MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
GREENBERG, Circuit Judge.
This matter comes on before the court on appeal from an order of the district court entering judgment in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants on February 24, 2000, and from an order of the district court entered February 29, 2000, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial or for judgment as a matter of law. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1986, Edward Bacome and Philip Fankhauser, the principals of the Epcon Group, Inc. and Epmark, Inc. (collectively “Epcon”), Ohio corporations, began designing architectural plans for ranch-style four-plex condominiums. In the late 1980’s, Epcon developed several projects in Ohio based on their plans, including projects known as Deer Run, Greystone Manor, Bayberry and Trotters Chase. Epcon then licensed its development system, including its architectural plans, to third-party real estate developers.
On May 18, 1989, Epcon entered into a licensing agreement with Ashford Development Company, signed on behalf of Ashford by its vice president, Richard E. Hartung, for Ashford’s use of Epcon’s architectural designs, confidential information and copyright written material in a development called Ashford Manor located in Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania. See supp. app. at 41a-42a; Appellants’ Br. at 6. Then, in 1992, without a license agreement, Hartung used Epcon’s plans to develop a second project called Cambridge Manor in Springdale Township, Pennsylvania. See supp. app. at 59a, 62a. When Epcon discovered that its plans were used in the latter project, it sued a number of defendants including appellants Richard E. Hartung, Cambridge Manor, Inc. and Ashford Development Company (collectively “Hartung”).
Epcon filed its complaint in July 1996 in the district court alleging, inter alia, that Hartung infringed Epcon’s copyright in violation of 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq. (the “Copyright Act”), and misappropriated its trade secrets. Following a trial in February 2000, the jury on February 11, 2000, returned a verdict in Epcon’s favor, awarding it $114,735.15 in compensatory and $68,571.00 in punitive damages. The court entered judgment on the verdict on February 24, 2000, and on February 29, 2000, denied Hartung’s motion for a new trial or judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R.Civ.P. 50 and 59. Hartung then timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Hartung first asserts that the district court erroneously held that Epcon did not publish its drawings — a critical point for if it had, it might have lost its copyright protection. See 17 U.S.C. § 405. He argues that the district court, finding that the evidence showed that Epcon only submitted material to the appropriate municipal agencies, ignored evidence that Epcon’s drawings were distributed to “prospective contractors, banks and lending institutions, potential home buyers, and potential licensees.” See Appellants’ Br. at 5, 8 and 15. He further asserts that Epcon submitted its drawings to the Columbus, Ohio, City Council for the Deer Run project in 1986 without a copyright notice. See
id.
at 7-8. Thus, Hartung contends that because distribution occurred before 1988, see 17 U.S.C. § 405(b), and because not all copies of Epcon’s plans bore copyright notices, the district court erred in finding that Epcon did not publish its work.
However, Hartung does not cite case law to support his assertion that distribution limited to necessary third parties, such as subcontractors or lending institutions, constitutes publication. See
Kunycia v. Melville Realty Co.,
755 F.Supp. 566, 574 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (stating that distribution “to those persons without whose participation the plans could not be given practical effect,” including contractors, landlords and building authorities, was not publication). Moreover, at the close of the evidence, Hartung admitted that the only evidence of publication was Epcon’s distri
button of its drawings to government agencies. See app. at 63a, 65a, 66a and 67a. Such “judicial admissions are binding for the purpose of the case in which the admissions are made including appeals.”
Glick v. White Motor Co.,
458 F.2d 1287, 1291 (3d Cir.1972). Relying on the representations of Hartung’s counsel, the district court found that “[t]he only evidence of distribution contained in the record of this case indicates that plaintiffs have submitted copies of the plans to the appropriate governmental authorities for purposes of obtaining the required building permits. No further evidence of further distribution to the general public has been introduced.” Supp. app. at 69a-70a. Accordingly, we reject Hartung’s publication argument.
Hartung next contends that the district court erred in not setting aside the jury’s award of punitive damages, asserting that the jury improperly may have based its award on Epcon’s copyright infringement claim rather than the misappropriation of trade secrets claim. Despite his assertion, Hartung recognizes that the district court instructed the jury that it properly could award punitive damages only if it found liability with respect to Epcon’s trade secrets claim and could not award punitive damages on its copyright claim. See Appellants’ Br. at 9. Nonetheless, he argues that the instructions and verdict slip “make it impossible to determine the basis for the jury’s awarding punitive damages in the amount of $68,571 and further impossible to determine whether any portion thereof arose from a finding of liability on the copyright infringement claim.”
Id.
at 9. Hartung’s contention is entirely without merit.
Hartung neither objected to the jury instructions nor to the form of the verdict slip. See Appellants’ Br. at 9. See also
Fashauer v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc.,
57 F.3d 1269, 1288-89 (3d Cir.1995) (describing procedure for preserving objection to jury charge); Fed.R.Civ.P. 51 (stating that “a party may not assign as error defects in jury instructions unless the party distinctly stated its objection before the jury retired to consider its verdict”). Instead, he cites
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore,
517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996), and
Shiner v. Moriarty,
706 A.2d 1228 (1998), arguing that it is “impossible to determine that none of the punitive damages were awarded as a result of the finding of liability for copyright infringement.” Appellants’ Br. at 19.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
GREENBERG, Circuit Judge.
This matter comes on before the court on appeal from an order of the district court entering judgment in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants on February 24, 2000, and from an order of the district court entered February 29, 2000, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial or for judgment as a matter of law. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1986, Edward Bacome and Philip Fankhauser, the principals of the Epcon Group, Inc. and Epmark, Inc. (collectively “Epcon”), Ohio corporations, began designing architectural plans for ranch-style four-plex condominiums. In the late 1980’s, Epcon developed several projects in Ohio based on their plans, including projects known as Deer Run, Greystone Manor, Bayberry and Trotters Chase. Epcon then licensed its development system, including its architectural plans, to third-party real estate developers.
On May 18, 1989, Epcon entered into a licensing agreement with Ashford Development Company, signed on behalf of Ashford by its vice president, Richard E. Hartung, for Ashford’s use of Epcon’s architectural designs, confidential information and copyright written material in a development called Ashford Manor located in Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania. See supp. app. at 41a-42a; Appellants’ Br. at 6. Then, in 1992, without a license agreement, Hartung used Epcon’s plans to develop a second project called Cambridge Manor in Springdale Township, Pennsylvania. See supp. app. at 59a, 62a. When Epcon discovered that its plans were used in the latter project, it sued a number of defendants including appellants Richard E. Hartung, Cambridge Manor, Inc. and Ashford Development Company (collectively “Hartung”).
Epcon filed its complaint in July 1996 in the district court alleging, inter alia, that Hartung infringed Epcon’s copyright in violation of 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq. (the “Copyright Act”), and misappropriated its trade secrets. Following a trial in February 2000, the jury on February 11, 2000, returned a verdict in Epcon’s favor, awarding it $114,735.15 in compensatory and $68,571.00 in punitive damages. The court entered judgment on the verdict on February 24, 2000, and on February 29, 2000, denied Hartung’s motion for a new trial or judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R.Civ.P. 50 and 59. Hartung then timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Hartung first asserts that the district court erroneously held that Epcon did not publish its drawings — a critical point for if it had, it might have lost its copyright protection. See 17 U.S.C. § 405. He argues that the district court, finding that the evidence showed that Epcon only submitted material to the appropriate municipal agencies, ignored evidence that Epcon’s drawings were distributed to “prospective contractors, banks and lending institutions, potential home buyers, and potential licensees.” See Appellants’ Br. at 5, 8 and 15. He further asserts that Epcon submitted its drawings to the Columbus, Ohio, City Council for the Deer Run project in 1986 without a copyright notice. See
id.
at 7-8. Thus, Hartung contends that because distribution occurred before 1988, see 17 U.S.C. § 405(b), and because not all copies of Epcon’s plans bore copyright notices, the district court erred in finding that Epcon did not publish its work.
However, Hartung does not cite case law to support his assertion that distribution limited to necessary third parties, such as subcontractors or lending institutions, constitutes publication. See
Kunycia v. Melville Realty Co.,
755 F.Supp. 566, 574 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (stating that distribution “to those persons without whose participation the plans could not be given practical effect,” including contractors, landlords and building authorities, was not publication). Moreover, at the close of the evidence, Hartung admitted that the only evidence of publication was Epcon’s distri
button of its drawings to government agencies. See app. at 63a, 65a, 66a and 67a. Such “judicial admissions are binding for the purpose of the case in which the admissions are made including appeals.”
Glick v. White Motor Co.,
458 F.2d 1287, 1291 (3d Cir.1972). Relying on the representations of Hartung’s counsel, the district court found that “[t]he only evidence of distribution contained in the record of this case indicates that plaintiffs have submitted copies of the plans to the appropriate governmental authorities for purposes of obtaining the required building permits. No further evidence of further distribution to the general public has been introduced.” Supp. app. at 69a-70a. Accordingly, we reject Hartung’s publication argument.
Hartung next contends that the district court erred in not setting aside the jury’s award of punitive damages, asserting that the jury improperly may have based its award on Epcon’s copyright infringement claim rather than the misappropriation of trade secrets claim. Despite his assertion, Hartung recognizes that the district court instructed the jury that it properly could award punitive damages only if it found liability with respect to Epcon’s trade secrets claim and could not award punitive damages on its copyright claim. See Appellants’ Br. at 9. Nonetheless, he argues that the instructions and verdict slip “make it impossible to determine the basis for the jury’s awarding punitive damages in the amount of $68,571 and further impossible to determine whether any portion thereof arose from a finding of liability on the copyright infringement claim.”
Id.
at 9. Hartung’s contention is entirely without merit.
Hartung neither objected to the jury instructions nor to the form of the verdict slip. See Appellants’ Br. at 9. See also
Fashauer v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc.,
57 F.3d 1269, 1288-89 (3d Cir.1995) (describing procedure for preserving objection to jury charge); Fed.R.Civ.P. 51 (stating that “a party may not assign as error defects in jury instructions unless the party distinctly stated its objection before the jury retired to consider its verdict”). Instead, he cites
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore,
517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996), and
Shiner v. Moriarty,
706 A.2d 1228 (1998), arguing that it is “impossible to determine that none of the punitive damages were awarded as a result of the finding of liability for copyright infringement.” Appellants’ Br. at 19.
BMW of North America, however, stands for the proposition that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is violated when a punitive damage award is “grossly excessive” in relation to a state’s legitimate interests in punishing unlawful conduct and deterring its repetition. See 517 U.S. at 568, 116 S.Ct. at 1595 (reversing $2,000,000.00 punitive damages award where actual harm to plaintiff was $4,000.00). Accordingly, BMW of North America addresses an issue distinct from that here. Moreover, the jury awarded Epcon $114,735.15 in compensatory damages and $68,571.00 in punitive damages and thus is not a case where the relationship of the actual harm to the award of punitive damages is so disproportionate as to shock this court’s “constitutional sensibilities.”
Shiner,
706 A.2d at 1242 (citation omitted). Consequently, BMW of North America does not aid Hartung even on the point it addressed.
Likewise, Shiner does not help Hartung. In Shiner, the jury awarded punitive damages after finding for the plaintiffs on all three counts of their complaint. See 706 A.2d at 1234. However, on appeal, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania determined that the defendants’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict
should have been granted as to two of the three claims. The court recognized that the jury’s award of punitive damages had been made collectively on the basis of all three theories of recovery, without regard to each specific claim. See
id.
at 1242. Thus, the jury could properly assess damages only on the sole remaining claim, leading the court to hold that inasmuch as it was not possible to determine from the verdict slip which portion of the damages was attributable to that claim, a new trial on damages was required.
In contrast, in this case the jury returned a verdict in Epcon’s favor on both its copyright claim and on its misappropriation of trade secrets claim. Both the jury instructions and the verdict slip made it clear that the award of punitive damages only related to the trade secrets misappropriation claim. The court stated: “you may not award punitive damages with respect to plaintiffs’ copyright claim; you may only consider punitive damages in connection with plaintiffs’ claim for misappropriation of trade secrets.” App. at 23a. The verdict slip also linked punitive damages only to the trade secrets claim: “Question four: The jury, having found in favor of the plaintiff and against defendant Richard E. Hartung on the misappropriation of trade secrets claim, awards plaintiffs punitive damages in the amount of $68,571.” App. at 25a. Regardless of whether the verdict slip linked Epcon’s claims as to the award of compensatory damages, the instructions and the verdict slip are both clear and unambiguous with regard to punitive damages. They do not misstate the law and would not mislead a jury, who is assumed understand and follow the court’s instructions. See, e.g.,
Loughman v. Consol-Pennsylvania Coal Co.,
6 F.3d 88, 105 (3d Cir.1993) (citations omitted). Accordingly, the judgment of February 24, 2000, and the order of February 29, 2000 will be affirmed.