BRICKELL, O. J.
The case comes before the court on appeal from a decree of the chancellor rendered in vacation, upon a motion made, on bill and answer, for the dissolution of a temporary injunction, restraining the apjjellants from the continuance of the construction of a railway on lands claimed by tire appellee as part of its own right of way. The temporary injunction was granted by the judge of the City Court of Selma, the bill being filed, and the lands situate in Calhoun county.
The first ground for the motion, now pressed in argument, is, that the judge of the City Court of Selma has not the power to grant an injunction which is to be operative without the county of Dallas. If this were conceded to be true, a motion for the dissolution of the injunction is not the appropriate remedy for the correction of the error or irregularity. A motion to dissolve can be founded only on a want of equity apparent on the face of the bill, or on a full and complete denial, by the verified answer of a material defendant, of the allegations upon which the equity of the bill depends. The motion itself is a waiver of the error or irregularity, if any, which may have attended the order for the issue of the writ, or which may be in the writ alone. These are available only upon motion for a discharge of the injunction, which must precede any act on the part of the defendant in recognition or affirmance of its regularity.—Jones v. Ewing, 56 Ala. 360.
The City Court of Selma is an inferior court of law and equity, established by an act of the General Assembly, in and for the countv of Dallas. It is styled an inferior court, not be[279]*279cause of limitations upon its jurisdiction, but because its judgments and decrees, like the judgments of the circuit court, and the decrees of the court of chancery, are open to revision on appeal to this court, and may here be reversed or affirmed; and over the court, as over all the judicial tribunals of the State, this court can exercise a general superintendence and control.—Nugent v. State, 18 Ala. 521; Ex parte Roundtree, 51 Ala. 42. By the statute creating it, the judge, in general terms, is clothed with power and jurisdiction co-extensive with that which is exercised by chancellors and judges of the circuit court; the statute proceeding to declare specially that the power and jurisdiction include “ the authority to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, ne exeat, and all other remedial writs.” It is true the court is organized for the county of Dallas; that is the locality in which it dwells, and to which its jurisdiction is confined. But the jurisdiction of the court is distinguishable from the authority of the judge to grant remedial writs, which are mere auxiliaries to the exercise of jurisdiction, and which, when returned to the court to which they are issued,, are subject to its control, and are temporary in their operation. It is a well defined legislative policy, intended to expedite the administration of justice, to confer on all judicial officers, of the jurisdiction and dignity of the judge of the city court, authority to issue, or to order the issue of such writs, returnable into any court of the State having jurisdiction of them. And it was in view of this policy, that, in express terms, the authority to issue such writs was conferred' upon the judge of the city court, and not left to be derived by implication from the general grant of jurisdiction and power. We are, therefore, of opinion, that the judge of the city court had authority to order the issue of the writ of injunction.
The allegations of the original bill are, that the complainant, the “ East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Bailroad Company,” is a corporation created by, and organized under the laws of the State of Tennessee; that in 1881, by purchase, it acquired the property and franchises of the Selma, Borne & Dalton Bail-road Company, which had a line of railway in this State, extending from Selma in a north-easterly direction to Prior’s station, at or near the boundary line of the State of Georgia. Prior to, and at the time of the purchase, and continuously from the year 1870, the Selma, Borne & Dalton Bailroad Company and its alienees had, and was possessed of a right of way along its road-bed, extending through the county of Calhoun, of one hundred feet, that is, of fifty feet on each side of the road-bed, computing from its centre. After the purchase, the complainant entered upon, and became possessed of such [280]*280right of way, remaining in possession until the grievance committed by the defendants. "Without the consent of the complainant, the defendants, in February, 1884, entered upon a designated part of the said right of way, not having had the same condemned by any judicial proceeding, not having made or offered to make compensation to the complainant, and commenced the construction thereon of the track or bed of the “ East & West Railroad Company of Alabama.” The construction and completion of the said track or bed will be of irreparable injury to the complainant, because, in particular places, the track or bed of the two roads will be in less than thirty-two feet of each other, and, in the words of the bill, will be “ too close together for safe and convenient operation ; too close together to admit of side tracks between, of convenient and suitable length and curve.”
The first point for consideration, not now looking to the answer, is, whether, upon the facts stated in the bill, a case of equitable jurisdiction is presented. For, although a motion to dissolve an injunction is submitted and heard in vacation, it should be sustained, the injunction ought not to be longer continued, whether the answer is, or is not sufficient, if it be apparent that the bill is without equity. The motion to dissolve, it ought, however, to be observed, can not and does not perform the office of a demurrer. It is not the form of the bill, nor the manner in which the facts are stated, nor the specific prayer for relief, which are of importance. All amendable defects, pro hao vice, should be regarded as cured by amendment, and the inquiry made, whether, if the facts were well pleaded, the case would be of equitable jurisdiction, and an injunction the appropriate remedy.—Chambers v. Ala. Iron Co., 67 Ala. 353.
The principle upon which a court of equity proceeds, in interfering to prevent bodies corporate having compulsory power to enter upon, take and appropriate for their own uses, the lands of others, differs materially from the principle upon which it intervenes to prevent the commission or continuance of waste, or of nuisances, or of trespasses, when only private rights, or the acts of persons, natural or artificial, not having such powers, are involved. In the latter class of cases, if the right be strictly legal, and there is no relation of privity between the parties, it is of the essence of the jurisdiction of the court, that a case of irreparable injury be shown ; a case for which the courts of law do not furnish an adequate remedy. The Constitution not only compels all corporate bodies, public or private, or all individuals who may be armed with the power of taking private property, but it compels the State and all its agencies and instrumentalities, to the duty [281]*281of first making just compensation to the owner.
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BRICKELL, O. J.
The case comes before the court on appeal from a decree of the chancellor rendered in vacation, upon a motion made, on bill and answer, for the dissolution of a temporary injunction, restraining the apjjellants from the continuance of the construction of a railway on lands claimed by tire appellee as part of its own right of way. The temporary injunction was granted by the judge of the City Court of Selma, the bill being filed, and the lands situate in Calhoun county.
The first ground for the motion, now pressed in argument, is, that the judge of the City Court of Selma has not the power to grant an injunction which is to be operative without the county of Dallas. If this were conceded to be true, a motion for the dissolution of the injunction is not the appropriate remedy for the correction of the error or irregularity. A motion to dissolve can be founded only on a want of equity apparent on the face of the bill, or on a full and complete denial, by the verified answer of a material defendant, of the allegations upon which the equity of the bill depends. The motion itself is a waiver of the error or irregularity, if any, which may have attended the order for the issue of the writ, or which may be in the writ alone. These are available only upon motion for a discharge of the injunction, which must precede any act on the part of the defendant in recognition or affirmance of its regularity.—Jones v. Ewing, 56 Ala. 360.
The City Court of Selma is an inferior court of law and equity, established by an act of the General Assembly, in and for the countv of Dallas. It is styled an inferior court, not be[279]*279cause of limitations upon its jurisdiction, but because its judgments and decrees, like the judgments of the circuit court, and the decrees of the court of chancery, are open to revision on appeal to this court, and may here be reversed or affirmed; and over the court, as over all the judicial tribunals of the State, this court can exercise a general superintendence and control.—Nugent v. State, 18 Ala. 521; Ex parte Roundtree, 51 Ala. 42. By the statute creating it, the judge, in general terms, is clothed with power and jurisdiction co-extensive with that which is exercised by chancellors and judges of the circuit court; the statute proceeding to declare specially that the power and jurisdiction include “ the authority to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, ne exeat, and all other remedial writs.” It is true the court is organized for the county of Dallas; that is the locality in which it dwells, and to which its jurisdiction is confined. But the jurisdiction of the court is distinguishable from the authority of the judge to grant remedial writs, which are mere auxiliaries to the exercise of jurisdiction, and which, when returned to the court to which they are issued,, are subject to its control, and are temporary in their operation. It is a well defined legislative policy, intended to expedite the administration of justice, to confer on all judicial officers, of the jurisdiction and dignity of the judge of the city court, authority to issue, or to order the issue of such writs, returnable into any court of the State having jurisdiction of them. And it was in view of this policy, that, in express terms, the authority to issue such writs was conferred' upon the judge of the city court, and not left to be derived by implication from the general grant of jurisdiction and power. We are, therefore, of opinion, that the judge of the city court had authority to order the issue of the writ of injunction.
The allegations of the original bill are, that the complainant, the “ East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Bailroad Company,” is a corporation created by, and organized under the laws of the State of Tennessee; that in 1881, by purchase, it acquired the property and franchises of the Selma, Borne & Dalton Bail-road Company, which had a line of railway in this State, extending from Selma in a north-easterly direction to Prior’s station, at or near the boundary line of the State of Georgia. Prior to, and at the time of the purchase, and continuously from the year 1870, the Selma, Borne & Dalton Bailroad Company and its alienees had, and was possessed of a right of way along its road-bed, extending through the county of Calhoun, of one hundred feet, that is, of fifty feet on each side of the road-bed, computing from its centre. After the purchase, the complainant entered upon, and became possessed of such [280]*280right of way, remaining in possession until the grievance committed by the defendants. "Without the consent of the complainant, the defendants, in February, 1884, entered upon a designated part of the said right of way, not having had the same condemned by any judicial proceeding, not having made or offered to make compensation to the complainant, and commenced the construction thereon of the track or bed of the “ East & West Railroad Company of Alabama.” The construction and completion of the said track or bed will be of irreparable injury to the complainant, because, in particular places, the track or bed of the two roads will be in less than thirty-two feet of each other, and, in the words of the bill, will be “ too close together for safe and convenient operation ; too close together to admit of side tracks between, of convenient and suitable length and curve.”
The first point for consideration, not now looking to the answer, is, whether, upon the facts stated in the bill, a case of equitable jurisdiction is presented. For, although a motion to dissolve an injunction is submitted and heard in vacation, it should be sustained, the injunction ought not to be longer continued, whether the answer is, or is not sufficient, if it be apparent that the bill is without equity. The motion to dissolve, it ought, however, to be observed, can not and does not perform the office of a demurrer. It is not the form of the bill, nor the manner in which the facts are stated, nor the specific prayer for relief, which are of importance. All amendable defects, pro hao vice, should be regarded as cured by amendment, and the inquiry made, whether, if the facts were well pleaded, the case would be of equitable jurisdiction, and an injunction the appropriate remedy.—Chambers v. Ala. Iron Co., 67 Ala. 353.
The principle upon which a court of equity proceeds, in interfering to prevent bodies corporate having compulsory power to enter upon, take and appropriate for their own uses, the lands of others, differs materially from the principle upon which it intervenes to prevent the commission or continuance of waste, or of nuisances, or of trespasses, when only private rights, or the acts of persons, natural or artificial, not having such powers, are involved. In the latter class of cases, if the right be strictly legal, and there is no relation of privity between the parties, it is of the essence of the jurisdiction of the court, that a case of irreparable injury be shown ; a case for which the courts of law do not furnish an adequate remedy. The Constitution not only compels all corporate bodies, public or private, or all individuals who may be armed with the power of taking private property, but it compels the State and all its agencies and instrumentalities, to the duty [281]*281of first making just compensation to the owner. The duty is clearly expressed in the twenty-fourth section of the “ Declaration of Rights,” directed to any and every taking of private property, without regard to the agency or instrumentality through which it may be taken, in these words : “ But private property shall not be taken or applied for public use, unless just compensation be first made therefor.” The property and franchises of corporations, it is declared, are as subject to the right of eminent domain, as is the property of natural persons, but here, as in all other cases, it is declared, just compensation must attend or precede the taking and appropriation. And, again, it is declared by the seventh section of the fourteenth article : “ Municipal and other corporations and individuals, invested with the privilege of taking private property for public use, shall make just compensation for the property taken, injured or destroyed, by the construction or enlargement of its works, highways or improvements, which compensation shall be paid before such taking, injury or destruction.” It is most essential to the preservation of the rights of private property, to the protection of the citizen, and to the preservation of the best interests of the community, that all who are invested with the right of eminent domain, with the extraordinary power of depriving persons, natural or artificial, without their consent, of their property, and its possession and enjoyment, should be kept in the strict line of the authority with which they are clothed, and compelled to implicit obedience to the mandates of the Constitution. A court of equity will intervene to keep them within the line of authority, and to compel obedience to the Constitution, because of the necessity that they should be kept within control, and in subjection to the law, rather than upon the theory that they are trespassers, or that the injury which they are inflicting is irreparable. The owmer of the land has the right to say that, unless they keep within the strict limits prescribed by law, they shall not disturb him in the possession and enjoyment of his property. The power is so capable of abuse, and those who are invested with it are often so prone to its arbitrary and oppressive exercise, that a court of equity, without inquiring whether there is irreparable injury, or injury not susceptible of adequate redress by legal remedies, will intervene for the protection of the owner. And it will intervene, though, as in the present case, the contest may be between two incorporated companies.—Kerr on In junctions, §§ 622 et seq. ; M. W. R. R. Co. v. Owings, 15 Md. 199 ; Bonaparte v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 1 Baldwin 205 ; Commonwealth v. P. & C. R. R. Co., 24 Penn. St. 159.
It is not of importance, therefore, to subject to analysis the [282]*282allegations of the bill, and determine whether irreparable injury, in the sense of that term in a court of equity, is shown by them. If, in this respect, they are too general, the defect would be curable by amendment, and, however available on demurrer, will not support a motion for the dissolution of the injunction. We do not, however, intend resting our decision upon this point. It is affirmatively and distinctly averred that lands of which the complainant was possessed, have been wrongfully taken possession of by the defendants, and are being appropriated to the uses of the defendant corporation, which has not proceeded to their condemnation in the mode prescribed by law, and has not, in obedience to the Constitution, made therefor just compensation.' These facts, of themselves, without regard to any question of irreparable injury, give the court jurisdiction to prevent the further invasion of the property. The necessity for keeping the defendant corporation within the limits of its authority, and for compelling obedience to the Constitution, is apparent; and it is this necessity which is the foundation of the jurisdiction of the court.
The averments of the bill deduce the title of the complainant to the lands, the subject of controversy, wholly from its possession, and from the antecedent possession of its privies or predecessors in estate, so long continued as to be evidence of title. Whether the title was derived originally from the license, or from the conveyance of the owner, or through judicial proceedings to which they were parties, is not averred. The fact of continuous, uninterrupted possession is vouched as the foundation and evidence of the right and title of the complainant. And, in this connection, it must not be overlooked that it is not the track or road-bed of the complainant, nor any of its side-tracks, or other like appurtenances of visible, notorious, continuous use, which form the subject of controversy. Beyond these, though within fifty feet of the centre of the track or road-bed of the complainant, the parcel of land in controversy is situated. The answer is in direct, unequivocal denial of the fact of possession by the complainant at the time of the entry upon, and taking of the land, and in like denial of a prior possession by the complainant, or by its privies or predecessors in estate. And, with equal clearness and distinctness, it affirms that the title and possession resided with other parties, from whom the defendant corporation had a license, or conveyance, under which it entered upon possession, and commenced the appropriation of the lands. The answer, in so far as it is in denial of the possession of the complainant, and of the possession of its predecessors or privies in estate, is direcly responsive to the allegations of the bill, and is in denial of ail the right and title to relief vouched by the complainant. It is [283]*283more than a denial of the right and title of the complainant; it is the assertion of right and title in the defendant corporation, rendering strictly lawful its entry upon, and its possession and appropriation of the lands. Though relief is granted more readily to a land-owner, whose lands are entered upon by a corporation having compulsory powers to take them for its own uses, and.upon a different principle, than in cases of trespass,, waste or nuisances, yet, as in such cases, if the right and title of the party complaining are not clear, or if the whole controversy resolves itself into a naked dispute as to the strength of the legal title, and it be not shown that an action of trespass, or of ejectment will not afford all necessary relief, the court will not intervene by injunction. — 1 High on Inj. § 629; Boulo v. N., M. & T. R. R. Co., 55 Ala. 480. The necessity which induces the intervention of the court springs from the duty of the corporation not to enter upon, and dispossess the true owner, without his consent, or without the course of judicial proceedings, which the statute prescribes, and the payment of just compensation, as demanded by the Constitution. The court will not intervene to quiet titles, or to decide controversies as to the title. There are other and more appropriate remedies and tribunals for the determination of all such controversies. Taking the averments of the answer as true, and, upon this motion, so far as responsive, they must be deemed true, the case does not fall within the principle upon which the court has proceeded in cases of this character. There has been no invasion of the possession or property of the complainant, and the true owners, having possession, to whom only the defendant corporation owed duty, have not been dispossessed without their consent. The observation of the Vice Chancellor, in Webster v. S. L. R. Co., 1 Simons (N. S.), 277 (40 Eng. Ch.), that when the corporation has treated with one in possession, claiming to be the owner, and acquired the right to enter upon, and possess the lands, the court should not interfere, and brevi mamo arrest its operations at the instance of a third person, of whose claim and title the corporation had not notice, has a direct application to the case. If, in such a case, the court interferred, there is much of reason to apprehend that often it would do as great injury, as that which it is solicitous to avert. A temporary injunction could and would not infrequently be sought for the purpose of pressing the corporation into a compromise, or into terms with parties, who, it could' show eventually, were without a right to relief, to whom no wrong had been done.
The general rule is well settled, that if a verified ansvrer fully and unequivocally denies the material allegations upon which the equities of the bill depend, a temporary injunction. [284]*284will be dissolved. The rule is of more inflexible application to bills enjoining proceedings in courts of common law, than to special injunctions for the prevention of the invasion of property, or of irreparable injury.! In cases of special injunctions, though the answer may be in ’direct negation of the equity of the bill, the court exercises a sound judicial discretion, and will retain the injunction, if it be clear that greater injury will result to the complainant from its dissolution, than will result to the defendant from its continuance to the final hearing. Bibb v. Shackelford, 38 Ala. 611; Chambers v. Ala. Iron Co., 67 Ala. 353; 2 High on Inj. §§ 1508 et seq. Upon this point there does not seem to us any real difficulty in the ease. The-right of the defendant corporation to take the lands, if necessary to the construction of its railway, by appropriate judicial proceedings, upon making just compensation, if they prove eventually to be the property of the defendant corporation, can not be doubted. The property and franchises of a corporation may be taken for public uses, equally with the property of the citizen.—A. & F. R. R. Co. v. Kenney, 39 Ala. 307. And now the Constitution forbids the abridgment in this respect of the right of eminent domain. The grievance or in jury which the complainant may suffer from a dissolution of the injunction is temporary, if eventually it proves tobe the owner of the lands; there is only delay in making just, compensation. But if the injunction be continued, the defendant corporation hindered and delayed in the construction of its railway, adequate pecuniary compensation in damages is not practicable; and the public, having an interest in the construction of the railway, will be subjected to inconvenience. Weighing, then, all considerations which it is proper to indulge in determining whether the injunction shall be dissolved, or shall be continued, the preponderance favors a dissolution; there is less of injury and inconvenience to the parties, than would result from its continuance. There is no question of the ability of the defendant corporation to make just compensation to the complainant, and the only possible injury which can result to the complainant is delay in receiving the compensation.
The decree of the chancellor must be reversed, a decree here rendered dissolving the injunction, and the cause remanded.