Energy Policy Advocates v. Securities and Exchange Commission

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: March 26, 2025
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2022-1312
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________ ) ENERGY POLICY ADVOCATES, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Case No. 22-cv-01312 (APM) ) SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ) COMMISSION, ) ) Defendant. ) _________________________________________ )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.

This Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) suit involves a demand by Plaintiff Energy

Policy Advocates for (1) email communications between the White House and the former

Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Gary Gensler, and three senior

agency officials, and (2) the former Chairman’s calendar entries. The SEC produced thousands of

pages but withheld some in full and some in part based on various FOIA exemptions.

What remains in dispute are the agency’s withholdings based on the deliberative process privilege

pursuant to Exemption 5. For the reasons that follow, the court enters partial judgment in favor of

the SEC and requires the SEC to produce certain records for in camera review.

II.

A.

Exemption 5 provides that agencies need not disclose “inter-agency or intra-agency

memorandums or letters that would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in

litigation with the agency[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). Exemption 5 includes the deliberative process privilege, which shields “documents reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and

deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are

formulated.” NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975) (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). The privilege is available only as to documents that are both pre-decisional

and deliberative. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 362 (D.C. Cir. 2021).

A record is pre-decisional if it was “generated before the agency’s final decision on the matter[.]”

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc., 592 U.S. 261, 268 (2021). And a record is

deliberative when it is “prepared to help the agency formulate its position.” Id.

“Assessing whether a record is pre-decisional or deliberative necessarily requires

identifying the decision (and the associated decisional process) to which the record pertains.”

Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Washington (CREW) v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 45 F.4th 963, 972

(D.C. Cir. 2022). The agency asserting the privilege must “establish what deliberative process is

involved, and the role played by the documents in issue in the course of that process.” Senate of

the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ex rel. Judiciary Comm. v. DOJ, 823 F.2d 574, 585–86

(D.C. Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Put differently, the agency “bears

the burden of establishing the character of the decision, the deliberative process involved, and the

role played by the documents in the course of that process.” Paisley v. CIA, 712 F.2d 686, 698

(D.C. Cir. 1983), vacated in part on other grounds, 724 F.2d 201 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

B.

To satisfy these requirements, the SEC has submitted a declaration from Mark Tallarico,

an attorney in the SEC’s Office of General Counsel, Decl. of Mark Tallarico, ECF No. 20-3

[Tallarico Decl.], along with two Vaughn indices identifying the information withheld under

2 Exemption 5—one for email communications and attachments, id., Ex. 1, ECF No. 20-4

[hereinafter Ex. 1], and one for calendar entries, id., Ex. 2, ECF No. 20-5 [hereinafter Ex. 2].

Emails and Attachments. As to the first set of records, Tallarico states that “[t]he withheld

information and records reflect discussion between SEC staff, White House staff, and other federal

government agencies’ staff on various subjects, including potential areas of focus at policy

meetings, development of policies, SEC proposed action and analysis, policy committees’ meeting

discussions and materials, and draft documents.” Tallarico Decl. ¶ 11. He adds that “[t]hese

discussions all occurred while the agencies were still in the process of determining which policy

issues they should act on and what actions to take.” Id.

The associated Vaughn index supplies additional details. It provides the date and time of

the email; the authors and recipients as either SEC or White House staff, including who originated

it; a general description of the email; and the “basis for withholding.” Ex. 1 at 1. The “basis for

withholding” as to each email attempts to justify why it is both pre-decisional and deliberative.

Most entries generally explain that the email pertains to ongoing policy discussions before or

during a meeting and that agency and White House staff continued to deliberate about the SEC’s

regulatory actions or policies. See, e.g., id. at 1 (entry 1), 2 (entries 4, 5), 3 (entries 6, 7), 5 (entries

8–10). Some go one step further and identify the general subject matter of the communication, as

in the following examples: “climate-related matters,” id. at 1 (entry 2); a “data gathering project

to support regulatory matters,” id. (entry 3); the “SEC’s comments on a White House draft

document,” id. at 5 (entry 11); planning for a “non-public interagency policy committee meeting

and policy development,” id. (entry 12), 6 (entries 13, 14); “a non-public meeting about potential

executive actions,” id. at 7 (entry 15); the “SEC’s submission to the Deputies Committee about

potential executive and agency actions,” id. at 8 (entry 19); “a future White House action,” id. at

3 10 (entry 24); “White House request for SEC analysis of proposed regulations,” id. at 12 (entry 29);

and “call with Ukrainian National Securities and Stock Market Commission,” id. (entry 30).

Tallarico provides various rationales for why disclosure would harm the decision-making

process. He says that disclosure “would disrupt coordination between the White House and federal

government agencies as they formulate Executive Branch policies and explore possible regulatory

and executive actions.” Tallarico Decl. ¶ 13. “[I]f White House and SEC staff knew such a public

release was possible, they would be reluctant to offer their views and to rely on emails or other

written communications to coordinate policymaking initiatives[.]” Id. ¶ 14. Such a chilling effect

would “impede crucial coordination” among policy actors and “slow down the policy development

process.” Id. Disclosure also could “confuse the public by suggesting that proposals, views, and

approaches that were dismissed or changed during the policy development process are still

relevant.” Id. ¶ 15; see also id. ¶¶ 16–17 (explaining adverse impacts of disclosing information

from interagency policy committees and discussions between the White House and the SEC).

Calendar Entries. As to the former Chairman’s calendar entries, Tallarico states that the

withheld information “consists of information about meetings with SEC staff about SEC climate

rulemaking” and “reflects SEC staff’s discussions about various aspects of the proposed

rulemaking prior to the release of that rulemaking.” Id. ¶ 18. This withheld information is

deliberative because it “reflects particular aspects of and language in SEC climate rules that the

SEC staff were discussing” and “reflects deliberations about what particular issues related to the

climate rulemaking the Chair and his staff should focus on as well as what matters the Chair may

have been concerned about or needed more information about at particular times.” Ex. 2 at 2 (entry

2). And those entries are pre-decisional because “because [they] concern[] intra-agency discussion

about a proposed rule prior to its release.” Id.

4 In addition, one calendar entry contains “an internal SEC email thread that reflects

discussion about language in and edits to a draft of SEC climate-related rules.” Tallarico Decl.

¶ 20. That entry is deliberative “because it reflects deliberations, proposals, and analysis about

language in and edits to a draft of SEC climate-related rules” and is pre-decisional “because it

concerns intra-agency discussion about a proposed rule prior to its release.” Ex. 2 at 1 (entry 1).

Tallarico also explains the harm that would come from disclosing the calendar entries.

He states that “[d]elineating in calendar entries” was an “efficient way for staff to clarify for

Chair Gensler what his many meetings each day are about” and facilitate his engagement in those

meetings. Tallarico Decl. ¶ 19. Disclosure “would likely limit the information [that staff] include

in calendar entries” and “make it more difficult for staff, including the Chair, to keep track of and

prepare for meetings.” Id. “It would also impede efficient coordination between SEC staff on

rulemaking and other agency initiatives.” Id.

III.

Plaintiff challenges the agency’s withholdings under Exemption 5 on a host of grounds.

The court addresses these arguments in the order in which they appear in Plaintiff’s opposition

brief. Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 21 [hereinafter Pl.’s Opp’n].

First, Plaintiff argues that “the SEC has not bothered to explain who was making

recommendations to whom in this case, much less whether the ‘recommenders’ were inside or

outside the agency or what the relevant final decision was.” Id. at 8. That is not correct.

The relevant Vaughn index identifies as to each entry by whom and to whom (SEC staff or White

House staff) the communication was written and the subject matter of the communication, which

concerned policymaking by the SEC in general or as to a specific topic. Further, an agency does

5 not have to reach a “relevant final decision” for Exemption 5 to apply. See Sears, 421 U.S. at 153

n.18 (“Agencies are, and properly should be, engaged in a continuing process of examining their

policies; this process will generate memoranda containing recommendations which do not ripen

into agency decisions; and the lower courts should be wary of interfering with this process.”).

Next, Plaintiff argues that “the SEC has not revealed how calendar entries, of all items,

reflects recommendations or give-and-take.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 8. But the agency has provided a

detailed explanation of how the information withheld from calendar entries, if disclosed, would

reveal the subject matter of ongoing discussions about climate-related rules that were not yet final,

thus chilling the deliberative process. Tallarico Decl. ¶¶ 18–19 & Ex. 2. Courts have affirmed the

withholding of calendar entries where, as here, the declarant and Vaughn index provide a

sufficiently detailed explanation for the withholding, including the topic and decision-making

process to which the entries relate. See, e.g., Inst. for Energy Rsch. v. FERC, No. 22-cv-3420

(BAH), 2024 WL 551651, at *7–8 (D.D.C. Feb. 12, 2024) (permitting withholding of calendar

entries under Exemption 5 where the agency had “identified a specific decision” and the topic of

discussion was itself deliberative); Am. Oversight, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.,

No. 17-cv-827 (EGS/DAR), 2022 WL 1719001, at *18 (D.D.C. May 27, 2022), rev’d and

remanded on other grounds, 101 F.4th 909 (D.C. Cir. 2024) (same); cf. Inst. for Energy Rsch. v.

FERC, No. 22-cv-2114 (BAH), 2023 WL 6121878, at *9 (D.D.C. Sept. 19, 2023) (rejecting

Exemption 5 invocation where the agency defended withholding calendar entries in “general

categories of redactions” alongside “sweeping, non-specific claims”); Am. Oversight v. USPS, No.

20-cv-2580 (RC), 2021 WL 4355401, at *9 (D.D.C. Sept. 23, 2021) (declining to recognize

Exemption 5 withholding as to calendar entries where the agency “[did] not provide even a general

description of the specific subject matter of each calendar entry at issue”).

6 Plaintiff also seems to fundamentally challenge whether the SEC and the White House can

engage in a decision-making process protected by the privilege. It says that “the SEC purports to

be an independent agency that does not take direction from the White House,” so “[q]uery then

what role in the deliberations of such an independent agency . . . the White House might have.”

Pl.’s Opp’n at 8. Even accepting Plaintiff’s characterization of the SEC as “independent,” courts

have held that communications between agencies and the White House can be subject to the

privilege. See Jud. Watch, Inc. v. CFPB, 60 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2014) (holding that

communications between the White House and the Consumer Protection Financial Bureau were

subject to Exemption 5). And some of the entries relate to decisions to be made by the White

House, see pgs. 3–4 supra, which plainly are covered by the privilege. See Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Energy, 412 F.3d 125, 130 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“[W]e think it inconceivable[] the Congress

intended Exemption 5 to protect the decision-making processes of the Executive Branch when the

decision is to be made by ‘agency’ officials subject to oversight by the President and not when the

decision is to be made by the President himself and those same agency officials are acting in aid

of his decision-making processes.”). 1

Plaintiff also questions the withholdings on the ground that the record descriptions prevent

the court from determining whether the “policy decisions are just too trivial” and therefore fall

outside the privilege. Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. This argument overlooks the topics identified in the Vaughn

index that establish the non-triviality of the policy discussions at hand. They include: “climate-

related matters,” “data gathering project to support regulatory matters,” the “SEC’s comments on

a White House draft document,” planning for a “non-public interagency policy committee meeting

1 For this same reason, the court rejects Plaintiff’s contention that the SEC has waived the privilege “by sharing the underlying documents with the White House, even as it simultaneously claims to exist as an independent agency not subject to the president’s direction and control.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 11.

7 and policy development,” “a non-public meeting about potential executive actions,” the “SEC’s

submission to the Deputies Committee about potential executive and agency actions,” and “a

future White House action.” See pgs. 3–4 supra. And, even as to those entries that do not specify

a subject matter, the court must presume that the agency has acted in good faith and not invoked

the privilege to protect trivial matters. See SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200

(D.C. Cir. 1991). Plaintiff has offered no evidence to rebut the presumption.

Plaintiff further complains that the Vaughn indices’ descriptions of “what type of

decisionmaking process [the documents] relate to” is “too vague.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 10; see also id.

12–14. As noted earlier, “[a]ssessing whether a record is pre-decisional or deliberative necessarily

requires identifying the decision (and the associated decisional process) to which the record

pertains.” CREW, 45 F.4th at 972. Some Vaughn entries satisfy that standard. For example, one

email communication is described as containing a “discussion between White House and SEC staff

concerning development of climate-related policies and whether to include certain government

staff in an upcoming conversation. The withheld information reflects deliberations on how to

address climate issues.” Ex. 1 at 1, entry 2. Another communication is “about an SEC call with

the Ukrainian National Securities and Stock Market Commission and potential follow-up action.”

Id. at 12, entry 30. Such entries are sufficiently descriptive to sustain the agency’s withholdings.

But those entries are the exception. The vast majority do not identify the subject of the

policy under consideration and instead refer only to policymaking in general. See, e.g., id. at 2,

entry 4 (“what public policy issue to focus on”); 4, entry 8 (“possible SEC action on a particular

policy issue”); 8, entry 19 (“potential executive and agency actions”). The failure to offer even a

high-level description of the policies under consideration makes it difficult to evaluate the decision

8 to which the record relates and its role in the process. See Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico, 823 F.2d at 585 (stating that the “briefest of references to [a record’s] subject matter . . . will

not do.”).

To ensure that such records meet the requirements of the privilege, the court will exercise

its discretion and review them in camera. See Ray v. Turner, 587 F.2d 1187, 1195 (D.C. Cir. 1978)

(holding that the district court has the discretion to conduct an in camera review if “needed in

order to make a responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption”). The court

identifies below the records it will review.

C.

Finally, Plaintiff contests that the SEC has satisfied its burden to establish “foreseeable

harm” from release of the withheld records. Because the court will review the undisclosed email

communications in camera, it defers ruling as to those records. The court, however, will consider

the argument as to the calendar entries.

The foreseeability requirement “[i]n the context of withholdings made under the

deliberative process privilege . . . means that agencies must concretely explain how disclosure

‘would’—not ‘could’—adversely impair internal deliberations.” Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 369–70

(citation omitted). “A perfunctory statement that disclosure of all the withheld information—

regardless of category or substance—would jeopardize the free exchange of information between

senior leaders within and outside of the agency will not suffice.” Id. at 370 (cleaned up) (citation

omitted). “Instead, what is needed is a focused and concrete demonstration of why disclosure of

the particular type of material at issue will, in the specific context of the agency action at issue,

actually impede those same agency deliberations going forward. Naturally, this inquiry is context

specific.” Id. (collecting cases).

9 The withheld calendar entries reflect information about aspects of and proposed language

for the SEC’s climate-related rules. Ex. 2. Tallarico explains that identifying the “subject matter

of and issues to be discussed in meetings” was an “efficient way for staff to clarify for Chair

Gensler what his many meetings each day are about” and facilitated his “engagement in those

meetings on varied topics.” Tallarico Decl. ¶ 19. Tallarico continues that, if this information were

disclosed, “staff across the SEC would likely limit the information they include in calendar entries

to prevent disclosure of information that would reflect the nature of Chair Gensler’s and SEC

staff’s deliberations about what to include in proposed rulemaking and what issues required high-

level discussions.” Id. Further, if staff were to self-censor, “it would make it more difficult for

staff, including the Chair, to keep track of and prepare for meetings” and “impede efficient

coordination between SEC staff on rulemaking and other agency initiatives.” Id. Tallarico also

states that one of the calendar entries contains an internal SEC email thread that “reflects

discussion about language in and edits to a draft of SEC climate-related rules.” Id. ¶ 20.

Disclosure of that calendar entry would “chill discussions regarding future SEC proposed

rulemaking” and “likely limit [staff] discussions and inhibit their candor in discussing aspects of

proposed rulemaking.” Id.

These descriptions satisfy the foreseeable harm standard. They are far cry from the

“scanty” descriptions of harm that the D.C. Circuit rejected in Reporters Committee. 3 F.4th at

370. Instead, Tallarico’s explanation of harm is specific to the documents at issue, the content

withheld, and the specific harm that will follow from disclosure going forward. That suffices to

make out a “focused and concrete demonstration” of foreseeable harm. Id.

10 IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the SEC judgment with respect to the calendar

entries. As to the email communications, the court orders the agency to produce all records for

in camera review by April 9, 2025, except Entries 2, 3, and 30.

Dated: March 26, 2025 Amit P. Mehta United States District Judge