Clarke, J.:
December 20, 1910, in an action brought by the plaintiff against one Robert Loonen for conversion, an order of arrest was granted and Loonen was taken into custody. On said day, [25]*25as bail, the defendant executed a written undertaking pursuant to section 575 of the Code of Civil Procedure and undertook in the sum of $1,000 that the said Loonen should at all times render himself amenable to any mandate which might be issued to enforce a final judgment against him in the said action.
Loonen was discharged from arrest on said bond. On December 5, 1913, judgment in said action was duly given against Loonen for $1,842. Thereafter executions against his property and person were returned unsatisfied. This action is on said undertaking.
The claim made by the appellant is that Loonen being indebted to plaintiff in the sum of about $18,000 in addition to the amount involved in the action in which the order of arrest was issued, plaintiff consented and induced Loonen to leave New York and go to Paris for the purpose of raising money to settle this indebtedness. Loonen testified, upon- deposition, that he left New York after the issuance of the order of arrest between the 20th and 25th of January, 1911; that he had talked over matters with plaintiff, in reference to leaving New York, a number of times, everywhere they met during January, 1911. It was conceded that Mr. Guggenheimer was plaintiff’s attorney and was fully authorized to act for him in his business relations with Loonen. Loonen further testified that he had seen Mr. Guggenheimer pretty often, in his office, and they talked very freely, perhaps ten to twenty times of his intended departure to Europe; that on one or more occasions either Mr. Manning or Mr. Buchler or Mr. Levy was there; that as they were all interested in a syndicate they met so often, every day, that he could not remember details for certain; that prior to his departure for Europe he stated to Mr. Guggenheimer that he was anxious to go to Paris to raise funds for the payment of moneys due to plaintiff and others, but inasmuch as he had been arrested once he was unwilling to leave the United States unless assured that no affirmative objection would be interposed by Mr. Guggenheimer; that between the 9th of January, 1914, and the 28th of January, 1914, when the execution against his person was returned, he was in France.
Mr. Levy testified that he was one of the attorneys representing Loonen. The attorney of record was William P. [26]*26"Buchler, his partner. On the 17th or 18th or 19th of January, 1911, he ’phoned Mr. Guggenheimer and told him that Mr. Loonen had informed him that he had been negotiating with Mr. Guggenheimer to settle the financial difficulties between Mr. Loonen and plaintiff, and that Mr. Loonen had informed him that the • terms had been arranged and that before the matter was closed he would like to speak to Mr. Guggenheimer personally. On the nineteenth of January witness called at Mr. Guggenheimer’s office and told him “ that we would all be very much pleased to see these’difficulties settled, that we had had considerable trouble with Mr. Loonen and his affairs and we would do everything we possibly could to assist in a settlement, but that Mr. Buchler, my partner, had signed an indemnity agreement with the Federal Union Surety Company in order to procure this bond of $1,000 for Mr. Loonen and that Mr. Loonen had informed me and I knew, that in order to raise the funds to make the settlement he would have to go to Paris, where he resided, where his father who is reputed to be a wealthy man resided, and his brother. * * * That we did not like the idea of Mr. Loonen leaving New York being on that bond and really being his attorneys — to assume that responsibility for the purpose of effecting this settlement, unless we could feel secured that we would be released from any question that might arise on the bond' if Mr. Loonen saw fit not to return. He said: What do you want to do about it?’ Mr. Guggenheimer said: I am writing letters which you will receive, written letters addressed to Mr. Loonen. These terms will cover all of the negotiations that we have had. ’ I said: Well, will you in addition to that give us some writing which will warrant us in consenting to Mr. Loonen going to Paris because if we thought there was going to be any question about it we would not permit him to go.’ He said: ‘ What do you want ? ’ I suggested then writing a letter. Mr. Guggenheimer said: All right, I will write a letter consenting to Mr. Loonen’s departure, so that you need not he concerned about it. ’ ” He further testified that after this conversation with Mr. Guggenheimer he received from Loonen three letters from Mr. Guggenheimer. These were offered in evidence and excluded. It was after the receipt of these letters that Mr. Loonen left [27]*27New York and never thereafter returned within the jurisdiction of the court. The first letter, defendant’s exhibit “A” for identification, dated January 19, 1911, addressed to Mr. Loonen, states: “ My dear Sir: I am authorized by Mr. Ducas to say that he has no objection to your proceeding to Paris, it being understood that your visit is for the purpose of arranging your affairs in such shape as to enable you to finally adjust such differences as exist between you and Mr. Ducas on or before February 15th, 1911.”
The second letter, defendant’s exhibit “ B ” for identification, is dated on the same day and also addressed to Mr. Loonen: “ My dear Sir: I beg to advise you that the total amount due by you to Mr. Ducas is $18,354. Upon payment of this amount on or before February 15, 1911, with interest to date of payment on $12,354, Mr. Ducas will discontinue any proceedings pending, and cancel all claims upon any collateral held by him. Mr. Ducas will also deliver to you a general release. The above is intended to include the delivery by Mr. Ducas of a release of any claim which he may have upon the Simplicia patents which were heretofore assigned to him as collateral security.”
The third letter, defendant’s exhibit ‘ 0 ” for identification, is of the same date, referred to the letter bearing even date, and by way of explanation thereof proceeded to state in detail the arrangement agreed upon for a general settlement between the plaintiff and Mr. Loonen, and generally recounted their business arrangements.
Defendant also attempted to prove that prior to the receipt of said letter Mr. Buchler had refused to permit Mr. Loonen to leave the jurisdiction and had threatened to surrender him, and that after their receipt had withdrawn his objection. This was excluded.
We think it was error to exclude the letters offered in evidence.
Exhibits “B ” and “ G ” tend to show that Loonen was indebted to the plaintiff in large sums, outside of that represented by the action on which the order of arrest had been issued, and are apparently the culmination of negotiations had for the purpose of a general settlement, and so corroborate the testimony that there were such moneys owing and that such [28]*28negotiations had been had. Exhibit “ A ” corroborates testimony both of Mr. Loonen and Mr. Levy in regard to the knowledge that the plaintiff and his attorney had, and support the claim that Mr. Loonen’s departure from this country was not only consented to by the plaintiff, but induced, in order that he might raise the funds necessary for a full and final settlement of all the business affairs between them.
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Clarke, J.:
December 20, 1910, in an action brought by the plaintiff against one Robert Loonen for conversion, an order of arrest was granted and Loonen was taken into custody. On said day, [25]*25as bail, the defendant executed a written undertaking pursuant to section 575 of the Code of Civil Procedure and undertook in the sum of $1,000 that the said Loonen should at all times render himself amenable to any mandate which might be issued to enforce a final judgment against him in the said action.
Loonen was discharged from arrest on said bond. On December 5, 1913, judgment in said action was duly given against Loonen for $1,842. Thereafter executions against his property and person were returned unsatisfied. This action is on said undertaking.
The claim made by the appellant is that Loonen being indebted to plaintiff in the sum of about $18,000 in addition to the amount involved in the action in which the order of arrest was issued, plaintiff consented and induced Loonen to leave New York and go to Paris for the purpose of raising money to settle this indebtedness. Loonen testified, upon- deposition, that he left New York after the issuance of the order of arrest between the 20th and 25th of January, 1911; that he had talked over matters with plaintiff, in reference to leaving New York, a number of times, everywhere they met during January, 1911. It was conceded that Mr. Guggenheimer was plaintiff’s attorney and was fully authorized to act for him in his business relations with Loonen. Loonen further testified that he had seen Mr. Guggenheimer pretty often, in his office, and they talked very freely, perhaps ten to twenty times of his intended departure to Europe; that on one or more occasions either Mr. Manning or Mr. Buchler or Mr. Levy was there; that as they were all interested in a syndicate they met so often, every day, that he could not remember details for certain; that prior to his departure for Europe he stated to Mr. Guggenheimer that he was anxious to go to Paris to raise funds for the payment of moneys due to plaintiff and others, but inasmuch as he had been arrested once he was unwilling to leave the United States unless assured that no affirmative objection would be interposed by Mr. Guggenheimer; that between the 9th of January, 1914, and the 28th of January, 1914, when the execution against his person was returned, he was in France.
Mr. Levy testified that he was one of the attorneys representing Loonen. The attorney of record was William P. [26]*26"Buchler, his partner. On the 17th or 18th or 19th of January, 1911, he ’phoned Mr. Guggenheimer and told him that Mr. Loonen had informed him that he had been negotiating with Mr. Guggenheimer to settle the financial difficulties between Mr. Loonen and plaintiff, and that Mr. Loonen had informed him that the • terms had been arranged and that before the matter was closed he would like to speak to Mr. Guggenheimer personally. On the nineteenth of January witness called at Mr. Guggenheimer’s office and told him “ that we would all be very much pleased to see these’difficulties settled, that we had had considerable trouble with Mr. Loonen and his affairs and we would do everything we possibly could to assist in a settlement, but that Mr. Buchler, my partner, had signed an indemnity agreement with the Federal Union Surety Company in order to procure this bond of $1,000 for Mr. Loonen and that Mr. Loonen had informed me and I knew, that in order to raise the funds to make the settlement he would have to go to Paris, where he resided, where his father who is reputed to be a wealthy man resided, and his brother. * * * That we did not like the idea of Mr. Loonen leaving New York being on that bond and really being his attorneys — to assume that responsibility for the purpose of effecting this settlement, unless we could feel secured that we would be released from any question that might arise on the bond' if Mr. Loonen saw fit not to return. He said: What do you want to do about it?’ Mr. Guggenheimer said: I am writing letters which you will receive, written letters addressed to Mr. Loonen. These terms will cover all of the negotiations that we have had. ’ I said: Well, will you in addition to that give us some writing which will warrant us in consenting to Mr. Loonen going to Paris because if we thought there was going to be any question about it we would not permit him to go.’ He said: ‘ What do you want ? ’ I suggested then writing a letter. Mr. Guggenheimer said: All right, I will write a letter consenting to Mr. Loonen’s departure, so that you need not he concerned about it. ’ ” He further testified that after this conversation with Mr. Guggenheimer he received from Loonen three letters from Mr. Guggenheimer. These were offered in evidence and excluded. It was after the receipt of these letters that Mr. Loonen left [27]*27New York and never thereafter returned within the jurisdiction of the court. The first letter, defendant’s exhibit “A” for identification, dated January 19, 1911, addressed to Mr. Loonen, states: “ My dear Sir: I am authorized by Mr. Ducas to say that he has no objection to your proceeding to Paris, it being understood that your visit is for the purpose of arranging your affairs in such shape as to enable you to finally adjust such differences as exist between you and Mr. Ducas on or before February 15th, 1911.”
The second letter, defendant’s exhibit “ B ” for identification, is dated on the same day and also addressed to Mr. Loonen: “ My dear Sir: I beg to advise you that the total amount due by you to Mr. Ducas is $18,354. Upon payment of this amount on or before February 15, 1911, with interest to date of payment on $12,354, Mr. Ducas will discontinue any proceedings pending, and cancel all claims upon any collateral held by him. Mr. Ducas will also deliver to you a general release. The above is intended to include the delivery by Mr. Ducas of a release of any claim which he may have upon the Simplicia patents which were heretofore assigned to him as collateral security.”
The third letter, defendant’s exhibit ‘ 0 ” for identification, is of the same date, referred to the letter bearing even date, and by way of explanation thereof proceeded to state in detail the arrangement agreed upon for a general settlement between the plaintiff and Mr. Loonen, and generally recounted their business arrangements.
Defendant also attempted to prove that prior to the receipt of said letter Mr. Buchler had refused to permit Mr. Loonen to leave the jurisdiction and had threatened to surrender him, and that after their receipt had withdrawn his objection. This was excluded.
We think it was error to exclude the letters offered in evidence.
Exhibits “B ” and “ G ” tend to show that Loonen was indebted to the plaintiff in large sums, outside of that represented by the action on which the order of arrest had been issued, and are apparently the culmination of negotiations had for the purpose of a general settlement, and so corroborate the testimony that there were such moneys owing and that such [28]*28negotiations had been had. Exhibit “ A ” corroborates testimony both of Mr. Loonen and Mr. Levy in regard to the knowledge that the plaintiff and his attorney had, and support the claim that Mr. Loonen’s departure from this country was not only consented to by the plaintiff, but induced, in order that he might raise the funds necessary for a full and final settlement of all the business affairs between them.
By section 591 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that: “Except in an action to recover a chattel, the bail may surrender the defendant in their own exoneration, * * * before the expiration of the time to answer, in an action against them.” And by section 593: “ For the purpose of surrendering the defendant, the bail, at any place or at any time before they are finally charged, may themselves arrest him, or, by a written authority, indorsed on a certified copy of the undertaking, may empower another person to do so. * * *.” “Bail, in the language of the books, are said (6 Mod. 231)
“ The sureties had always the right to protect themselves by surrendering their principal to the sheriff under section 591 of the Code.” (Steinbock v. Evans, 55 N. Y. Super. Ct. 278, 280.)
Loonen had been arrested under civil process. The condition of the bond under which he was released from custody was that he should at all times render himself amenable to any mandate which might, be issued to enforce a final judgment in that action. This he could only do by remaining in the jurisdiction of the court. Any agreement entered into between him and this plaintiff which permitted him not only to leave the State but the country and to go into foreign parts changed the character of his obligation.
[29]*29In Clark v. Niblo (6 Wend. 236, 242) the chancellor said: “In the view I have taken of the facts stated in the special plea it is not material for us to enquire whether there was any consideration passing between the plaintiff and the principal debtor which would have enabled the latter to recover for a breach of the contract; neither is it of any importance to the decision of this question whether the bail did or did not consent to the arrangement made with his principal. If the bail was a party to the agreement, and he was so if it was entered into with his assent, there was unquestionably a valuable consideration as to him; for he was induced thereby to permit the principal to go out of the State, and to continue his liability as bail for an indefinite period, under an agreement that no proceedings should be had on the judgment for the purpose of charging him in the meantime, and this consideration of damage, risk or loss to the one party is equally valid as a consideration of benefit to the other. * * * If the bail consented to the arrangement, the promise was made for his benefit and on a valid consideration, and it would be contrary to every principle of justice to permit the plaintiff to proceed and charge the bail in direct violation of the promise not to proceed. The remedy against the bail would in that case be suspended, but would not be destroyed, unless the principal died before his return to New York. If the agreement was made with the principal debtor only, without the privity or consent of the bail, the latter would be absolutely discharged, as it would be a fraud upon him to induce the principal to leave the State, under such circumstances, and then to proceed against his bail in his absence. If this agreement was made with the knowledge and consent of the bail, it was founded on a sufficient consideration and ought not to have been violated; if without his knowledge, it materially varied his responsibility by inducing the principal to leave the State under a belief that his bail would not suffer by his absence, and the latter is discharged by the act of the plaintiff. In such cases where the bail is actually injured by the improper conduct of the creditor amounting to a fraud upon the bail, no consideration as between the creditor and principal debtor is necessary to discharge the surety from his responsibility. West v. Ashdown, 1 Bing. R. 164.”
[30]*30In Rathbone v. Warren (10 Johns. 587) the chancellor, whose decision was affirmed, had said: “ The respondent, by becoming bail for Jonas Warren, acquired, as a legal incident flowing from the relation in which he had placed himself with Jonas Warren, as his bail, a right of taking his person, at any time, comporting with his own views of obtaining a discharge, and surrendering him in his exoneration, prior to his becoming fixed. For this puipose, a fair deduction from the relative obligation incurred on the part of Jonas Warren was, that he should do no act by which he might impair the security of his bail, or withdraw himself beyond the jurisdiction of the court, without his privity and consent. The appellant, John Rathbone, jun. alleges that Jonas Warren declared his intention to undertake a voyage to some foreign parts. To facilitate that object, the writing set forth in his answer was given, and the appellants’ right of issuing execution was suspended. Hence it was imposed on the court to determine whether the appellants had so essentially changed the respondent’s responsibility, as to discharge him from all liability. By the departure of Jonas Warren to foreign parts, he deprived his hail of the legal custody of his person. It was a species of escape. It deprived them of the exercise of the right of surrendering him when they pleased. It exposed him to numerous contingencies, which might retard his return from, or fix him permanently in, foreign parts; to the hazard of shipwreck, or death, under circumstances which might render it impracticable for the bail to show it in their discharge. These circumstances essentially varied the risk of the bail, and as well might a plaintiff who aided a defendant, confined on his execution, to escape, maintain a suit against the sheriff for the escape.” And in affirming the court said at page 595: “This stipulation undoubtedly induced the principal to leave the State; and the situation of the bail was thereby materially changed, and his risk greatly increased. It appears to me, that on principles of good faith and common honesty, this act must be deemed to have exonerated the bail.”
In Culliford v. Walser (158 N. Y. 70) the Court of Appeals cited that case with approval: “In Rathbone v. Warren (10 [31]*31Johnson, 587), after judgment had gone against the principal in a hail hond, his creditor agreed with him not to issue the execution for several months, and it was held that the agreement operated to discharge the bail, who are by act and operation of law sureties and entitled to the benefit of the general principles relative to sureties. In that case, as in this, an effort was made to convince the court that bail should not be so regarded, and Mr. A. Van Vechten, the attorney-general, insisted that the respondent did not stand precisely in the light of a surety, and he advanced; among other arguments, the proposition that the bail could exonerate himself from liability at any time by surrendering his principal, while in cases of suretyship generally the surety has not the power to relieve himself; but the court held otherwise.”
It seems to us that the evidence excluded should have been admitted, and that a question of fact was presented for submission to the jury as to whether or not the plaintiff had consented and induced Loonen to leave the jurisdiction of the court, thereby exonerating the bail from liability.
The judgment and order appealed from should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
Ingraham, P. J., McLaughlin, Laughlin and Scott, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event.
Anonymous ease.—[Rep.