EpicentRx, Inc. v. Carter

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 EPICENTRX, INC., Case No.: 20cv1058-TWR-LL

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 13 v. MOTION TO QUASH

14 COREY A. CARTER, M.D, [ECF No. 53] 15 Defendant. 16 17 Currently before the Court is the Parties’ Joint Motion for Determination of a 18 Discovery Dispute. ECF No. 53. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES 19 Plaintiff’s Motion to Quash. 20 RELEVANT BACKGROUND 21 The instant dispute arises from Defendant’s deposition subpoena of Plaintiff’s 22 former in-house general counsel, Sarah Hibbard. ECF No. 53 at 3. Defendant contends Ms. 23 Hibbard’s testimony is necessary for the limited purpose of opposing Plaintiff’s Motion to 24 Disqualify [ECF No. 40]. Id. 25 I. Plaintiff’s Motion to Disqualify 26 On August 27, 2020, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Disqualify defense counsel Guy A. 27 Ricciardulli, Donald McKillop, and their respective law firms, from representing 28 Defendant (or any other party) in the above-captioned matter. See ECF No. 40. In its 1 Motion to Disqualify, Plaintiff argues Mr. Ricciardulli and Mr. McKillop have a non- 2 waivable conflict of interest because Plaintiff previously engaged them in a prior matter 3 against Multivir, Inc. allegedly involving “contractual, licensing and oncolytic virus 4 development issues.” Id. at 9. Specifically, Plaintiff argues Mr. Ricciardulli and Mr. 5 McKillop’s prior retention “centered on litigation involving development and ownership 6 of a proprietary treatment, which is substantially related to the trade secret 7 misappropriation, licensing, disclosure and backchannel issues at the center of this 8 litigation.” Id. at 18. 9 II. Defendant’s Subpoena of Sarah Hibbard 10 On October 2, 2020, Defendant subsequently served a subpoena on Plaintiff’s 11 former in-house general counsel, Sarah Hibbard. ECF No. 53 at 3. Defendant argues Ms. 12 Hibbard’s testimony “is necessary for the limited purpose” of “opposing [Plaintiff’s] 13 Motion to Disqualify.” Id. Specifically, Defendant argues that “no confidential 14 information” was conveyed by Ms. Hibbard to defense counsel during the course of the 15 Multivir representation. Id. at 11. Instead, Defendant argues that “in sum total, counsel was 16 advised that a debt was outstanding and the debtor was not paying.” Id. Given the factual 17 dispute between the Parties over what was conveyed to defense counsel, Defendant argues 18 Ms. Hibbard’s deposition is necessary to allow the Court a “full and fair review of the 19 evidence” in deciding Plaintiff’s Motion to Disqualify. Id. 20 LEGAL STANDARD 21 Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure establishes the rules for subpoenas 22 served upon individuals and entities that are not parties to the underlying lawsuit. Pursuant 23 to Rule 45, “on timely motion”, the court where compliance is required “must quash or 24 modify a subpoena” that: “(i) fails to allow reasonable time to comply;” “(ii) requires a 25 person to comply beyond the geographical limits specified in Rule 45(c);” “(iii) requires 26 disclosure of privileged or other protected matter, if no exception or waiver applies;” or 27 “(iv) subjects a person to undue burden.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(3)(A)(i)-(iv). A party cannot 28 simply object to a subpoena served on a non-party, but rather must move to quash or seek 1 a protective order. See DR Sys. v. Eastman Kodak Co., No. 09cv1625-H (BLM), 2009 U.S. 2 Dist. LEXIS 84575, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sep. 14, 2009). The party who moves to quash the 3 subpoena has the burden of persuasion. Id. 4 ANALYSIS 5 I. Standing 6 As a preliminary matter, the Court must first determine whether Plaintiff has 7 standing to bring a motion to quash the deposition of Ms. Hibbard—a non-party.1 “Courts 8 have consistently provided that, as a general rule, a party has no standing to quash a 9 subpoena served upon a third party, except as to privilege[.]” Vera v. O'Keefe, No. 10 10cv1422-L (MDD), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35974, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2012) 11 (emphasis added) (citations omitted); see also Peccia v. California, No. 2:18-cv-03049 12 JAM AC, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 89066, at *4 (E.D. Cal. May 20, 2020) (“The general 13 rule, however, is that a party has no standing to quash a subpoena served upon a third party, 14 except as to claims of privilege[.]”) (emphasis added) (citations omitted); Knoll, Inc. v. 15 Moderno, Inc., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138497, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sep. 26, 2012) (“[A] party 16 moving to quash a non-party subpoena has standing when the party has a personal right 17 or privilege in the information sought to be disclosed.”) (emphasis added) (citations 18 omitted). Here, the Court finds Plaintiff has sufficient standing to move to quash Ms. 19 Hibbard’s deposition subpoena, on the grounds that the subpoena may require disclosing 20 potentially privileged or otherwise protected matter. 21 II. Applicability of Shelton 22 The Court next turns to the Parties’ dispute over whether the Eighth Circuit’s three- 23 part test in Shelton v. Am. Motors Corp., 805 F.2d 1323 (8th Cir. 1986) should be applied 24 in this case. 25 26 27

28 1 1 The Shelton decision involved the deposition of a defendant’s in-house counsel who 2 had been specifically assigned to the underlying case. Id. at 1325. There, the Eighth Circuit 3 held that: 4 Taking the deposition of opposing counsel not only disrupts the 5 adversarial system and lowers the standards of the profession, 6 but it also adds to the already burdensome time and costs of litigation. It is not hard to imagine additional pretrial delays to 7 resolve work-product and attorney-client objections, as well as 8 delays to resolve collateral issues raised by the attorney's testimony. Finally, the practice of deposing opposing counsel 9 detracts from the quality of client representation. Counsel should 10 be free to devote his or her time and efforts to preparing the client's case without fear of being interrogated by his or her 11 opponent. Moreover, the “chilling effect” that such practice will 12 have on the truthful communications from the client to the attorney is obvious. 13 14 Id. at 1327. 15 For these reasons, the Eighth Circuit held that while “opposing trial counsel” is not 16 “absolutely immune from being deposed”—a court should permit counsel’s deposition 17 only in those limited circumstances where the party seeking the deposition has shown that: 18 “(1) no other means exist to obtain the information than to depose opposing counsel[;]” 19 “(2) the information sought is relevant and nonprivileged;” and “(3) the information is 20 crucial to the preparation of the case.” Id. 21 “[C]ourts in this district and elsewhere in the Ninth Circuit recognize Shelton as the 22 leading case on attorney depositions and follow the three-factor test laid out in the case.” 23 Stevens v. CoreLogic, Inc., No. 14cv1158 BAS (JLB), 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165874, at 24 *4 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2015); see Insogna v. Hetero Labs Ltd., No. 3:19-cv-1589-LAB- 25 AHG, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3189, at *6 n.4 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2020) (collecting cases). 26 In support of its position that the Shelton test applies here, Plaintiff argues courts in 27 this district have elected to apply Shelton broadly even in situations where the proposed 28 1 deponent is not an adversary in the underlying case—and particularly when the proposed 2 deponent is in-house counsel. See ECF No. 53 at 6. 3 The Court does not find Plaintiff’s arguments persuasive. As the Eighth Circuit itself 4 held when revisiting the Shelton decision in Pamida, Inc. v. E.S. Originals, Inc., 281 F.3d 5 726 (8th Cir. 2002): 6 The Shelton test was intend[ed] to protect against the ills of 7 deposing opposing counsel in a pending case which could 8 potentially lead to the disclosure of the attorney's litigation strategy. Because this abuse of the discovery process had 9 become an ever increasing practice, this Court erected 10 the Shelton test as a barrier to protect trial attorneys from these depositions. But Shelton was not intended to provide heightened 11 protection to attorneys who represented a client in a completed 12 case and then also happened to represent that same client in a pending case where the information known only by the attorneys 13 regarding the prior concluded case was crucial. In such 14 circumstances, the protection Shelton provides to opposing counsel only applies because opposing counsel is counsel in the 15 instant case and not because opposing counsel had represented 16 the client in the concluded case. Therefore, the Shelton test applies only to the instant case, not to the concluded case. 17 Id. at 730 (internal citations omitted). 18 Contrary to Plaintiff’s representation, recent decisions from courts in this district 19 have recognized this distinction. In Textron Fin. Corp. v. Gallegos, No. 15cv1678-LAB 20 (DHB), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 103578 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2016), the court held the Shelton 21 test was not applicable in post-judgment proceedings where the proposed deponent was 22 not trial or litigation counsel in those proceedings or the underlying litigation. Id. at *6-7. 23 Although Plaintiff argues the Textron decision was considered and rejected by 24 another court in this district in Insogna v. Hetero Labs Ltd., No. 3:19-cv-1589-LAB-AHG, 25 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3189 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2020)—this is false. Indeed, in Insogna, the 26 court specifically recognized that “[c]ourts have declined to apply Shelton when the 27 proposed deponent is not trial or litigation counsel in the underlying case.” Id. at *7. For 28 1 these reasons, the Insogna Court held that while the Shelton factors were applicable to 2 determine whether the deposition of plaintiff’s litigation counsel was appropriate, it did not 3 apply to counsel who represented plaintiff in other matters, but did not serve as plaintiff’s 4 counsel in the underlying case. Id. at *9 (“Therefore, this Court will apply 5 the Shelton factors to Mr. Ignogna’s deposition, and the traditional Rule 45 test to Dr. 6 Gay’s deposition.”). 7 The distinction is even more prominent here where Defendant is seeking to depose 8 Plaintiff’s former in-house counsel—not its current in-house counsel. As noted 9 persuasively by another court in the Ninth Circuit, “[s]imply being 10 a former general counsel for a party is insufficient to bring one under the protection of 11 the Shelton rule.” Devlyne v. Lassen Mun. Util. Dist., No. S-10-0286 MCE GGH, 2011 12 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119173, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2011). 13 While the Court is mindful that the concerns set forth by the Eighth Circuit in Shelton 14 over deposing counsel are still present, these concerns are less pronounced where the 15 subject matter of the deposition is Ms. Hibbard’s knowledge of events occurring during a 16 prior concluded matter. See Andre v. Ricoh USA, Inc., No. 19-mc-80266-VKD, 2019 U.S. 17 Dist. LEXIS 212899, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 2019) (“[T]he Shelton analysis applies only 18 where the discovery sought concerns matters relating to counsel's representation of a 19 litigant in the current litigation.”); ATS Prods. v. Champion Fiberglass, Inc., No. 13-cv- 20 02403-SI (DMR), 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74015, at *19 (N.D. Cal. June 8, 2015) (“Because 21 [defendant] seeks the deponent’s percipient knowledge of events that occurred during a 22 prior concluded case, Pamida applies, which requires the court simply to analyze the 23 question under the ordinary discovery standards set forth in the Federal Rules of Civil 24 Procedure.”). 25 For these reasons, the Court applies the traditional Rule 45 analysis to Ms. Hibbard’s 26 deposition. 27 /// 28 /// 1 III. Analysis Under Rule 45 2 Under Rule 45, the Court first determines whether the deposition subpoena of Ms. 3 Hibbard “requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4 45(d)(3)(A)(iii). 5 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 501, “in a civil case, state law governs privilege 6 regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the rule of decision.” Fed. R. 7 Evid. 501. In federal question civil cases and criminal cases, however, federal privilege 8 law, rather than state privilege law, generally governs claims of privilege. Clarke v. Am. 9 Commerce Nat. Bank, 974 F.2d 127, 129 (9th Cir. 1992) (“Issues concerning application 10 of the attorney-client privilege in the adjudication of federal law are governed by federal 11 common law.”). “[T]he jurisdictional basis of an action will generally determine whether 12 a district court will apply federal or state privilege law to the parties’ claims of privilege.” 13 Williams & Cochrane, LLP v. Rosette, No. 17cv1436-GPC-DEB, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14 109750, at *12 (S.D. Cal. June 23, 2020) (citation omitted). 15 Here, the Court exercises federal question jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims under 16 the Defend Trade Secrets Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and 17 supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s remaining state law claims. See e.g., 18 USCS § 18 1836 (“The district courts of the United States shall have original jurisdiction of civil 19 actions brought under this section.”). “A majority of federal courts have applied 20 federal privilege law to claims of privilege in federal question actions with pendent state 21 law claims.” Williams, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109750, at *11. This Court will follow the 22 majority approach and apply federal privilege law.2 23 Under federal privilege law, “[t]he attorney-client privilege protects confidential 24 communications between attorneys and clients, which are made for the purpose of giving 25 legal advice.” United States v. Richey, 632 F.3d 559, 566 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Upjohn 26

27 2 In their Joint Motion, the Parties appear to apply a mixture of federal and state privilege 28 1 Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981)). “The party asserting the attorney-client 2 privilege has the burden of establishing the relationship and privileged nature of the 3 communication.” Id. (citation omitted). “The attorney-client privilege exists where: ‘(1) [] 4 legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional legal adviser in his capacity as 5 such, (3) the communications relating to that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by the 6 client, (6) are at his instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by 7 the legal adviser, (8) unless the protection be waived.’” Id. 8 In the Joint Motion, Defendant asserts that it seeks to depose Ms. Hibbard regarding 9 information Ms. Hibbard (as Plaintiff’s former in-house counsel) communicated to defense 10 counsel (as Plaintiff’s former outside counsel) during the course of the Multivir matter. See 11 ECF No. 53 at 11; see also ECF No. 53-1 at 4 (“We intend to conduct this deposition for 12 the limited purpose of confirming the discussions between Ms. Hibbard and the attorneys 13 related to the matter over which you seek to disqualify counsel.”). The Court agrees with 14 Plaintiff that the majority of such communications (if not all) fall squarely within the scope 15 of the attorney-client privilege. 16 The privilege which protects attorney-client communications however “may not be 17 used both as a sword and a shield.” Chevron Corp. v. Pennzoil Co., 974 F.2d 1156, 1162 18 (9th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). “Where a party raises a claim in which fairness requires 19 disclosure of the protected communication, the privilege may be implicitly waived.” Id.; 20 see United States v. Amlani, 169 F.3d 1189, 1195 (9th Cir. 1999) (outlining three-part test 21 “to determine whether a waiver has been effected[.]”). 22 Here, by moving to disqualify defense counsel, Plaintiff has taken an affirmative 23 step to put certain privileged communications made between Ms. Hibbard and defense 24 counsel at issue. ECF No. 40 at 21 (“In addition, Defense Counsel’s principal contacts and 25 sources of information at EpicentRx were Ms. Hibbard and Dr. Carter[.]”) (emphasis 26 27 28 1 added).3 It is clear that Ms. Hibbard is uniquely situated to resolve the factual dispute 2 between the Parties regarding the types of information communicated to defense counsel 3 during the Multivir matter. In addition, based on Plaintiff’s own representations, if the 4 Court were to allow defense counsel to depose Ms. Hibbard regarding communications 5 defense counsel were previously the recipients of (and therefore already privy to)—the 6 erosion of the attorney-client privilege would be nominal at most.4 See ECF No. 53 at 7 7 (“[D]efense counsel in the instant action were present during each of their conversations 8 with Ms. Hibbard.”). 9 The Court is mindful however that the scope of this implied waiver should be 10 narrowly tailored to the needs of this case. Accordingly, the Court will allow Defendant to 11 depose Ms. Hibbard for no more than three hours. The topics for deposition are further 12 limited exclusively to communications Ms. Hibbard and defense counsel exchanged with 13 one another during the course of the Multivir matter. The Court will permit the deposition 14 to be taken by remote means via video.5 15

16 3 In support of its Motion to Disqualify, Plaintiff also proffered the declaration of Meaghan 17 Stirn, Plaintiff’s Chief Financial Officer, concerning the specific types of attorney-client privileged communications allegedly provided to defense counsel during the Multivir 18 matter. See ECF No. 40-1. 19 4 The Court declines to consider whether the deposition would subject Ms. Hibbard to an 20 undue burden when Ms. Hibbard—who is represented by independent legal counsel—has 21 failed to make this objection. “A party's objection that the subpoena issued to the non- party seeks irrelevant information or imposes an undue burden on the non-party are not 22 grounds on which a party has standing to move to quash a subpoena issued to a non-party, 23 especially where the non-party, itself, has not objected.” G.K. Las Vegas Ltd. P’ship v. Simon Prop. Grp., Inc., No. 2:04-cv-01199-DAE-GWF, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97869, at 24 *12 (D. Nev. Jan. 9, 2007). 25 5 The Court briefly addresses Plaintiff’s October 14, 2020 Supplemental Brief alerting the 26 Court to the fact that Ms. Hibbard’s mother is employed as defense counsel’s paralegal. 27 ECF No. 54 at 2. Plaintiff argues defense counsel “could obtain an advantage” in deposing Ms. Hibbard and that “Ms. Hibbard’s credibility may be compromised[.]” Id. at 3. 28 | CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons set forth above, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs Motion to Quash. 3 IT SO ORDERED. 4 5 ||Dated: October 20, 2020 =~ LO 6 CF | 7 Honorable Linda Lopez United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Hibbard’s deposition testimony or the weight the Court may ascribe to it, the Court is unclear how this fact serves as a basis for precluding Ms. Hibbard’s deposition entirely. 27 Despite Plaintiff's concerns of undue influence and impropriety, the Court notes Ms. 0g Hibbard is an attorney barred in the State of California (with all of the ethical obligations this entails) who will be testifying under oath and penalty of perjury. Nn