FILED APRIL 25, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
ENRIQUETA SANCHEZ, ) ) No. 35862-3-III Appellant, ) ) v. ) ) MCDOUGALL & SONS, INC., ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Respondent. )
SIDDOWAY, J. — Enriqueta Sanchez appeals the summary judgment dismissal of
her disability discrimination and wrongful termination claims against her former
employer, McDougall & Sons (McDougall). McDougall had moved for summary
judgment on two grounds: first, that Ms. Sanchez filed for and received workers’
compensation benefits based on the same harms alleged in the action below; and second,
that she failed to present evidence creating a genuine issue as to an essential element of
each of her claims. We affirm summary judgment on the second basis. No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Because we review the summary judgment dismissal of Enriqueta Sanchez’s
claims, we view disputed evidence in the light most favorable to her.
On July 7, 2012, Ms. Sanchez was working at McDougall’s C&M facility as a
seasonal fruit packer when a box fell and struck her in the head. She reported her injury
to her supervisor and drove herself to the hospital. The doctor who saw her completed an
activity prescription form stating that for the next several days, she was not released to
any work. A workers’ compensation claim was submitted to the Department of Labor
and Industries (Department).
The Department accepted Ms. Sanchez’s claim. Her health care providers
indicated that she could perform modified duty work beginning on July 12 and on activity
prescription forms prepared over the next several months.
Ms. Sanchez returned to work on July 17, and McDougall gave her a light duty
assignment placing plastic bags into boxes. McDougall has created light-duty positions
in order to keep employees with pending worker’s compensation claims on full salary
and avoid an adverse escalation in its experience rating with the Department. A few days
after being assigned to the plastic bag placement duty, Ms. Sanchez was accidentally
struck in the head again, aggravating her injury and further limiting the type of work she
could do.
2 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
On July 20, Ms. Sanchez received medical clearance to work as a washroom
attendant at McDougall’s Olds Station facility, a position created by McDougall to
provide continued employment for workers unable to perform any other light duty work.
As washroom attendant, Ms. Sanchez was assigned to sit in a chair at the entrance to the
women’s restroom and make sure that employees removed their aprons before entering,
and washed their hands and used sanitizer before exiting. Duties also include handing
out hair nets and replacing sanitizer gel packs. At the time the summary judgment
motion was briefed, McDougall had placed 27 injured workers in the washroom attendant
position since creating the position in 2008, including Ms. Sanchez.
Ms. Sanchez received a letter offering her the washroom attendant position on
August 29. She would later testify that she did not want to accept the position, but
understood that if she did not accept it she would be viewed as quitting. She signed the
offer letter, signifying acceptance of the position.
Ms. Sanchez had previously worked a night shift at the C&M facility, but when
she began working in the washroom attendant position there was no night shift at the
Olds Station facility. As a result, she worked the day shift until apple and pear packing
season began and a night shift resumed at Olds Station. After being returned to the night
shift, it is undisputed that she made a request to be returned to the day shift. The parties
dispute her reason for the request and the particulars of McDougall’s response, but both
agree that her request for the shift change was not granted.
3 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
In November 2012, the Department instructed Ms. Sanchez to undergo an
independent medical evaluation (IME). The IME found “no basis for any impairment
rating . . . [and] no basis for any work limitations as a result of” Ms. Sanchez’s injury.
Clerk’s (CP) at 153. On December 28, 2012, the Department notified Ms. Sanchez it was
closing her claim on the basis of the IME.
Ms. Sanchez wrote the Department on January 14, 2013, to protest the closing of
her claim. Her letter stated in part:1
I cannot go back to my job packing apples and pears in the condition that I am in. My working career and my personal (life) are simply not the same. I cannot exercise, dance or carry (my) granddaughters. The accident has changed my life completely, it has caused (me anxiety, panics, and depression).
The independent medical exam results indicate that the accident did not result in a permanent disability, but I do have (a disability). I cannot do the work I used to do before the accident, I have permanent nausea.
CP at 298.
That night, while working the night shift, Ms. Sanchez was called into a meeting
with Julie Loreth, McDougall’s human resources (HR) manager, and Ana Chavez, a
Spanish-speaking HR assistant who served as an interpreter. Ms. Sanchez contends that
“[a]t the January 14, 2013 meeting, I was told I was being ‘laid off’ because my
1 Ms. Sanchez is Spanish-speaking, so all of the agreements and all communications to or from her were in Spanish. We quote the English translations that are included in the record.
4 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
originally hired night group had all been laid off and they had closed the C&M night
shift. . . [. D]espite saying I was ‘laid off’ at the meeting of January 14, 2013,
Defendant’s representatives made it absolutely clear that I was not to return to work at
any time to Defendant, ever.” CP at 685-86.
Several weeks later, Ms. Sanchez filed a complaint of discrimination with the
Washington State Human Rights Commission. The Commission later notified Ms.
Sanchez that it did not find reasonable cause for a claim of discrimination, after which, in
August 2014, she filed this action against McDougall. She alleged disability
discrimination based on a failure to accommodate and discharge from employment, and
wrongful discharge in violation of public policy and RCW 51.48.025.
Meanwhile, Ms. Sanchez’s appeal of the closing of her worker’s compensation
claim proceeded. A psychological evaluation by Dr. Silverio Arenas Jr. that Ms. Sanchez
later filed in opposition to McDougall’s motion for summary judgment reveals that
during the pendency of her worker’s compensation claim and appeal, three professionals
evaluated claims that she had suffered emotional harm. Chronologically, she was
diagnosed by Haley, ARNP, a nurse practitioner, on January 11, 2013; received a
psychiatric evaluation by Friedman, D.O., conducted on October 1, 2013; and received a
second psychiatric evaluation by Romero, M.D., dated June 13, 2014.
According to Dr. Arenas’s report, Dr. Friedman observed in October 2013 that
Ms. Sanchez
5 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
“developed stages of heightened anxiety, panic and phobias when she was forced to go back to work, working in a bathroom,” with increased claustrophobia, anger, and panic. Diagnoses of Panic Disorder and Claustrophobia were given. Her panic disorder was said to “prevent her from returning to employment.”
CP at 424. Dr. Arenas described Dr. Romero’s evaluation as attributing Ms. Sanchez’s
depressive and anxiety disorders directly and causally to her industrial injury “‘and its
sequel.’” CP at 425. Describing and quoting Dr. Romero’s evaluation, Dr. Arenas
stated:
“She described intermittently feeling enclosed and, . . . short of breath to the point that she had to find a window to get some air.” Anxiety attacks and “missing work intermittently secondary to her dizziness” were reported. Records reviewed noted complaints that she could not stand a limited duty job in the bathroom for eight hours, feeling like her employers were out to get her, trying to make her quit.
CP at 424. Dr. Arenas reported learning from Ms. Sanchez that “[s]he tolerated
being [in the worksite bathroom position] as much as she could, and tried to get
her medical providers to remove her from that situation, but was ignored.” CP at
426.
In October 2014, the Department notified Ms. Sanchez that it was accepting
responsibility “for the condition diagnosed as ANXIETY DISORDER AND
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, determined by medical evidence to be related to the
accepted condition under [the industrial injury occurring on 07/07/2012; employer
McDougall & Sons] for which this claim was filed.” CP at 683. In September 2015, she
6 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
was notified that she would receive time loss benefits from the date of her July 7, 2012
injury through August 26, 2015, and ongoing benefits thereafter, and that her claim
would be considered for pension eligibility. In November 2015, the Department notified
Ms. Sanchez that she was determined to be “totally and permanently disabled,” would be
placed on pension effective December 16, 2015, and would cease receiving time loss
benefits at that time. CP at 162.
In June 2017, McDougall moved for summary judgment in this matter. Among
other evidence, it submitted portions of Ms. Sanchez’s deposition testimony in which she
admitted being unable to return to her job as a packer following her July 2012 injury and
its aggravation. Ms. Sanchez testified:
Q. After your second injury, were you able to continue performing duties as a packer? A. No. Q. Did you—are you aware of whether a doctor submitted any sort of notes relating to your—what activities you couldn’t do because of your injury? A. Again, please repeat. Q. Did anyone—do you know if anyone told McDougall that there were things you couldn’t do because of your work injuries? A. No, I don’t know. Q. In your view—in your opinion, what were the things you couldn’t do because of your work injury? A. Pack, sort. Q. Could you spend all day standing? A. No. Q. Could you work above your shoulder? A. With the right hand. Q. Could you work with your head down the whole time? A. No.
7 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
CP at 195-96.
McDougall also submitted portions of the deposition of Ms. Sanchez’s husband,
Augustin Barragan, including the following:
Q. Besides finding a different job for her stickering or something like that, is there anything that you’re aware of McDougall could have do[ne] to help Ms. Sanchez go back to packing in January of 2013? A. I don’t think she could have during that—at that time, not packing.
CP at 333.
The trial court requested or accepted additional documentation from the parties
and eventually granted summary judgment dismissing Ms. Sanchez’s complaint.
Motions by Ms. Sanchez for reconsideration and to strike the Department’s October 2014
decision accepting responsibility for emotional damage claims were denied. She appeals.
ANALYSIS
We review an order granting summary judgment de novo, engaging in the same
inquiry as the trial court. Volk v. DeMeerleer, 187 Wn.2d 241, 254, 386 P.3d 254 (2016).
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact
and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56(c). We
view all facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. Volk, 187 Wn.2d at 254. Summary judgment is appropriate only if reasonable
persons could reach but one conclusion from all the evidence. Vallandigham v. Clover
Park Sch. Dist. No. 400, 154 Wn.2d 16, 26, 109 P.3d 805 (2005).
8 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
One basis for McDougall’s motion for summary judgment was the exclusivity
provision of the Industrial Insurance Act, RCW 51.04.010, which “bars all independent
causes of action against the employer for damages arising out of unintentional injury to
an employee.” Provost v. Puget Sound Power & Light Co., 103 Wn.2d 750, 752, 696
P.2d 1238 (1985). The appeal presents a novel question as to whether the “separate
injuries” exception2 to the exclusivity provision applies where an emotional injury was
arguably separate, but the worker nonetheless submits it as causally related and the
Department accepts responsibility for it. We need not reach McDougall’s defense based
on the exclusivity provision, however, because we agree with McDougall that Ms.
Sanchez failed to present a genuine issue of material fact as to an essential element of
each of her discrimination claims.3 We address the causes of action alleged in her
complaint in turn.
I. FAILURE TO OFFER REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION IN VIOLATION OF RCW 49.60.180
Employers have an obligation to accommodate handicapped employees, and
failure to provide an accommodation amounts to discrimination under RCW 49.60.180.
2 See, e.g., Wheeler v. Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle, 65 Wn. App. 552, 568, 829 P.2d 196 (1992), rev’d in part on other grounds, 124 Wn.2d 634, 880 P.2d 29 (1994). 3 Ms. Sanchez also argued that the “deliberate intention” act exception to exclusivity found in RCW 51.24.020 applied, but since we affirm dismissal on other grounds, we need not address it.
9 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
Dean v. Mun. of Metro. Seattle, 104 Wn.2d 627, 632, 708 P.2d 393 (1985). To prevail on
a failure to accommodate claim, an employee must prove
“that (1) the employee had a sensory, mental, or physical abnormality that substantially limited his or her ability to perform the job; (2) the employee was qualified to perform the essential functions of the job in question; (3) the employee gave the employer notice of the abnormality and its accompanying substantial limitations; and (4) upon notice, the employer failed to affirmatively adopt measures that were available to the employer and medically necessary to accommodate the abnormality.”
Davis v. Microsoft Corp., 149 Wn.2d 521, 532, 70 P.3d 126 (2003) (emphasis omitted)
(quoting Hill v. BCTI Income Fund-I, 144 Wn.2d 172, 192-93, 23 P.3d 440 (2001),
abrogated by Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. #1 of Kittitas County, 189 Wn.2d 516, 404
P.3d 464 (2017)).
The burden is on the employee to present a prima facie case of discrimination,
including medical evidence of a handicap. Pulcino v. Fed. Express Corp., 141 Wn.2d
629, 642, 9 P.3d 787 (2000). Here, at the time McDougall terminated Ms. Sanchez’s
employment, an IME performed by an orthopedic surgeon and neurologist had found “no
basis for any impairment rating” and “no basis for any work limitations as a result of this
industrial injury.” CP at 153. Ms. Sanchez did not provide McDougall with any
countervailing medical evidence at the time her employment was terminated.
In opposing summary judgment, Ms. Sanchez submitted a psychological
evaluation performed in October 2016 by Dr. Arenas. He diagnosed her as having severe
chronic pain, depressive and anxiety conditions that existed since her July 2012 injury
10 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
and worsened after her washroom attendant assignment. But that report, Ms. Sanchez’s
deposition testimony, and the Department’s eventual determination to place her on
pension as totally and permanently disabled, demonstrate her inability to establish the
essential second element of a reasonable accommodation claim: that she “was qualified to
perform the essential functions of the job in question.” Davis, 149 Wn.2d at 532
(emphasis omitted).
McDougall presented the trial court with its fruit packer job description, which
identified the position’s essential functions and physical requirements. The physical
requirements of the position included (but were not limited to) “frequent” walking,
standing, twisting neck (left to right), twisting of back, and neck flexion/extension; and
“occasionally” stooping/bending, crouching, lifting up to 10 pounds above the shoulders,
and reaching above the shoulder. CP at 129-30. Ms. Sanchez testified in deposition that
she was unable to spend the entire day standing, could only work above her shoulders
with her right hand, and could not work with her head down. Asked whether, after her
second injury, she was able to continue performing duties as a packer, she answered,
“No.” CP at 195-96. Elsewhere, she testified, “I couldn’t pack and I can’t pack.” CP at
217. She appealed the closing of her worker’s compensation claim on the basis that she
“[could not] go back to [her] job packing apples and pears in the condition that [she was]
in.” CP at 298.
11 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
In responding to McDougall’s motion for summary judgment, Ms. Sanchez
presented no evidence of a reasonable accommodation that would have enabled her to
perform the essential functions of the fruit packer position.4 She failed to demonstrate
that the only accommodation she ever requested—a transfer to the day shift, during the
time she worked as a washroom attendant—was medically necessary. At most, she stated
in a supplemental declaration that if she had been asked for a doctor’s note supporting
that request, she could have provided one. Affidavits offered in opposition to summary
judgment “shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be
admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to
testify to the matters stated therein.” CR 56(e). Implied hearsay that her doctor would
have provided a supportive note does not meet the requirements of the rule.
4 McDougall did not offer the washroom attendant position as a reasonable accommodation. As McDougall emphasized at oral argument, like other light duty jobs, the washroom attendant job was created to reduce employees’ time loss claims and keep them earning full salary. Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons, No. 35862-3-III (Dec. 5, 2018) at 20 min., 30 sec. through 21 min. (on file with court). “Reasonable accommodation” does not require an employer to create light duty positions; it requires only that the employer provide a reasonable accommodation that will enable the worker to perform the essential functions of her job. Fey v. State, 174 Wn. App. 435, 452, 300 P.3d 435 (2013). When deposed, Ms. Sanchez admitted that when she was given light duty, she understood that if she ever got better, she would return to packing.
12 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
II. DISCRIMINATORY DISCHARGE
An employee has a cause of action under RCW 49.60.180 when an employer
discharges an employee for a discriminatory reason. However, “the prohibition against
discrimination because of such disability shall not apply if the particular disability
prevents the proper performance of the particular worker involved.” RCW 49.60.180(1).
A claim for disability discrimination requires the employee to establish “‘that the
employee was: [(1)] disabled, [(2)] subject to an adverse employment action, [(3)] doing
satisfactory work, and [(4)] discharged under circumstances that raise a reasonable
inference of unlawful discrimination.’” Brownfield v. City of Yakima, 178 Wn. App.
850, 873, 316 P.3d 520 (2013) (alterations in original) (quoting Callahan v. Walla Walla
Hous. Auth., 126 Wn. App. 812, 819, 110 P.3d 782 (2005)).
A “disability” is defined as “the presence of a sensory, mental, or physical
impairment that . . . is medically cognizable or diagnosable.” RCW 49.60.040(7)(a).
Here again, at the time Ms. Sanchez was told she was laid off5 it was because the
Department-requested IME had found no basis for any work limitations and the
Department had closed her claim.
5 Given the standard of review, we accept her testimony that while the words “laid off” were used, the clear implication was that the termination of her employment was permanent.
13 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
She opposed summary judgment with after-acquired medical evidence of a
disability. But that and related evidence, including her own testimony, also established
that she could not perform the essential functions of the packer position, as earlier
discussed. She produced no evidence of the third element of a discriminatory discharge
claim: that she was doing, or could do, satisfactory work in the packer position.
III. RETALIATION IN VIOLATION OF PUBLIC POLICY AND RCW 51.48.025
Finally, Ms. Sanchez argues that McDougall retaliated against her for filing a
worker’s compensation claim in violation of RCW 51.48.025 and the public policy of the
State of Washington. Although her briefing in this court and below is vague, she appears
to contend that McDougall retaliated against her not only by terminating her
employment, but also by assigning her to the washroom attendant position.
RCW 51.48.025(1) provides that “[n]o employer may discharge or in any manner
discriminate against any employee because such employee has filed or communicated to
the employer an intent to file a claim for compensation or exercises any rights provided
under this chapter.” RCW 51.48.025(2) provides an administrative remedy that may be
pursued, but only if the employee “file[s] a complaint with the director alleging
discrimination within ninety days of the date of the alleged violation.” If, following
investigation, the director does not find a violation of the statute, the employee may file
suit on her own behalf. RCW 51.48.025(3). Ms. Sanchez does not contend that she
timely pursued this administrative remedy.
14 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
In Wilmot v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp., 118 Wn.2d 46, 53-54, 821 P.2d 18
(1991), our Supreme Court held that the administrative remedy for wrongful discharge
provided by RCW 51.48.025(2) is not exclusive. It held that the public policy against
retaliation expressed in RCW 51.48.025(1) will support the common law action for
wrongful discharge in violation of public policy that the court recognized in Thompson v.
St. Regis Paper Co., 102 Wn.2d 219, 232, 685 P.2d 1081 (1984). Wilmot did not
recognize a common law tort for wrongful employment action falling short of discharge.
Several years later, in White v. State, the Supreme Court refused to recognize a cause of
action for wrongful transfer in violation of public policy, reasoning “that by recognizing
a cause of action for employer actions short of an actual discharge, the court would be
opening a floodgate to frivolous litigation and substantially interfering with an
employer’s discretion to make personnel decisions.” 131 Wn.2d 1, 19, 929 P.2d 396
(1997) (citing White v. State, 78 Wn. App. 824, 839-40, 898 P.2d 331 (1995)). Ms.
Sanchez identifies no authority under which her allegedly retaliatory assignment to the
washroom attendant position would be actionable other than administratively, under
RCW 51.48.025—a remedy she did not pursue.
Moreover, the essence of a wrongful retaliation claim is that the employer has
intentionally wronged the employee. Wilmot, 118 Wn.2d at 74 (citing Cagle v. Burns &
Roe, Inc., 106 Wn.2d 911, 915-16, 726 P.2d 434 (1986)) (wrongful discharge claim).
Ms. Sanchez presents no legal authority that assigning an employee to a night shift, or
15 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
work that is somewhat isolated from other employees, or work that subjects an employee
to objectionable smells, is inherently punitive. She presents no evidence that McDougall
intentionally wronged her by assigning her to the washroom attendant position.
McDougall’s unrebutted evidence was that 27 injured workers had been assigned to the
position since 2008, and none of them asserted that the assignment was retaliatory or
objectionable.
Turning to Ms. Sanchez’s claim of retaliatory discharge, the elements of a claim
for wrongful termination in violation of public policy are that (1) the employee’s
discharge may have been motivated by reasons that contravene a clear mandate of public
policy, and (2) the public-policy-linked conduct was a significant factor in the decision to
discharge the worker. Martin v. Gonzaga Univ., 191 Wn.2d 712, 725-26, 425 P.3d 837
(2018). In determining the second element, a burden-shifting procedure applies under
which the employer may defeat the claim by proving that the termination was justified by
an overriding consideration. Id. at 728.
Ms. Sanchez admitted when deposed that working as a cherry packer at the C&M
facility before her injury, she knew what would happen at the end of the season: “I would
have been laid off until they start up again.” CP at 216. She agreed when deposed that
when she was told by Ms. Loreth on January 14, 2014, that she was being laid off, Ms.
Loreth told her “[she] was laid off because the night shift had been laid off.” CP at 213.
Ms. Sanchez does not dispute that McDougall’s action in laying her off was consistent
16 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
with its layoff of other seasonal cherry hires, the position in which she worked at the time
of her injury.
Instead, she contends that she was treated discriminatorily because it was made
clear to her that unlike other laid off workers, she was not to return to work, ever. An
employer may refuse to hire a handicapped person if the handicap prevents the “proper
performance” of the job. RCW 49.60.180(1) (“the prohibition against discrimination
because of such disability shall not apply if the particular disability prevents the proper
performance of the particular worker involved”); Clarke v. Shoreline Sch. Dist. No. 412,
106 Wn.2d 102, 118, 720 P.2d 793 (1986) (RCW 49.60.180(1)’s proviso applies where a
refusal to hire is alleged). If a handicap prevents performance of the essential functions
of the job, an employer can refuse to hire or rehire. Id. at 119. The undisputed evidence
establishes that Ms. Sanchez could not have returned to the position given the physical
limitations to which she testified in deposition.
McDougall was entitled to dismissal of Ms. Sanchez’s complaint.
Both sides seek an award of attorney fees and costs under RAP 18.1. Ms. Sanchez
identifies RCW 49.48.030 and RCW 49.60.030 as bases for an award, but because she is
not successful on appeal, the provisions do not apply. McDougall relies on Collins v.
Clark County Fire Dist. No. 5, 155 Wn. App. 48, 104-05, 231 P.3d 1211 (2010) but
notwithstanding the overbroad language of the opinion on which it relies, the award in
17 No. 35862-3-III Sanchez v. McDougall & Sons
Collins was based on RCW 49.60.030(2). It authorizes fee and cost awards to persons
''injured by any act in violation of [chapter 49.60 RCW]." McDougall does not qualify.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
O)dhcu -~- oway,1. ()
WE CONCUR: