Electronic Frontier Foundation v. Department of Justice

892 F. Supp. 2d 95, 2012 WL 4319901, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 135505

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: September 21, 2012
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2011-0939
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

RICHARD J. LEON, District Judge.

Plaintiff Electronic Frontier Foundation (“EFF” or “plaintiff’) brings this action against the U.S. Department of Justice (“the Department”, “DOJ” or “defendant”) for failure to disclose information pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). Plaintiff seeks material from DOJ’s Office of Legal Counsel (“OLC”) that interprets the scope of certain areas of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (“FBI”) authority under federal surveillance law. Before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Upon consideration of the parties’ pleadings, relevant law, and the entire record herein, the defendant’s motion is GRANTED and the plaintiffs cross-motion is DENIED.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is a non-profit organization concerned with technology-related civil liberty issues. Compl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 1. In February 2011, plaintiff submitted a FOIA request for a January 8, 2010 memorandum prepared by OLC (hereinafter, “OLC Opinion”) for the FBI. Id. ¶ 9. The requested OLC Opinion was generated in the context of an internal executive branch examination of some of the FBI’s information-gathering techniques. Id. ¶¶ 5-6. More specifically, pursuant to the reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act, DOJ’s Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) examined the FBI’s practice of requesting and receiving telephone records from major companies by using secret administrative subpoenas known as National Security Letters (“NSLs”). Id. The OIG found that the FBI was sometimes requesting immediate disclosure of telephone records using exigent letters, rather than or prior to providing NSL subpoenas, and subsequently initiated a study of the FBI’s use of these exigent letters to obtain telecommunications records. Id. ¶ 5.

While the OIG study was still in progress, the FBI sought OLC’s legal advice on whether, in national security investigations, the FBI’s obtainment of certain types of telephone records without the use of NSLs or any other process complied with the law. Id. ¶ 6. On January 8, 2010, OLC provided the FBI with a memorandum of its legal analysis and advice. Id. Pursuant to the FOIA, plaintiff requested a copy of the OLC Opinion on February 15, 2011. Id. ¶ 9. Ten days later, on February 25, 2011, OLC denied plaintiffs FOIA request, explaining that the OLC Opinion was being withheld under FOIA Exemptions 1 and 5. Id. ¶ 10. Plaintiff formally appealed OLC’s decision to DOJ’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) on March 18, 2011, but received no response. Id. ¶¶ 11-13.

Two months later, on May 19, 2011, plaintiff filed a complaint in this Court, seeking an order to compel disclosure of the OLC Opinion. See generally id. On November 10, 2011, the Department moved for summary judgment, contending that the OLC Opinion was justifiably withheld under FOIA Exemptions 1 and 5. Defi’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 11. The Department supported its motion with two affidavits, one from the FBI Section Chief responsible for FOIA requests and the other from OLC Special Counsel. See Corrected Deck of David M. Hardy (“Hardy Deck”), ECF No. 12-1; Deck of Paul P. Colborn (“Colborn Deck”), ECF No. 11-4. On December 13, 2011, plaintiff also moved for summary judgment, asserting that the DOJ is not entitled to summary judgment because it failed to carry its burden to withhold the OLC Opinion under Exemptions 1 and 5. PL’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and in Supp. of PL’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 11-12, ECF No. 14. For the reasons set forth below, I disagree and GRANT summary judgment in favor of the defendant.

ANALYSIS

Both parties have moved for summary judgment in this case. FOIA cases are “typically and appropriately” decided on motions for summary judgment. Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F.Supp.2d 83, 87 (D.D.C.2009). “When assessing a motion for summary judgment under FOIA, the Court shall determine the matter de novo.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 598 F.Supp.2d 93, 95 (D.D.C.2009) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).

Summary judgment is appropriate when the record demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). With respect to an agency’s non-disclosure decisions in a FOIA action, the court may rely on affidavits or declarations if they describe “the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981); see also SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.Cir.1991) (affidavits and declarations are “accorded a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

“Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’ ” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C.Cir.2009) (quoting Wolf v. CIA 473 F.3d 370, 374-75 (D.C.Cir.2007)). In assessing the logic and plausibility of an agency assertion of an exemption, “reviewing courts [should] respect the expertise of an agency” and avoid “overstep [ping] the proper limits of the judicial role in FOIA review.” Hayden v. NSA, 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C.Cir.1979); see also Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at 753; Halperin v. CIA 629 F.2d 144, 148 & n. 20 (D.C.Cir.1980). For the following reasons, the Court finds there are no genuine issues of material fact as to the validity of each exemption invoked in this case.

I. Exemption 1

Information can be withheld under Exemption 1 if it is “specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and [is] in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). The Department asserts that the withheld information contained within the OLC Opinion was properly classified pursuant to Executive Order (“E.O.”) 13526, 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009), which exempts from disclosure information pertaining to “intelligence activities” and “intelligence sources or methods” that, if disclosed, could be expected to cause damage to the national security. E.O. 13526, §§ 1.2, 1.4(c).

To show that it has properly withheld information under E.O. 13526, and that the classification is proper, DOJ must demonstrate that the withheld information falls within the substantive scope of E.O. 13526, and that the information was classified using the proper procedures. 1 Under section 1.1(a) of E.O. 13526, information can be properly classified if it (1) is classified by an original classification authority; (2) is owned, produced, or controlled by the U.S. government; (3) pertains to “intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology”, among other protected categories, and (4) “the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure of the information reasonably could be expected to result in [a specified level of] damage to the national security, ... and the original classification authority is able to identify or describe the damage.” E.O. 13526, §§ 1.1(a), 1.4(c); see also Hardy Decl. ¶ 8.

Here, DOJ withheld from the plaintiff specific portions of the OLC Opinion that contained highly specific, classified information relating to FBI intelligence sources or methods. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 12, 16, 17. The eleven-page OLC Opinion was written in response to a specific request from the FBI for legal analysis and advice regarding the OIG’s then ongoing evaluation of the FBI’s information-gathering techniques in national security investigations. Id. ¶ 11. To support its actions in this case, the Department submitted two declarations, one from David M. Hardy, Section Chief of FBI’s Records Management Division, and another from Paul P. Colborn, OLC Special Counsel. See generally id.; Colborn Decl. Based on these detailed declarations, I find that the specified portions of the OLC Opinion were appropriately withheld by DOJ under Exemption 1.

First, the Department’s declarations demonstrate that the classification markings in the OLC Opinion, which were ultimately withheld, were properly made pursuant to the mandated procedures of E.O. 13526. More specifically, the Hardy and Colborn declarations explain that the FBI, in making its request for legal advice to OLC, sent two letters to the agency that included classified factual information regarding “certain sensitive techniques used in the context of national security and law enforcement investigations.” 2 Colborn Decl. ¶¶ 9-11; Hardy Decl. ¶ 4. Utilizing such classified factual information to render its guidance, OLC followed its standard practice and marked as classified “[t]hose portions of the [OLC] Opinion which reflect classified factual information provided to OLC by the FBI.” Colborn Decl. ¶ 11. Accordingly, in determining whether each classification marking contained in the OLC Opinion is proper, Hardy, who holds original classification authority pursuant to E.O. 13526, 3 also carefully reviewed each of the classification markings contained in the two FBI letters. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 4, 18, 21. The Hardy declaration makes clear that, in accordance with E.O. 13526, all withheld information in the OLC Opinion was appropriately classified at the “SECRET/NOFORN” (“S/NF”) level by the FBI, was under the control of the U.S. government, and continues to warrant classification at the “S/ NF” level in the interest of national security. 4 Id. ¶¶ 5, 9,12,19, 21.

In addition, through the assertions in its declarations, the DOJ demonstrates that the withheld portions of the OLC Opinion were properly classified under section 1.4(c) as intelligence activities, sources or methods and that disclosure of such information could reasonably be expected to cause damage to national security. More specifically, Hardy avers in his declaration that the classified information contained in the OLC Opinion concerns: (1) “actual intelligence activities, sources or methods used by the FBI against targets of foreign counterintelligence and counterterrorism investigations or operations”; and (2) “intelligence-gathering capabilities used by the FBI to gather specific information on targets of national security investigations.” Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 14-15. Explaining that such information is “highly specific,” “known to very few individuals,” and “still used by the FBI today to gather intelligence information,” id. ¶ 16, Hardy asserts that the disclosure of such information could reasonably be expected to cause “serious damage to national security” by, among other things, “allowing] hostile entities to discover the current methods and activities used” and “appraise the scope, focus, location, and capabilities of the FBI’s intelligence-gathering methods and activities.” Id. ¶¶ 12, 16-17. In addition to causing a major disruption to FBI’s intelligence-gathering capabilities, this would also “severely damage the FBI’s efforts to detect and apprehend violators of the United States’ national security and criminal laws.” Id. ¶ 16. Moreover, Hardy explains that disclosure also could “allow hostile agents to devise countermeasures to circumvent these intelligence activities or methods,” such as the “alteration of behavior to evade detection” or the “utiliz[ation] [of] these same methods and activities to engage in disinformation,” thus rendering the FBI’s methods and activities “useless in providing intelligence information.” Id. ¶¶ 16-17.

“[C]ourts must ‘recognize that the Executive departments responsible for national defense and foreign policy matters have unique insights into what adverse affects [sic] might occur as a result of public disclosure of a particular classified record.’ ” Salisbury v. United States, 690 F.2d 966, 970 (D.C.Cir.1982) (quoting S.Conf.Rep. No. 93-1200, at 12 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6285, 6290). Thus, while this Court’s review is de novo, our Circuit has consistently emphasized its deferential posture to the executive in FOIA cases involving national security concerns, as judges “lack the expertise necessary to second-guess such agency opinions in the typical national security FOIA case.” Halperin, 629 F.2d at 148; see also Larson, 565 F.3d at 865; Ctr. for Natl. Sec. Studies v. DOJ, 331 F.3d 918, 928 (D.C.Cir.2003). Accordingly, this Court should not “conduct a more detailed inquiry to test the [DOJ’s] judgment and expertise or to evaluate whether the court agrees with the [DOJ’s] opinions” if the agency’s statements in support of exemption “contain reasonable specificity of detail as to demonstrate that the withheld information logically falls within the claimed exemption and evidence in the record does not suggest otherwise.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 865; see also Hodge v. FBI, 764 F.Supp.2d 134, 138 (D.D.C.2011). “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears logical or plausible.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 862 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); Wolf v. CIA 357 F.Supp.2d 112, 116 (D.D.C.2004), rev’d on other grounds, 473 F.3d 370 (D.C.Cir.2007) (“In reviewing a classification decision ... this Circuit has required little more than a showing that the agency’s rationale is logical.”).

Conferring substantial weight and deference to the DOJ’s declarations, I find that the Department has explained with sufficient detail why the withheld information in the OLC Opinion qualifies as “intelligence sources or methods” and adequately described the potential harm to national security that could result from the information’s public disclosure. The Department has thus met its burden for invoking FOIA Exemption 1 by demonstrating that the information requested by plaintiff in the OLC Opinion is properly classified according to the criteria established by E.O. 13526.

Plaintiffs arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. First, plaintiff argues that the DOJ failed to provide a detailed justification of its withholdings, tied to the particular part of the OLC Opinion to which it applied, and thus failed to sustain its burden regarding FOIA Exemption 1 on summary judgment. 5 See PL’s Mem. at 14-15. The law of our Circuit has made clear, however, that an agency satisfies its burden provided that the agency’s submissions 6 set forth a “relatively detailed justi fication for invoking an exemption to disclosure; specifically identify the reasons why a particular exemption is relevant; and correlate those claims with those records (or portions thereof) to which they apply.” Schoenman v. FBI, 763 F.Supp.2d 173, 188 (D.D.C.2011) (quoting Judicial Watch Inc. v. FDA 449 F.3d 141, 145 (D.C.Cir.2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the Department has made clear, via its declarations, that it is asserting Exemption 1 only as to certain paragraphs of the OLC Opinion which have been marked as classified in accordance with the classification markings included in the FBI’s two letters to OLC requesting legal advice. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 4-5, 12, 20-21; Colborn Decl. ¶¶ 10-11. Having conveyed enough information for the plaintiff and the Court “to identify the records referenced and understand the basic reasoning behind the claimed exemptions,” Morley v. CIA 508 F.3d 1108, 1123 (D.C.Cir.2007), the Department’s submitted declarations are sufficiently specific to satisfy its burden without going so far as to disclose protected information. See Judicial Watch, 449 F.3d at 147 (“We have never required repetitive, detailed explanations for each piece of withheld information.”). As such, this Court declines plaintiffs invitation to review the records at issue in camera. See PL’s Reply Mem. in Supp. of PL’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“PL’s Reply”) at 5, ECF No. 20; Hayden, 608 F.2d at 1387 (in FOIA cases, in camera review is a “last resort to be used only when the affidavits are insufficient for a responsible [d]e novo decision”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

Second, plaintiff alleges that DOJ has failed to demonstrate a “logical connection” between the withheld information, which it characterizes as “ten pages of legal analysis,” and the claimed exemption, namely the disclosure of intelligence activities, sources, or methods. PL’s Mem. at 15-16. The Department’s submissions elucidate, however, that information withheld from the OLC Opinion under Exemption 1 reflects classified factual information provided to OLC by the FBI that, if disclosed, could cause damage to national security, and any portion of the OLC Opinion that contains only legal analysis, divorced from classified factual information, has been withheld under Exemption 5, not Exemption l. 7 Plaintiffs argument is thus misplaced.

Last, plaintiff accuses the Department of improperly classifying some of the material to avoid embarrassment or conceal law-breaking. See Pl.’s Mem. at 16-17. The plaintiff however has no evidence to support its bald allegation of government misconduct. Without any evidence suggesting bad faith on behalf of the defendant, I conclude that this information was properly withheld under Exemption 1. See Gov’t Accountability Project v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 699 F.Supp.2d 97, 102 (D.D.C.2010).

II. FOIA Exemption 5

FOIA Exemption 5 protects from disclosure inter-agency or intra-agency letters or memoranda “which would not be available by law to a party ... in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). To qualify for this exemption, a document “must fall within the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial standards that would govern litigation against the agency that holds it.” Dep’t of the Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060, 149 L.Ed.2d 87 (2001). Courts have incorporated civil discovery privileges into this exemption, such as attorney work-product, attorney-client privilege, and “deliberative process” privilege. See NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 182, 148-49, 95 S.Ct. 1504, 44 L.Ed.2d 29 (1975); Coastal States Gas Corp. v. DOE, 617 F.2d 854, 862 (D.C.Cir.1980). Here, the defendant asserts both the deliberative process privilege and the attorney-client privilege to withhold the entirety of the OLC Opinion. Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 11-2. For the following reasons, I agree.

A. Deliberative Process Privilege

The deliberative process privilege exempts from disclosure those documents that contain deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are made. Klamath Water Users, 532 U.S. at 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060. Accordingly, government materials that are both “predecisional” and “deliberative” are shielded by the privilege. Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607, 616 (D.C.Cir.1997); see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 523 F.2d 1136, 1143-44 (D.C.Cir.1975) (noting that a document is “deliberative” if it “makes recommendations or expresses opinions on legal or policy matters”); Petroleum Info. Corp. v. Dep’t of the Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1434 (D.C.Cir.1992) (citing Renegotiation Bd. v. Grumman Aircraft Eng’g Corp., 421 U.S. 168, 184, 95 S.Ct. 1491, 44 L.Ed.2d 57 (1975)) (“A document is predecisional if it was prepared in order to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at his decision, rather than to support a decision already made.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he ultimate purpose of this long-recognized [deliberative process] privilege is to prevent injury to the quality of agency decisions” as well as to encourage “the frank discussion of legal and policy issues” by ensuring that agencies are not “forced to operate in a fishbowl.” Sears, 421 U.S. at 151, 95 S.Ct. 1504; Mapother v. DOJ, 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C.Cir.1993); Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 839 F.2d 768, 773 (D.C.Cir.1988) (en banc).

In this case, the Department withholds the entirety of the eleven-page OLC Opinion under the deliberative process privilege because “it constitutes advice used by decision-makers at the FBI and by other Executive Branch agencies and Department components in the context of their efforts to ensure that any [FBI] information-gathering procedures comply fully with the law.” Colborn Decl. ¶ 13. In his declaration, Colborn explains that the OLC Opinion was sought by the FBI in connection with the agency’s “re-evaluation” of its use of sensitive techniques in national security and law enforcement investigations, in response to questions raised about such techniques by the OIG. Id. In evaluating how it should respond to OIG’s draft report on the issue, the FBI thus sought OLC’s guidance regarding “the proper interpretation of the law with respect to information-gathering procedures employed by the FBI and other Executive Branch agencies.” 8 Id. ¶ 14. Disclosure of the OLC Opinion, Colborn asserts, “would undermine the deliberative processes of the government and chill the candid and frank communications necessary for effective governmental decision-making.” Id. ¶ 13.

It is apparent that the OLC Opinion is both predecisional and deliberative in nature, and thus subject to the deliberative process privilege. The OLC Opinion as described in the Department’s declarations contains inter-agency material that was generated as- part of a continuous process of agency decision-making, namely how to respond to the OIG’s critique of the FBI’s information-gathering methods in certain investigations. The declarations explain that the OLC prepared the memorandum at issue, which expresses legal opinions and makes recommendations based thereon, to assist the FBI in arriving at its policy decision. 9 The law of our Circuit is clear that under such circumstances, the OLC Opinion is appropriately exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5. 10 Indeed, it is not hard to imagine how disclosure of the OLC Opinion would likely interfere with the candor necessary for open discussions on the FBI’s preferred course of action regarding the OIG evaluation. See Colborn Decl. ¶ 4.

Accordingly, I uphold the DOJ’s classification of the OLC Opinion as subject to the deliberative process privilege and therefore exempt from disclosure under Exemption 5. Because all of the information withheld pursuant to the attorney-client privilege was also withheld pursuant to the deliberative process privilege, I do not need to consider the propriety of the defendant’s application of the attorney-client privilege.

B. Segregability

Finally, with regard to segregability, it is well established that an agency claiming that a document is exempt under FOIA must, after excising the exempted information, release any reasonably segregable information unless the non-exempt information is inextricably intertwined with the exempt information. Trans-Pac. Policing Agreement v. U.S. Customs Serv., 177 F.8d 1022, 1026-27 (D.C.Cir.1999).

Here, the Department has sufficiently established that no portion of the OLC Opinion is reasonably segregable and releasable. The DOJ’s declarations explicate that, although only portions of the OLC Opinion were withheld under Exemption 1, the entirety of the OLC Opinion was withheld under Exemption 5, leaving nothing significant that could be disclosed in a redacted format. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 5; Colborn Decl. ¶ 11. As the Colborn declaration adequately states, the unclassified portions of the OLC Opinion could not be released without “harm[ing] the deliberative processes of the government” by “chill[ing] the candid and frank communications necessary for effective governmental decision-making.” Colborn Decl. ¶¶ 13, 15. In the absence of contrary evidence or specific cites to potentially unsegregated portions, the declarations are afforded the presumption of good faith. See SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200. Therefore, I find that no portion of the OLC Opinion could be segregated and subsequently released.

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. #11] and DENIES plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 14], An Order consistent with this decision accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

ORDER

For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion entered this date, it is this 21st day of September, 2012, hereby

ORDERED that defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. #11] is GRANTED; it is further

ORDERED that plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 14] is DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

1 . See King v. DOJ, 830 F.2d 210, 214 (D.C.Cir.1987); Halperin v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.2d 699, 703 (D.C.Cir.1977); Hardy Decl. ¶ 7. These proper procedures include: (1) the document was marked as required and stamped with the proper classification designation, E.O. 13526, §§ 1.6(a)(1) — (5); (2) the document was marked to indicate clearly which portions are classified, which portions are exempt from declassification as set forth in E.O. 13526, § 1.6(c), and which portions are unclassified, E.O. 13526, § 1.6(c); (3) the prohibition and limitations on classification specified in E.O. 13526, § 1.7(a) were adhered to; (4) the declassification policies set forth in E.O. 13526, §§ 3.1 ("Authority for Declassification”) and 3.3 ("Automatic Declassification”) were followed; and (5) any reasonably segregable portions of this classified document which did not meet the standards for classification under E.O. 13526 were declassified and marked for release, unless withholding was otherwise warranted under applicable law, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). See Hardy Decl. ¶ 10. The Hardy declaration explains that all of the procedural requirements of E.O. 13526 were followed in this case. Id.

2 .The first letter, a November 27, 2009 opinion request, was from FBI's General Counsel, Valerie Caproni, to OLC’s Acting Assistant Attorney General, David Barron. Hardy Decl. ¶ 4. Supplementing the previous letter with additional facts and an expanded request for legal advice, the second letter, dated December 11, 2009, was again from Caproni to Barron. Id. The DOJ declarations confirm that a number of the individual paragraphs in these two letters were marked as classified by the FBI at the "SECRET/NOFORN” ("S/NF”) level, which restricts access to persons who need to know with an appropriate security clearance. See id.; Colborn Decl. ¶ 10.

3 . More specifically, Hardy has been designated by the Attorney General of the United States as an original classification authority pursuant to E.O. 13526, §§ 1.3 and 3.1. Hardy Decl. ¶ 2.

4 . The only reclassification ordered by Hardy after his "careful classification review” of the OLC Opinion was the re-designation from "UNCLASSIFIED” ("U”) to "S/NF” of one footnote. Hardy Decl. ¶ 21.

5 . More specifically, plaintiff takes issue with DOJ’s application of Exemption 1, in the aggregate, to pages 1 to 2 and 4 to 11 of the OLC Opinion, without specifying "that [certain] words, lines, or paragraphs in the document are classified.” PL's Mem. at 14.

6 . Although a Vaughn index is generally required in FOIA cases, our Circuit has made clear that supporting affidavits may be submitted in lieu of a Vaughn index, as "it is the function, not the form, of the index that is important.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 146 (D.C.Cir.2006); Keys v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 337, 349 (D.C.Cir.1987).

7 . See Colborn Decl. ¶ 11 ("Those portions of the [OLC] Opinion which reflect classified factual information provided to OLC by the FBI are marked classified. Those portions of the [OLC] Opinion that are marked unclassifled reflect other confidential factual as well as confidential legal communications provided by the FBI to OLC for the purpose of obtaining legal advice.”).

8 . FBI’s request to OLC for legal guidance fits squarely within the OLC’s principal function: to assist the Attorney General in his role as legal advisor to the President of the United States and to departments and agencies of the Executive branch. Colborn Decl. ¶ 2. In this role, the OLC "provides advice and prepares opinions addressing a wide range of legal questions involving the operations of the Executive Branch.” Id.

9 . Although plaintiff may dispute the DOJ’s chronology of events, Pl.’s Mem. at 21-27, agency affidavits are accorded a presumption of good faith. See SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200.

10 . See, e.g., Grumman, 421 U.S. at 188, 95 S.Ct. 1491 ("By including inter-agency memoranda in Exemption 5, Congress plainly intended to permit one agency possessing decisional authority to obtain written recommendations and advice from a separate agency not possessing such decisional authority without requiring that the advice be any more disclosable than similar advice received from within the agency.”); Brinton v. Dep’t of State, 636 F.2d 600, 604 (D.C.Cir.1980) ("There can be no doubt that ... legal advice, given in the form of intra-agency memoranda prior to any agency decision on the issues involved, fits exactly within the deliberative process rationale ... ”); Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 868 ("series of memoranda to the Assistant Secretary of the Army from the General Counsel ... recommending legal strategy” is a "classic case of the deliberative process at work”); Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. Office of Admin., 249 F.R.D. 1, 5-7 (D.D.C.2008) (OLC memorandum fits within the scope of deliberative process privilege because it “contains legal advice from the equivalent of [the Office of Administration’s] outside counsel”, “does not mandate a particular policy”, and "can[not] rightly be described as itself a statement of the Executive Branch’s legal position”); Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. DOJ, 584 F.Supp.2d 65, 75 (D.D.C.2008) ("If OLC provides legal advice as part of a decision-making process, this legal advice is protected under the deliberative process privilege.”); Southam News v. INS, 674 F.Supp. 881, 886 (D.D.C.1987) (concluding that OLC opinion letters "generated in the course of formulating policies and positions that were being considered” falls within the deliberative process privilege); Morrison v. DOJ, No. 87-3394, 1988 WL 47662, at *1-2 (D.D.C. Apr. 29, 1988) (finding that an OLC legal opinion analyzing the constitutionality of a proposed amendment was exempt from disclosure under the deliberative process privilege).