysis on several grounds. None is
persuasive. Watson’s brief detention and subsequent arrest were supported by probable
cause of public intoxication, which is undisputed on the face of his pleadings. We thus
affirm the dismissal of his Fourth Amendment claim pursuant to the “any-crime rule.”
See Wexler v. Hawkins, 173 F.4th 478, 483 (3d Cir. 2026) (citing Rivera-Guadalupe v.
City of Harrisburg, 124 F.4th 295, 303 (3d Cir. 2024)); see also Wright v. City of Phila.,
409 F.3d 595, 602 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that “it is irrelevant to the probable cause
analysis . . . whether a person is later acquitted of the crime for which she or he was
arrested”), abrogated on other grounds by Chiaverini v. City of Napoleon, 602 U.S. 556
(2024).
Watson’s public intoxication, viewed in conjunction with his disruptive behavior
at the building three days earlier, also are intervening factors that break the causal chain
undergirding his First Amendment claims. See Thomas v. Independence Twp., 463 F.3d
285, 296 (3d Cir. 2006) (explaining that retaliation claims require proof of, inter alia, “a
causal link between the constitutionally protected conduct and the retaliatory action”).
He highlights his complaints against the Department, but it is not plausible that Appellees
limited his access to the Human Services Building simply in retaliation “for his
successful advocacy.” See ECF Doc. 31 ¶ 73. Watson plainly was permitted to enter the 4 building and reach its upper floors despite successfully complaining about the
Department that summer; indeed, he met with Department employees on the second floor
without an escort on August 23. Appellees limited that privilege only after he availed
himself of it and caused a disturbance, prompting Department staff to call security. By
his own admission, Watson audibly referred to the complainant using a double expletive
while being escorted out, for which he was labeled a “public nuisance.” Appellees thus
had good reason to place some limits on his access to the building and Department
employees other than those in behavioral services, and they did not need to provide
Watson notice or a hearing before doing so because the restrictions did not implicate a
protected liberty interest. See Williams v. Town of Greenburgh, 535 F.3d 71, 74-76 (2d
Cir. 2008) (holding that a municipality’s decision to limit an individual who engaged in
improper behavior from accessing certain facilities without advance warning did not
violate the Due Process Clause). Appellees’ actions in that regard offended neither the
First nor the Fourteenth Amendments.
To the extent Watson maintains that Stahl and Reese independently violated the
First Amendment by restraining his photography, we note that Watson was just as free to
take photographs in public as Stahl was to ask him what he was doing. See Fields v. City
of Phila., 862 F.3d 353, 360 (3d Cir. 2017); United States v. Crandell, 554 F.3d 79, 84
(3d Cir. 2009) (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991)). Stahl did not
restrain Watson’s liberty through physical force or show of authority. Watson’s recent
behavior inside the Human Services Building may have colored Stahl’s perception of his 5 otherwise innocuous conduct on a public sidewalk that morning, but any restraint on
Watson’s photography was incidental to his lawful detention for public intoxication.
The remaining claims fail for the reasons stated by the District Court. Beaver
County cannot be held vicariously liable under Section 1983 without an underlying
constitutional violation attributable to its employees. See Williams v. Borough of West
Chester, 891 F.2d 458, 467 (3d Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). Watson’s lawful detention
defeats his allegation of false imprisonment under Pennsylvania law. Renk v. City of
Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289, 293 (Pa. 1994). And neither Stahl nor Reese could be found
liable for IIED unless he engaged in conduct “so outrageous in character, and so extreme
in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency.” Davis v. Wigen, 82 F.4th
204, 216 (3d Cir. 2023) (quoting Hoy v. Angelone, 720 A.2d 745, 753-54 (Pa. 1998)). As
far as Watson describes it, they did not. Because further leave to amend would have been
futile, dismissal with prejudice was appropriate. Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293
F.3d 103, 111 (3d Cir. 2002).
Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.2
2 We grant Appellees’ motion for leave to file their response to Watson’s motion to vacate out of time, and we deny Watson’s request to strike their response on timeliness grounds because he was not prejudiced by the belated filing. We also deny Watson’s motion to vacate, which baldly contends that his case was decided by artificial intelligence. Watson may disagree with the District Court’s analysis, but that does not render it “fraudulent.” 6