RIPPLE, Circuit Judge.
e360 Insight, LLC, and David Linhardt (collectively, “e360”) brought this action in the Cook County Circuit Court, alleging various tort claims against The Spamhaus Project (“Spamhaus”). Spamhaus removed the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Spamhaus answered the complaint and then, one month later, in open court, moved to withdraw its answer. The court granted that motion, as well as a motion by Spamhaus’ counsel to withdraw. Because Spamhaus had elected not to defend the action, the court also entered a default, issued a preliminary injunction and requested evidence from e360 to support a default judgment against Spamhaus. Upon receiving e360’s response, the court entered judgment, awarding to e360 $11,715,000 in damages, plus costs, and a permanent injunction. Spamhaus, then represented by new counsel, challenged the judgment in a Rule 60(b) motion to the district court. That motion was denied. Spamhaus timely appeals both the default judgment and the district court’s denial of its Rule 60(b) motion. For the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm the entry of a default judgment, but vacate the award of damages and injunctive relief and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
Spamhaus is a non-profit company limited by guarantee and organized under the laws of the United Kingdom. It is an internet watchdog group in the business of identifying and blocking internet “spam,” or unsolicited bulk e-mail. In that capacity, it maintains the “Register Of Known Spam Operations” (“ROKSO”), a “3 strikes list” for internet users it believes are responsible for creating and distributing spam messages. R.l, Ex. A at 4. Through the ROKSO, Spamhaus publishes a sort of blacklist of persons or businesses that have been thrown off a minimum of three internet service providers (“ISPs”) for violating the terms of use of the ISP; Spam-haus classifies persons or entities who have had at least “three strikes” as “spammers.” Although the process is not entirely clear from the record, it appears that ISPs can access Spamhaus’ ROKSO list (either directly or through the use of other anti-spam databases into which the ROK-SO is integrated); if an ISP then elects, it can employ the ROKSO as part of its own screening process for incoming messages directed to its customers — its “spam filter.” That is, an ISP could see that a particular internet protocol (“IP”) address had been marked as a spammer on Spam-haus’ ROKSO and then, as a result, might refuse to allow a message sent from that IP address to reach the e-mail’s intended recipient.
e360 is an internet marketing company operated by David Linhardt out of Wheeling, Illinois. e360 maintains that, at the time it was listed on the ROKSO, it never had been excluded by an ISP. It also claims that it operates in accordance with ISP terms of use and within all applicable laws. e360 uses e-mail to market products
for other businesses. The value of its service to the businesses it represents lies in its ability to reach potential individual customers for those businesses via e-mail.
In December 2003, Spamhaus placed e360 Insight, LLC, and Mr. Linhardt on the ROKSO list. e360 claims that it contacted Spamhaus to inform it that a mistake had been made, but nevertheless it remains on the ROKSO list. e360 also claims that Spamhaus cross-lists businesses who partner with companies and individuals on the ROKSO list and refuses to remove these partners from the blacklist until they terminate their relationship with the primary spammer on the ROKSO list.
B. District Court Proceedings
e360 brought this action in state court, claiming that Spamhaus was liable in tort for losses e360 suffered as a result of its placement on the ROKSO. Specifically, the complaint alleged that Spamhaus’ placing e360 on the ROKSO list amounted to tortious interference with contractual relations, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, defamation per se and defamation quod. It sought compensatory and punitive damages, as well as an injunction requiring Spamhaus both to remove e360 from the list and to place a notice on the Spamhaus website that e360 had been included on the ROKSO list in error.
Spamhaus removed the case to the district court on the basis of diversity of citizenship. Spamhaus then answered the complaint on July 21, 2006. In that answer, it denied many of e360’s allegations and asserted fourteen affirmative defenses. Among those defenses were lack of personal jurisdiction, insufficient process and insufficient service of process. R.6 at 8.
On August 23, 2006, counsel for both sides appeared before the district court at a status call. The court began addressing the issue of diversity of citizenship when then-counsel for Spamhaus interrupted the court and the following exchange ensued:
MR. BROWN [then-counsel for Spam-haus]: Your Honor, if I may, before we get too far down what we are talking about here today, I have been authorized by my client to do precisely two things here this morning; and, I do acknowledge that it is a bit of an unconventional maneuver. My client wants to—
THE COURT: You represent who?
MR. BROWN: The defendant—
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. BROWN: Spamhaus.
And my client wants to participate in the defense no further.
I am not authorized to do anything more today than to ask this Court that the answer be withdrawn; and, then, once we hear from this Court on that, to get a ruling on our motion to withdraw as counsel.
[the Court engages counsel for the plaintiffs.]
THE COURT: All right.
Do you know whether your client has another law firm in hand or what their position is?
MR. BROWN: My position — or my understanding — from them is that they want to do absolutely nothing.
So, I don’t know for certain—
THE COURT: Do they want to lose?
I mean, that is what is on the horizon if they want to do nothing. You have to defend the case.
MR. BROWN: They have been fully informed of the fact that the default judgment is a real possibility. And they are aware of that and are prepared to take that risk.
[exchange regarding motion to withdraw as counsel] THE COURT: Okay.
Here is what we are going to do. I am going to give you leave to withdraw the answer; I am going to give you leave to withdraw; and, in light of the fact that your client is aware of that— and, apparently, has sent no one here to disagree with the request to withdraw; and, I assume you told them it was a dead- — bang certainty that default is going to be entered without any resistance to the lawsuit — I am going to enter a default order today.
[court reinstates TRO entered in state court]
THE COURT: [granting the motion to withdraw as counsel]
And I will ask you, as your, if not your final act, at least approaching finality, to let you[r] client know what happened this morning. And tell them it is not just a risk that they will lose the case, but it is a dead-bang certainty. And the first step has been undertaken with the entry of a default.
But no judgment, just a default. Okay?
R.56-1 at 2-3, 6-7.
A week later, e360 filed a motion for a default judgment, supported by an affidavit from Mr. Linhardt that stated the amounts in which he believed his business had been harmed by being placed on the ROKSO. On September 13, 2006, the district court entered judgment and awarded the full amount of compensatory damages stated in Mr. Linhardt’s affidavit, $11,715,000.00, as well as $1,917.50 in costs. It denied attorney’s fees and punitive damages. The court also entered a permanent injunction, the details of which we shall examine shortly.
Spamhaus filed a timely Rule 60(b) motion to vacate the default and the default judgment. At the hearing on that motion, new counsel for Spamhaus articulated several bases for the motion. First, Spam-haus reasserted its challenge to “the fundamental power of the Court to exercise jurisdiction for default or other purposes over a UK-based Internet company.” R.56-4 at 7. According to Spamhaus, that defense could be “independently raise[d], [and] ha[d] nothing to do with whether the attorney appeared ... or not. Because when they did appear, they properly asserted these defenses.”
Id.
at 7. Spam-haus also advised the district court that it had received conflicting legal advice and that its instruction that prior counsel withdraw was based on a misunderstanding of the applicable law. Finally, Spamhaus raised various objections to the propriety of the specific relief awarded. The district court gave the following response:
I do not think there was anything unknowing or unintentional about the decision made not to defend this case once it got over here at some point....
... [T]he idea that Rule 60 accommodates at least what may have seemed at the time an intelligent decision — and an intentional one — should be used to reopen the consequence of the decision, knowingly made, I am not sure that is what Rule 60 is about.
Secondly, yes, we do have to have jurisdiction over subject matter, as well as the person or presence of a defendant in the first instance. There is no question about that.
That was apparently, you say, pressed by way of an affirmative defense — or, at least, it was suggested as an affirmative defense, but not pressed.
We do not undertake to take one side of a case and look for, as meticulously as we can, for holes in the conduct of the party seeking some relief because the
other side has failed to defend this case, or at least chose to abandon the defense of the case.
So, I think it would be unfair to the plaintiff at this point to, if you will, pretend as if none of these things took place before; no opportunity to defend this case; no decision made to knowingly abandon the defense; and, then, start over and give somebody a brand new track.
Id.
at 8-10. Although briefing was requested by Spamhaus, the court immediately denied the motion.
Spamhaus timely appealed both the entry of default judgment and the denial of its Rule 60(b) motion to vacate that judgment.
II
DISCUSSION
Spamhaus raises many challenges to the district court’s entry of default judgment, the character of the relief awarded and the failure of the court to grant its Rule 60(b) motion and to reopen for factual development certain of the issues decided in the default. Specifically, Spamhaus challenges the district court’s authority to enter a default judgment without affirmatively inquiring into the factual basis for personal jurisdiction and effective service. Spam-haus also claims that it may assert lack of jurisdiction and improper service in this court and be relieved of the default judgment. On the question of the specific relief awarded, Spamhaus challenges the district court’s calculation of damages based on Mr. Linhardt’s affidavit alone. It also challenges the grant of injunctive relief and claims that, as written, the injunction violates the First Amendment and is over-broad.
A. Validity of the Default
We review both the district court’s decision to enter a default judgment and the denial of a motion to vacate the judgment for an abuse of discretion.
Homer v. Jones-Bey,
415 F.3d 748, 753 (7th Cir.2005).
1. Personal Jurisdiction and Service
Default judgments rendered without personal jurisdiction are void and, therefore, we shall “set aside a default judgment as a
per se
abuse of discretion if the district court that entered the judgment lacked jurisdiction.”
Swaim v. Moltan Co.,
73 F.3d 711, 716 (7th Cir.1996);
see also Homer,
415 F.3d at 753;
Robinson Eng’g Co. Pension Plan & Trust v. George,
223 F.3d 445, 448 (7th Cir.2000);
Bally Export Corp. v. Balicar, Ltd.,
804 F.2d 398, 400 (7th Cir.1986).
In support of its argument that the judgment is void, Spamhaus contends that the district court abused its discretion in entering judgment without
first
conducting an affirmative inquiry into whether it had personal jurisdiction over Spamhaus and whether service of process was effected in compliance with applicable rules. Spam-haus concedes that this court has not imposed an affirmative duty on the district court to inquire into the factual bases for jurisdiction or service prior to entering a default. Instead, at oral argument, Spam-haus asked this court to craft a special rule, applicable in cases involving a foreign, not-for-profit, internet-based defendant. Such a rule is justified, claims Spamhaus, by the emerging jurisprudence
on internet-based entities and personal jurisdiction and by a series of other cases in which other courts have imposed such a duty in cases involving foreign defendants.
The cases on which Spamhaus relies involve foreign defendants who had not appeared in the action.
See Dennis Garberg & Assocs., Inc. v. Pack-Tech Int’l Corp.,
115 F.3d 767, 772 (10th Cir.1997) (“[A] district court must determine whether it has jurisdiction over the defendant before entering judgment by default against a party
who has not appeared
in the case.” (emphasis added)). We need not decide whether we would impose the same rule on district courts in this circuit if faced with that situation because it is not the one we face here: Spamhaus removed the case, actually appeared through counsel in federal court and filed an answer specifically challenging personal jurisdiction.
We see no reason to require the district court to raise sua sponte affirmative defenses, which may, of course, be waived or forfeited, on behalf of an appearing party who elects not to pursue those defenses for itself.
See TruServ Corp. v. Flegles, Inc.,
419 F.3d 584, 589 (7th Cir.2005) (noting that personal jurisdiction may be waived). For similar reasons, we do not believe that the district court was obligated to consider the validity of the judgment on jurisdictional grounds in its ruling on the Rule 60(b) motion. Nor do we see any reason why this court should reexamine the issue of personal jurisdiction. We acknowledge that under Rule 60(b)(4), a party generally may challenge a default judgment as void for lack of personal jurisdiction at any time.
See Swaim,
73 F.3d at 717 (noting that this rule “recognizes that it is unfair to strip parties of a defense that may explain the omission that is potentially the basis for judgment against them”). However, that general rule does not preserve in perpetuity a party’s claim regarding personal jurisdiction, regardless of any strategy it pursues in the district court.
As is clear from its oral ruling on Spam-haus’ 60(b) motion, the district court interpreted its conduct preceding default as a waiver of the previously asserted defenses.
See
R.56-4 at 10 (noting that the court would not “pretend as if none of these things took place ... [and there had been] no opportunity to defend this ease[,] no decision made to knowingly abandon the defense”);
id.
at 8-9 (“[T]he idea that Rule 60 accommodates at least what may have seemed at the time an intelligent decision- — -and an intentional one — should be used to reopen the consequence of the decision, knowingly made, I am not sure that is what Rule 60 is about.... [Spam-haus] chose to abandon the defense of the case.”). We review the factual determinations upon which a district court predicates a finding of waiver for clear error and the legal question of whether the conduct amounts to waiver de novo.
Ernst & Young LLP v. Baker O’Neal Holdings, Inc.,
304 F.3d 753, 756 (7th Cir.2002).
We perceive no error in the district court’s conclusion that Spamhaus intentionally elected to abandon its available defenses when it withdrew those defenses from consideration by the court and indicated that it was prepared to accept a default. Spamhaus’ then-counsel confirmed that it wished to “participate in the defense no further” and “do absolutely nothing.”
See
R.56-1 at 3, 5. It was not erroneous to treat this kind of voluntary abandonment of defenses, raised but not pursued, as a waiver.
See Johnson v. Zerbst,
304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938);
Trs. of Cent Laborers’ Welfare Fund v. Lowery,
924 F.2d 731, 732-33 (7th Cir.1991) (noting that courts have recognized “privileged defenses referred to in Rule 12(h)(l)[ ] may be waived by ‘formal submission in a cause, or by submission through conduct,’ ” even before an answer is filed (quoting
Marcial Ucin, S.A. v. SS Galicia,
723 F.2d 994, 996-97 (1st Cir.1983))). Based on its conduct before the court, we have no doubt that Spamhaus understood the defenses available to it, consistently asserted those defenses in the early stages of those proceedings and then affirmatively elected to abandon those defenses before the district court. We see no reason to allow Spam-haus to escape the consequences of that decision in the later stages of this proceeding.
2. Notice of the Default Judgment
Spamhaus also claims that the default judgment entered was invalid because Spamhaus was not served with the written notice of the application for a default judgment as provided by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2)
and in a manner approved by Rule 5. Our review of the sufficiency of service of notice of a motion for a default judgment is de novo.
Homer,
415 F.3d at 753. Spamhaus requests a remand to determine whether, as a factual matter, service was proper.
A certificate of service attached to the motion for default and signed by an attorney for e360 states that service of the motion was effected in three ways: (1) electronic filing with the clerk of the court, “which will send notification of such filing” to listed attorneys with the firm that formerly represented Spamhaus; (2) “Federal Express via International Priority”; and (3) “eaus[ing] to be hand delivered” to the Spamhaus Project. R.20 at 6. Under Lo
cal Rule 5.5(a)(1), this certification made by an attorney of record qualifies as proof of service. Accordingly, the remaining question is whether any of these methods of service was acceptable under Rule 5 of the Federal Rules.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5 lists the acceptable methods of service of process under the Federal Rules. Included among the acceptable forms of service is:
(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:
(i) handing it to the person;
(ii) leaving it at the person’s office with a clerk or other person in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in a conspicuous place in the office; or (in) if the person has no office or the office is closed, leaving it at the person’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion residing there.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 5(b)(2)(A). In-hand delivery is, therefore, a specifically approved method of service under the Rules. Spamhaus’ conclusory allegation that “no authorized representative of Spamhaus has ever been properly served with in-hand delivery of any document,” Appellant’s Br. at 17, without more, does not defeat the proof of service provided to the district court, nor does it require this court to remand to allow further factual development in the face of a certificate of service by an officer of the court. Nor has Spamhaus cited any precedent in support of its contention that the record must contain more specific evidence “demonstrating how ... service was purportedly perfected.”
Id.
at 16-17.
Moreover, although a party is not required to file a Rule 60(b) motion in the district court to raise challenges to the entry of a default judgment, this court has recognized that when a party does so, the failure to raise certain defenses specifically may waive those defenses for purposes of appeal of the underlying judgment.
See Swaim,
73 F.3d at 718-19. Although our cases applying this rule have dealt with issues of personal jurisdiction, service to bring a party into the action and capacity to be sued,
id.,
the logic employed in those cases applies with equal force to the particular defense of failure of notice under Rule 55(b). In each case, the request made on appeal from the underlying default judgment is that we remand for factual findings that would justify relief from the judgment because the district court has the special competence to make those findings of fact.
See id.
Sensibly, then, when a party chooses to move for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b) in the district court, that party should raise those defenses which require factual development that it anticipates raising in an appeal taken from the underlying judgment. As we stated in
Swaim v. Moltan Co.,
73 F.3d 711 (7th Cir.1996), this approach
promotes the twin concerns of juridical efficiency and respect for the unique factfinding capability of a district court.... This is not to deny our jurisdiction to entertain a direct appeal from a default judgment,
see
28 U.S.C. § 1291, but when a party chooses to utilize the attention and limited resources of a district court in a motion under Rule 60(b), we think it just and proper that it be required to put before the district court whatever infirmities support setting aside the default judgment. This brings to bear the district court’s factfinding function and unique knowledge of the case and maintains the court of appeals’ role as a forum for resolving disputed questions of law — not fact.
Id.
at 719. In its 60(b) motion in this case, Spamhaus never asserted that e360 had failed to comply with the notice requirements of Rule 55 and that this failure
justified relief from judgment. Its only-contention regarding service of process was a failure of service to bring it into the case, in connection with its argument that the district court lacked in personam jurisdiction. Spamhaus now seeks an opportunity to offer countervailing proof on the issue of service of the motion for default judgment; that is an argument that Spam-haus should have addressed to the district court in the first instance when, as here, a Rule 60(b) motion challenging the default judgment also was filed.
Because the jurisdictional challenges Spamhaus now seeks to raise have been waived and neither the district court nor this court has the duty to resurrect them, the district court did not abuse its discretion in entering judgment of liability nor in denying the motion for Rule 60(b) relief. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment on liability.
B. Remedial Issues
Spamhaus asserts that the district court erred in entering judgment in an amount of more than $11 million on the basis of Mr. Linhardt’s affidavit alone. It also cites a host of objections to the district court’s entry of injunctive relief. We consider each of its objections in turn.
1. Damages
As we have noted, at the hearing in which Spamhaus withdrew its answer and prior counsel withdrew their appearance, the district court informed e360 that it would be required to prove up its damages. At minimum, according to the court, the affidavit of a knowledgeable person would be required. In response, e360 filed a formal motion for default judgment and attached Mr. Linhardt’s affidavit. In his affidavit, Mr. Linhardt stated that e360 had lost “actual and pending contracts,” the value of which he had calculated to be $2,465,000. R.20, Ex. A at 6. He further stated that he had lost “numerous opportunities to obtain future work” and that he had calculated “the lost value of the business as a result of the inability to monetize the revenue potential from the company and in the lost enterprise value to be at least $9,250,000.”
Id.
He then provided a cursory statement of his calculation of the lost value to his enterprise. On the basis of this evidence, the district court entered judgment for compensatory damages in the full amount requested, more than $11 million.
Generally, this court will not reverse a damages award in a default judgment unless it is clearly excessive.
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Corp. v. Narayan,
908 F.2d 246, 253 (7th Cir.1990). A default judgment establishes, as a matter of law, that defendants are liable to plaintiff on each cause of action alleged in the complaint.
United States v. Di Mucci,
879 F.2d 1488, 1497 (7th Cir.1989). We also have stated, however, that,
[e]ven when a default judgment is warranted based on a party’s failure to defend, the allegations in the complaint with respect to the amount of the damages are not deemed true. The district court must instead conduct an inquiry in order to ascertain the amount of damages with reasonable certainty.
In re Catt,
368 F.3d 789, 793 (7th Cir.2004) (citing
Credit Lyonnais Sec. (USA), Inc. v. Alcantara,
183 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir.1999)). Under the law of this circuit, judgment by default may not be entered without a hearing on damages unless “the amount claimed is liquidated or capable of ascertainment from definite figures contained in the documentary evidence or in detailed affidavits.”
Dundee Cement Co. v. Howard Pipe & Concrete Prods., Inc.,
722 F.2d 1319, 1323 (7th Cir.1983) (collecting authority).
Mr. Linhardt’s affidavit is a conclu-sory statement of the lost value of his business, based largely on his calculations of lost future profits. It provides a list of businesses involved in “actual and pending contracts” and a total calculation of his calculation of loss, but says nothing about the status of his relationship with those businesses before e360 was listed on the ROKSO. That is, the affidavit claims profit loss in absolute numbers, but provides no information whatsoever to support a finding that such future profits were certain prior to Spamhaus’ act. Particularly given the difficulties that Illinois courts have acknowledged in proving non-speculative amounts of lost future profits,
see, e.g., SK Hand Tool Corp. v. Dresser Indus., Inc.,
284 Ill.App.3d 417, 219 Ill.Dec. 833, 672 N.E.2d 341, 348 (1996);
see also TAS Distrib. Co. v. Cummins Engine Co.,
491 F.3d 625, 632-34 (7th Cir.2007) (collecting Illinois authority on the difficulty of proving lost future profits as damages), this affidavit alone cannot provide the requisite “reasonable certainty” for a damages award without the necessity of a hearing.
We therefore vacate the damages award and remand to the district court for a more extensive inquiry into the damages to which e360 is entitled.
2. Injunctive Relief
Spamhaus also raises a number of challenges to the district court’s entry of a permanent injunction. Under the terms of the injunction, Spamhaus is prohibited from (1) “takfing] any action to cause email sent by Plaintiffs or their affiliates, subsidiaries, or related companies owned or controlled by Plaintiffs to be blocked, delayed, altered, or interrupted in any way, (including, without limitation, by listing Plaintiffs [sic] on Spamhaus’ ROKSO list ...) unless Spamhaus can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that Plaintiffs have violated relevant United States law”; (2) listing other networks owned or operated by e360 as spammers without demonstrating that the clear and convincing standard had been met; and (3) contacting “any customers or suppliers” of e360 “in efforts to cause said customers or suppliers to cease doing business” with e360 or to “allege or assert that Plaintiffs are spammers or other like term.” R.24 at 2. The injunction also requires that Spamhaus post a notice on its website that e360 was erroneously listed as a spammer and that it is not a spammer. The language of this notice was to be approved by e360, was to occupy a one inch by one inch space on the website and was to remain in place for six months.
See id.
We review the court’s entry of a permanent injunction for an abuse of discretion.
eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.,
— U.S. -, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 1839, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006).
a.
First, Spamhaus contends that the district court’s entry of a permanent injunction should be vacated because the court never considered whether injunctive relief was appropriate and, in its order granting such relief, failed to comply with Rule 65 in setting forth reasons for its issuance.
See
Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(d).
As we already have stated, although a default judgment establishes liability, it does not answer whether any particular remedy is appropriate.
See Di Mucci
879 F.2d at 1497 (“Because ... liability was established by default, the law in this circuit indicates that in a case such as this,
an evidentiary hearing may be required to establish what type of relief is necessary.”
(emphasis added)). This principle applies with equal if not greater force in the context of equitable relief, for which the law imposes a requirement that the party seeking the injunction demonstrate the inadequacy of legal relief.
See Walgreen Co. v. Sara Creek Property Co., B.V.,
966 F.2d 273, 275 (7th Cir.1992) (“The plaintiff who seeks an injunction has the burden of persuasion — damages are the norm, so the plaintiff must show why his case is abnormal .... [W]hen, as in this case, the issue is whether to grant a permanent injunction ... the burden is to show that damages are inadequate....”).
The district court concluded that e360’s success by default and the failure of Spam-haus to interpose objections to relief simply entitled e360 to a permanent injunction. We conclude that a more substantial inquiry by the district court was necessary prior to the entry of equitable relief.
See eBay,
126 S.Ct. at 1839 (“According to well-established principles of equity, a plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must satisfy a four-factor test before a court may grant such relief. A plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.”);
see also
Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(d) (“Every order granting an injunction and every restraining order shall set forth the reasons for its issuance.... ”). Absent some statement explaining the necessity of in-junctive relief, we are hampered in our review of the district court’s exercise of its equitable powers.
See United States v. Jordan,
485 F.3d 982, 985 (7th Cir.2007) (noting that, for the Court of Appeals to exercise properly its review function over a discretionary determination, “the record should reflect an exercise of discretion based on the evidence and the applicable legal standard”);
United States v. Cunningham,
429 F.3d 673, 679 (7th Cir.2005) (“[Wjhenever a district judge is required to make a discretionary ruling that is subject to appellate review, we have to satisfy ourselves, before we can conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion, that he exercised his discretion, that is, that he considered the factors relevant to that exercise.”).
The proceedings leading to the entry of the injunction were deficient, and, therefore, remand is necessary for the district court to consider the propriety of any injunctive relief.
b.
As currently written, the injunction suffers from independent legal infirmities. It fails to comply with “the rule requiring courts to tailor injunctive relief to the scope of the violation found.”
Nat’l Org.
for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler,
396 F.3d 807, 817 (7th Cir.2005),
rev’d on other grounds,
547 U.S. 9, 23, 126 S.Ct. 1264, 164 L.Ed.2d 10 (2006). On its face, the relief awarded does not bear a legitimate relationship to the facts necessary to support the entry of a default judgment.
In our evaluation of the injunction, we are mindful that it followed a default judgment, and, therefore, we take as true the facts of the complaint.
See Black v. Lane,
22 F.3d 1395, 1399 (7th Cir.1994). In this case, the facts upon which the judgment is supported demonstrate only that at the time that Spamhaus
initially
posted that e360 was a “spammer” — the posting upon which the cause of action was based — the posting was false. That the label was false when originally posted does not mean that, applying Spamhaus’ generally applicable criteria for determining what a spammer is, e360 ought to be given a free pass for all time. Rather, it simply means that, whatever the initial factual basis Spam-haus had used to list e360 on the ROKSO, Spamhaus may not rely on that basis in the future. If Spamhaus were to discover additional evidence that e360 meets the ROKSO criteria and subsequently were to place e360 on the ROKSO on the basis of that new evidence, Spamhaus would be entitled to a separate judicial determination that this
new
label is in fact false and that it is liable for defamation. An injunction that bars Spamhaus from referring to e360 as a spammer prospectively, without taking account of the actual grounds for liability in this action, is not tailored to the scope of the violation. For the same reason, the injunction’s requirement that Spamhaus post notice to the effect that e360
is not
a spammer cannot be sustained. Whether e360
is now
a spammer is not a fact determined by the default judgment. The fact determined by the judgment is that e360
was not
a spammer when Spamhaus so identified it on the date of the action giving rise to the complaint.
The injunction as written would allow Spamhaus, under certain circumstances, to place e360 on the ROKSO in the future. Those circumstances, however, are an insufficient answer to the overbreadth of the injunction because they too bear no reasonable relationship to the facts of liability. Specifically, the injunction states that Spamhaus may designate e360 as a spammer if Spamhaus can demonstrate by “clear and convincing evidence” that e360 has violated “United States law.” According to the complaint, however, Spamhaus lists entities on the ROKSO for violating ISP terms of use, not “United States law.” The complaint does not allege that Spam-haus defamed e360 by claiming that e360 operated in violation of law. The facts supporting the default judgment, therefore, show only that e360 improperly was listed as a “spammer” by Spamhaus, applying Spamhaus’ own criteria. There is no basis in the judgment for an injunction that modifies Spamhaus’ generally applicable criteria for determining what entities qualify as spammers. Moreover, the injunction places the burden on Spamhaus to prove the legitimacy of future statements through the lens of the clear and convincing standard; this formulation effectively presumes that Spamhaus’ future conduct is tortious before there has been any opportunity for an appropriate judicial inquiry.
Finally, although we decline to address them fully in the context of this injunction that we already have determined cannot stand, we note that there are sensitive First Amendment issues presented in the context of permanent injunctions in defamation actions.
See generally
Erwin Chemerinsky,
Injunctions in Defamation Cases,
57 Syracuse L.Rev. 157 (2007) (arguing from tradition and precedent that permanent injunctive relief should never
be available as a remedy in a defamation action). “[Permanent
injunctions
— ie., court orders that actually forbid speech activities — are classic examples of prior restraints.”
Alexander v. United States,
509 U.S. 544, 550, 113 S.Ct. 2766, 125 L.Ed.2d 441 (1993);
see also United States v. Raymond,
228 F.3d 804, 815 (7th Cir.2000). Accordingly, “[t]he usual rule is that ‘equity does not enjoin a libel or slander and that the only remedy for defamation is an action for damages.’ ”
Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Pierce,
814 F.2d 663, 672 (D.C.Cir.1987) (quoting
Kukatush Mining Corp. v. SEC,
198 F.Supp. 508, 510-11 (D.D.C.1961)). We have not addressed squarely the availability of injunctive relief in defamation cases. Although the Supreme Court recently granted certiorari to address the question in the context of public figures in
Tory v. Cochran,
544 U.S. 734, 125 S.Ct. 2108, 161 L.Ed.2d 1042 (2005), the Court ultimately vacated the injunction in that case on ground of over-breadth, as we do here. Following the Court’s approach, we vacate the injunction as written and express no opinion on the constitutional validity of any new, narrowed injunctive relief the district court might think appropriate after considering all of the relevant factors.
Id.
at 738-39, 125 S.Ct. 2108;
see also American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Roth,
485 F.3d 930, 934 (7th Cir.2007) (noting, after holding an injunction overbroad, that “rather than try to work out the details of a proper injunction,” we should “remand the case to the district court for the entry of a better-drafted injunction”).
Conclusion
The district court’s conclusion that issues of jurisdiction and service of process were waived by Spamhaus’ conduct preceding the entry of the default judgment is not clearly erroneous. We therefore affirm the judgment as to liability and the denial of the motion for relief under Rule 60(b). We further conclude, however, that the district court failed to undertake an inquiry into the proof of damages and the necessity of injunctive relief and issued an injunction that is overbroad. We affirm the entry of a judgment of default. We vacate, however, that portion of the court’s order granting e360’s requests for relief and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. The parties shall bear their own costs in this court.
Affirmed in part; Vacated and Remanded in part