Riddick, J.,
(after stating the facts). This is an action by a husband for damages which he claims to have suffered in consequence of an injury to his wife, caused, as he alleges, by the negligence of the defendant company.
The onty question presented by the appeal is whether the one-year statute of limitations applies to an action of this kind. The defendant contends, and the circuit court decided, that the action was barred in one year from the time it accrued.
The reasons upon which the defendant bases its contention that the action was barred in one year are these: Section 6 of the Revised Statutes of 1838 named six classes of action which it provided should be commenced in three years after the cause of action accrued. After describing the first, second and third of these classes, which have no bearing on this case, the statute proceeds as follows: “Fourth, all actions of account, assumpsit or on the case, founded on any contract or liability, expressed or implied; fifth, all actions for trespass on lands, or for libels; sixth,11 all actions for taking or injuring any goods or chattels.”
“See. 7. The following actions shall be commenced within one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all special actions on the case, for criminal conversation, assault and battery, and false imprisonment; second, all actions for words spoken, slandering the character of another; third, all words spoken, whereby special damages are sustained.” (Revised Statutes of Ark., pp. 527, 528.)
This court in the case of Patterson v. Thompson, 24 Ark. 55, in construing this statute, held that the meaning of the first clause of section 7, copied above, was the same as if it read as follows: “The following actions shall be commenced in one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all special actions on the case, all actions for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment.”
Now, at common law, an injury arising from a tort, which was not a direct, but only a consequential, result of the tort, was redressed by an action of trespass ou the case. This action is one of that class, and, if the law as declared in Patterson v. Thompson is still in force, it would be barred in one year.
The statute referred to above has never been expressly altered or repealed, but'in 1868, after the decision in Thompson v. Patterson, the code of practice in civil cases was adopted, which abolished the distinctions between the different forms of actions, and provided that thereafter there should be “but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress or prevention of private wrongs, which shall be called a civil action.” Sand. & H. Dig. §§ 5604, 5605.
Afterwards the legislature, in 1871, passed an act authorizing a digest of the statutes of the state to be made, which act provided that the digester should have authority to omit redundant and tautological words, and to condense the law into “as concise and comprehensive a form as might be consistent with a full and clear expression of the will of the legislature.” Gantt’s Dig. § 5654.
Under the authority of this act a digester was appointed, and a digest of the statutes, known as “Gantt’s Digest,” was made and published in 1874. In that digest the language of the statute of limitations as it was given in the Revised Statutes, above referred to, was changed so as to read as follows:
“The following actions shall be commenced within three years after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all actions founded upon any contract or liability, express or implied, not in writing; second, all actions for trespass on lands or for libels; third, all actions for taking or injuring any goods or chattels.
“The following actions shall be commenced within one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all actions for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment; second, all actions for words spoken, slandering the character of another; third, all words spoken, whereby special damages are sustained." Gantt’s Digest, §§ 4120, 4121.
A comparison of the law as stated in the Eevised Statutes with that as stated in Gantt’s Digest will show that the reference to “actions on the case" found in both sections six and seven of the Eevised Statutes was omitted from Gantt’s Digest, and that no reference whatever is made to such actions in the sections just quoted from that digest. Whether this statement of the law by the digester was founded on the belief that these portions of the statute were abrogated by the provision of the code which abolished forms of action, or upon some other ground, we do not know. What we do know is that, though the statutes of the state have been redigested twice since the digest of 1874, the subsequent digesters have copied the law on this point as stated in Gantt’s Digest, and this court has in several cases inferentially approved that construction of the statutes by following the law as thus stated. The cases to which we refer were brought to recover damages from a railway company for causing land to overflow by carelessly obstructing a stream or drain. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Morris, 35 Ark. 622; Little Rock & Ft. S. Ry. Co. v. Chapman, 39 Ark. 463; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Biggs, 52 Ark. 240; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Anderson, 62 Ark. 360.
These actions would at common law have been known as “actions on the case," and, if the law as declared in Thompson v. Patterson had been followed, each of these cases would have been barred in one year from the time the right of action accrued. But the court in each of those cases applied the statute of three years; thus, as before stated, following the law as found in the digest, and not that declared.in Patterson v. Thompson. And the law as found in the digest having been repeatedly followed by the courts of the state, the question in this case is not only whether the construction of the law as found in the digest is correct or not, but also, if it be incorrect, whether it is not now too firmly established by the decisions above referred to to be overturned. This question came before the United States court of appeals for the eighth circuit on an appeal from this state, and the court held that the law as stated in the digest had become too well established to be overturned. Cockrill v. Cooper, 86 Fed. Rep. 7.
Counsel for defendant say that the opinion of the court of appeals in that case shows that the court was doubtful as to the correctness of its decisions, but we do not think so. It is true that the opinion leaves us in doubt as to whether the court approved the view of the statute adopted by the digester. Having said of this view that it was not “wholly without reasons for its support,” and having stated those reasons, the court then says it was unnecessary to inquire whether or not they were entirely conclusive, for the reason that the construction of the statute adopted by the digester had become a rule'too firmly established to be overturned. On this point,.the one upon which its decision was based, the opinion of the court is clear and emphatic.
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Riddick, J.,
(after stating the facts). This is an action by a husband for damages which he claims to have suffered in consequence of an injury to his wife, caused, as he alleges, by the negligence of the defendant company.
The onty question presented by the appeal is whether the one-year statute of limitations applies to an action of this kind. The defendant contends, and the circuit court decided, that the action was barred in one year from the time it accrued.
The reasons upon which the defendant bases its contention that the action was barred in one year are these: Section 6 of the Revised Statutes of 1838 named six classes of action which it provided should be commenced in three years after the cause of action accrued. After describing the first, second and third of these classes, which have no bearing on this case, the statute proceeds as follows: “Fourth, all actions of account, assumpsit or on the case, founded on any contract or liability, expressed or implied; fifth, all actions for trespass on lands, or for libels; sixth,11 all actions for taking or injuring any goods or chattels.”
“See. 7. The following actions shall be commenced within one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all special actions on the case, for criminal conversation, assault and battery, and false imprisonment; second, all actions for words spoken, slandering the character of another; third, all words spoken, whereby special damages are sustained.” (Revised Statutes of Ark., pp. 527, 528.)
This court in the case of Patterson v. Thompson, 24 Ark. 55, in construing this statute, held that the meaning of the first clause of section 7, copied above, was the same as if it read as follows: “The following actions shall be commenced in one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all special actions on the case, all actions for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment.”
Now, at common law, an injury arising from a tort, which was not a direct, but only a consequential, result of the tort, was redressed by an action of trespass ou the case. This action is one of that class, and, if the law as declared in Patterson v. Thompson is still in force, it would be barred in one year.
The statute referred to above has never been expressly altered or repealed, but'in 1868, after the decision in Thompson v. Patterson, the code of practice in civil cases was adopted, which abolished the distinctions between the different forms of actions, and provided that thereafter there should be “but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress or prevention of private wrongs, which shall be called a civil action.” Sand. & H. Dig. §§ 5604, 5605.
Afterwards the legislature, in 1871, passed an act authorizing a digest of the statutes of the state to be made, which act provided that the digester should have authority to omit redundant and tautological words, and to condense the law into “as concise and comprehensive a form as might be consistent with a full and clear expression of the will of the legislature.” Gantt’s Dig. § 5654.
Under the authority of this act a digester was appointed, and a digest of the statutes, known as “Gantt’s Digest,” was made and published in 1874. In that digest the language of the statute of limitations as it was given in the Revised Statutes, above referred to, was changed so as to read as follows:
“The following actions shall be commenced within three years after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all actions founded upon any contract or liability, express or implied, not in writing; second, all actions for trespass on lands or for libels; third, all actions for taking or injuring any goods or chattels.
“The following actions shall be commenced within one year after the cause of action shall accrue, and not after: First, all actions for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment; second, all actions for words spoken, slandering the character of another; third, all words spoken, whereby special damages are sustained." Gantt’s Digest, §§ 4120, 4121.
A comparison of the law as stated in the Eevised Statutes with that as stated in Gantt’s Digest will show that the reference to “actions on the case" found in both sections six and seven of the Eevised Statutes was omitted from Gantt’s Digest, and that no reference whatever is made to such actions in the sections just quoted from that digest. Whether this statement of the law by the digester was founded on the belief that these portions of the statute were abrogated by the provision of the code which abolished forms of action, or upon some other ground, we do not know. What we do know is that, though the statutes of the state have been redigested twice since the digest of 1874, the subsequent digesters have copied the law on this point as stated in Gantt’s Digest, and this court has in several cases inferentially approved that construction of the statutes by following the law as thus stated. The cases to which we refer were brought to recover damages from a railway company for causing land to overflow by carelessly obstructing a stream or drain. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Morris, 35 Ark. 622; Little Rock & Ft. S. Ry. Co. v. Chapman, 39 Ark. 463; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Biggs, 52 Ark. 240; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Anderson, 62 Ark. 360.
These actions would at common law have been known as “actions on the case," and, if the law as declared in Thompson v. Patterson had been followed, each of these cases would have been barred in one year from the time the right of action accrued. But the court in each of those cases applied the statute of three years; thus, as before stated, following the law as found in the digest, and not that declared.in Patterson v. Thompson. And the law as found in the digest having been repeatedly followed by the courts of the state, the question in this case is not only whether the construction of the law as found in the digest is correct or not, but also, if it be incorrect, whether it is not now too firmly established by the decisions above referred to to be overturned. This question came before the United States court of appeals for the eighth circuit on an appeal from this state, and the court held that the law as stated in the digest had become too well established to be overturned. Cockrill v. Cooper, 86 Fed. Rep. 7.
Counsel for defendant say that the opinion of the court of appeals in that case shows that the court was doubtful as to the correctness of its decisions, but we do not think so. It is true that the opinion leaves us in doubt as to whether the court approved the view of the statute adopted by the digester. Having said of this view that it was not “wholly without reasons for its support,” and having stated those reasons, the court then says it was unnecessary to inquire whether or not they were entirely conclusive, for the reason that the construction of the statute adopted by the digester had become a rule'too firmly established to be overturned. On this point,.the one upon which its decision was based, the opinion of the court is clear and emphatic.
This case turning upon a construction of our own statute, we are not, of course, bound by the decision of the circuit court of appeals, but, after considering the matter, we feel fully convinced that the decision is correct, not only for the reasons stated in the opinion, but on other grounds which we shall presently notice.
The argument of counsel for the defendant that the Code, while it abolished distinctions between forms of actions, had no effect on the statute of limitations, is quite forcible, and, if the case turned on that question only, we could probably agree with him. But, if we concede that he is correct in that contention, and waiving for the present the point made in the decision of the court of appeals in Cockrill v. Cooper, supra, that the rule of law as stated in the digest on the point under consideration is too firmly established to be overturned, there is still the further question whether the meaning of the law as declared in Patterson v. Thompson, 24 Ark. 55, for which counsel for defendant contends, is a sound construction of the statute. ¡
We now propose to take up that question, for, if Patterson v. Thompson be not now overturned on the point under consideration by the cases of St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Morris, 35 Ark. 622, and others heretofore referred 'to, it must be admitted- that its weight as an authority on that point has been shaken and diminished to such an extent that we would not now be justified in following it unless we should deem it to contain a sound exposition of the statute.
It will be remembered that the court, in Patterson v. Thompson, held that all actions of trespass on the case were governed by the first clause of the seventh section of the Eevised Statutes, and were barred in one year. Before proceeding further, it will be well to call attention to the large number of injuries for which at common law an action on the case was the proper remedy. “Such an action,” says Anderson’s Law Dicitionary, “lies for a tort not committed with force, actual or implied; for a tort committed forcibly when the matter affected was not tangible, as for an injury to a right of way or to a franchise; for an injury to a relative right; for an injury resulting from negligence; for a wrongful act done under legal process regularly issued from a court of competent jurisdiction; for a'wrongful act committed by defendant’s servant without his order, but for which he is responsible; for the infringement of a right given by statute; for an injury done to property of which the plaintiff has the reversion only.” Anderson, Law Dict, title “Case”; Bouvier’s, Law Dict.; Shipman, Com. Law Pleading, 86.
It can be seen, from the above statement of the injuries for which at common law an action of trespass on the case could be brought, that this action covered a wide field. Not to mention others, it will he noticed that it was, at common law, the proper remedy for a libel or slander; these torts not being committed by force, and tending generally to injure the intangible right of repution. Shipman, Com. Law Plead. 92. It will be noticed, also, that' the large class of injuries resulting from negligence of servants and employees was properly redressed at common law, where the' master was liable, by an action on the case against him. The remedy for an injury caused by the negligent killing of a horse or other animal by a railroad train would, where the common law is in force, be by an action of trespass on the ease. Cooley, Torts (2d ed.) 575. And if the rule announced in Patterson v. Thompson, that all actions of trespass on the case are barred in one year, must be enforced, then actions for the negligent injury to live stock or other property and also actions for libel are barred in one year.
But this is not so, for section 6 of the statute, we have seen, expressly provides that actions for libel and all actions “for injuring any goods or chattels” may be brought at any time within three years after the right of action accrues. This conclusively shows that the special actions on the case referred to in the seventh section, which the statute says shall be barred in one year, do not embrace all actions of trespass on the case, but are limited in number. That this is so is further shown by the fact that the second and third clauses of that section declare what the limitation shall be for actions for slander, or “for words spoken whereby special damages are sustained.” There were also at common law actions for trespass on the case, and, if the first clause of the section -was intended to cover all actions of that kind, why was it thought necessary to make special provision for the limitation of actions for words spoken ? Why, we again ask, does section 6 make special provision for certain other actions, which at common law would be known as “actions on the case,” if all such actions were covered by the first clause of section 7 ? These questions are not, to our minds, satisfactorily answered in Patterson v. Thompson. They cannot be satisfactoritly answered on the theory that all actions of trespass on the case were covered by the first clause of section 7, for the language of the statute clearly shows that this is not so. The decision of Patterson v. Thompson on this point therefore seems to us not to be a sound construction of the statute, and, being in conflict with the later decisions of the court in St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Morris and others cited above, we feel justified in refusing to follow it on this point, for to follow it would produce uncertainty as to the meaning of the statute, and conflict in the decisions of the court. A consideration of the statute forces us to the conclusion that the special actions on the case referred to in the seventh section were limited to all or to some of those named in the first clause of the section, to which we wish again to call attention.
The section referred to last commences by stating that certain actions shall be barred in one year. Then follows this language: '“First, all special actions on the case, for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment.” Now, if- we should give this language its ordinary meaning, it would seem that the special actions on the case referred to were those for criminal conversation, assault and battery and false imprisonment. Counsel for defendant say that we cannot adopt this view, for the reason that actions for assault and battery and for false imprisonment are not actions on the case. This is true when the action is brought by the person assaulted or imprisoned for the direct injury, yet it may be different when the action is brought by a third party for a consequential injury resulting from the assault and battery or false imprisonment. Suppose, for instance, a consequential injury has resulted to a husband by reason of an assault and battery upon his wife committed by the conductor of a railway train upon which she is a passenger, and for which the railway company is liable. One remedy of the husband would clearly at common law be an action of trespass on the case against the company. Other instances could easily be named where an action on the case would be proper to recover damages resulting from an assault and battery or false imprisonment. But, while an action on the case may be brought for a consequential injury resulting from an assault and battery or false imprisonment, yet, as counsel observe, it seems difficult to believe that the legislature intended to make a difference in the limitation of such actions when brought for a direct injury and when brought for a consequential injury. To say that this clause referred only to actions for assault and battery or false imprisonment brought for consequential injuries would make a difference of four years in the statute of limitations between actions for such injuries when brought for direct and when for consequential injuries, for, if this clause does not include actions for direct injuries arising from such torts, then such actions fall within the provision for unenumerated actions found in the statute, the limitation for which is five years. The view that the statute intended to make such a distinction was rejected by the court in Patterson v. Thompson, and, so far as we know, the soundness of the opinion on that point has never been questioned. Although, as we have said, there may have been some ground for an opposing view, yet the opinion in that respect has also reasons to sustain it, and we therefore follow it to that extent.
If, then, the special actions on the case mentioned in the first clause of section 7 have no reference to actions for assault and battery and false imprisonment, included also in that clause, then the special actions on the case referred to are those for criminal conversation only. The meaning of the clause would then be the same as if it had provided that the following -actions- shall be barred in one year after they accrue: “First, all special actions on the ease for criminal conversation, all actions for assault and battery and for false imprisonment.” This construction of the statute makes the language of section 7 consistent not only in itself, but with all other portions of the statute. Again, as all actions for criminal conversation were at common law actions -on the case, the alteration made by the compiler of Gantt’s Digest in the phraseology of this clause of the statute did not, under the view we take, effect any change in the meaning thereof. He abbreviated the language, but the law remained unchanged:
It is conceded that, if the statute is correctly set forth in the-digest on this point, the action of plaintiff is not barred. It therefore follows, from what we have said, that, in our opinion, the circuit court erred in holding that the action of the plaintiff in this case was barred in one year. '
The judgment is therefore reversed, and the case remanded, with an order to overrule the demurrer and for further proceedings.