The opinion of the court was delivered by
West, J.:
In April, 1909, the plaintiff, Doty, purchased eight Garfield township bonds. These were part of a series of refunding bonds dated November 12, 1890, the obligations thereby taken up having consisted of bonds issued in aid of a sugar company, and $1000 of township warrants. This action was on certain coupons. Doty testified that he bought in good faith after being advised by some of the counsel now representing each of the parties here that the bonds were valid, and aftef learning that a tax to pay interest had been levied for two successive years, and also that two judgments had been procured on other refunding bonds of the same issue. These instruments were duly registered and contained all the necessary recitals. The auditor of state had also certified that they were regularly and legally issued and that the signatures thereto were genuine. The county attorney had placed on file, in the auditor’s office a letter dated November 19, 1890, stating that the former objections to their issuance had been overcome by the “building in said Township,” to which letter was appended a certificate [721]*721of it truthfulness by the clerk of Garfield township. It was shown by the defendant that the plaintiff bought the bonds for about 25 per cent of their face value and accrued interest; that the seller understood the purpose for which the bonds were issued and that Doty bought with knowledge that the interest had been in default for seventeen years. At the close of the testimony the court directed a verdict for the defendant, and the plaintiff appeals.
Assuming that the township had no authority to issue bonds to aid a private enterprise, still it could so estop itself as to innocent purchasers by refunding, by recitals and payment of interest or other acts of recognition that it could no longer deny liability. (Rathbone v. Hopper, 57 Kan. 240, 45 Pac. 610.) It is claimed by the defendant that the default in interest shown by the past due coupons was in itself, as a matter of law, sufficient to charge the purchaser with notice of the defense to the bonds, as the trial court instructed. Certain state decisions are cited in support of this contention, but the state courts are not in accord, and authorities both ways may readily be found. Parsons v. Jackson, 99 U. S. 434, referred to by counsel, involved instruments which had been seized and carried away before delivery, and apparently before being entirely filled out, and it was held that their uncertainty as to amount and as to place of payment were sufficient to cause their integrity to be questioned, and it was said:
“The presence of the past-due unpaid coupons was itself ah evidence of dishonor, sufficient to put the purchaser on inquiry.” (p. 440.)
The. price paid was also mentioned in connection with all the other matters, which, taken together, were held to be prima facie inconsistent with a valid title, and hence the report of the master on all the evidence was confirmed. In Cromwell v. County of Sac, 96 U. S. [722]*72251, involving an action upon four bonds for $1000 each and four $100 interest coupons attached to them, which coupons were past due and unpaid when purchased by the plaintiff, it was argued that negotiable paper is dishonored by any breach of the engagement which it imports, and that past due coupons attached to the bonds in question were notice to the purchaser that the paper was dishonored. On this question the circuit court had divided, and the supreme court, speaking througn Mr. Justice Field, said:
“The nonpayment of an instalment of interest when due could not affect the negotiability of the bonds or of the 'subsequent coupons. Until their maturity, a purchaser'for value, without notice of their invalidity as between antecedent parties, would take them discharged from all infirmities. The nonpayment of the instalment of interest represented by the coupons due at the commencement of the month in which the purchase was made by Clark was a slight circumstance, and, taken in connection with the fact that previous coupons had been paid, was entirely insufficient to excite suspicion even of any illegality or irregularity in the issue of the bonds. ... As with other negotiable paper, mere suspicion that there may be a defect of title in its holder, or knowledge of circumstances which would excite suspicion as to his title in the mind' of a prudent man, is not sufficient to impair the title of the purchaser. That result will only follow where there has been bad faith on his part. . . . The interest stipulated was a mere incident of the debt. The holder of the bond had his option to insist upon its payment when due, or to allow it to run until the maturity of the bond; that is, until the principal was payable. Many causes may have existed for a failure to meet the interest as it matured, entirely independent of the question of the validity of the bonds in their inception. The payment of previous instalments of interest would seem to suggest that only causes of a temporary nature had prevented their continued payment. If no instalment had been paid, and several were past due, there might have been greater reason for hesitation on the part of the purchaser to take the paper, and suspicions might have been excited that something was wrong in issuing it. [723]*723All that we now decide is that the simple fact that an instalment of interest is overdue and unpaid, disconnected from other facts, is not sufficient to affect the position of one taking the bonds and subsequent coupons before their maturity for value as a bona fide purchaser. (National Bank of North America v. Kirby, 108 Mass. 497.) To hold otherwise would throw discredit upon a large class of securities issued by municipal and private corporations, having years to run, with interest payable annually or semiannualy. Temporary financial pressure, the falling off of expected revenues or income, and many other causes having no connection with the original validity of such instruments, have heretofore, in many instances, prevented a punctual payment of every installment, of interest on them as it matured; and similar causes may be expected to prevent a punctual payment of interest in many instances hereafter. To hold that a failure to meet the interest as it matures renders them, though they may have years to run, and all subsequent coupons dishonored paper, subj ect to all defenses good against the original holders, would greatly impair the currency and credit of such securities', and correspondingly diminish their value. We are of opinion, therefore, that Clark took the two bonds in suit and the subsequently, maturing coupons as a bona fide purehaser, and as such was entitled to recover upon them, whatever may have been their '•riginal infirmity.” (pp. 57, 58.)
This rule has been referred to and followed in Railway Co. v. Sprague, 103 U. S. 756, 762, in Thompson v. Perrine, 106 U. S. 589, 592, and in Morgan v. United States, 113 U. S. 476, 502. In the Thompson case it was. contended that the coupons in suit being detached from, the bonds and overdue when purchased were dishonored and therefore not negotiable. In response to this; it was said:
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
West, J.:
In April, 1909, the plaintiff, Doty, purchased eight Garfield township bonds. These were part of a series of refunding bonds dated November 12, 1890, the obligations thereby taken up having consisted of bonds issued in aid of a sugar company, and $1000 of township warrants. This action was on certain coupons. Doty testified that he bought in good faith after being advised by some of the counsel now representing each of the parties here that the bonds were valid, and aftef learning that a tax to pay interest had been levied for two successive years, and also that two judgments had been procured on other refunding bonds of the same issue. These instruments were duly registered and contained all the necessary recitals. The auditor of state had also certified that they were regularly and legally issued and that the signatures thereto were genuine. The county attorney had placed on file, in the auditor’s office a letter dated November 19, 1890, stating that the former objections to their issuance had been overcome by the “building in said Township,” to which letter was appended a certificate [721]*721of it truthfulness by the clerk of Garfield township. It was shown by the defendant that the plaintiff bought the bonds for about 25 per cent of their face value and accrued interest; that the seller understood the purpose for which the bonds were issued and that Doty bought with knowledge that the interest had been in default for seventeen years. At the close of the testimony the court directed a verdict for the defendant, and the plaintiff appeals.
Assuming that the township had no authority to issue bonds to aid a private enterprise, still it could so estop itself as to innocent purchasers by refunding, by recitals and payment of interest or other acts of recognition that it could no longer deny liability. (Rathbone v. Hopper, 57 Kan. 240, 45 Pac. 610.) It is claimed by the defendant that the default in interest shown by the past due coupons was in itself, as a matter of law, sufficient to charge the purchaser with notice of the defense to the bonds, as the trial court instructed. Certain state decisions are cited in support of this contention, but the state courts are not in accord, and authorities both ways may readily be found. Parsons v. Jackson, 99 U. S. 434, referred to by counsel, involved instruments which had been seized and carried away before delivery, and apparently before being entirely filled out, and it was held that their uncertainty as to amount and as to place of payment were sufficient to cause their integrity to be questioned, and it was said:
“The presence of the past-due unpaid coupons was itself ah evidence of dishonor, sufficient to put the purchaser on inquiry.” (p. 440.)
The. price paid was also mentioned in connection with all the other matters, which, taken together, were held to be prima facie inconsistent with a valid title, and hence the report of the master on all the evidence was confirmed. In Cromwell v. County of Sac, 96 U. S. [722]*72251, involving an action upon four bonds for $1000 each and four $100 interest coupons attached to them, which coupons were past due and unpaid when purchased by the plaintiff, it was argued that negotiable paper is dishonored by any breach of the engagement which it imports, and that past due coupons attached to the bonds in question were notice to the purchaser that the paper was dishonored. On this question the circuit court had divided, and the supreme court, speaking througn Mr. Justice Field, said:
“The nonpayment of an instalment of interest when due could not affect the negotiability of the bonds or of the 'subsequent coupons. Until their maturity, a purchaser'for value, without notice of their invalidity as between antecedent parties, would take them discharged from all infirmities. The nonpayment of the instalment of interest represented by the coupons due at the commencement of the month in which the purchase was made by Clark was a slight circumstance, and, taken in connection with the fact that previous coupons had been paid, was entirely insufficient to excite suspicion even of any illegality or irregularity in the issue of the bonds. ... As with other negotiable paper, mere suspicion that there may be a defect of title in its holder, or knowledge of circumstances which would excite suspicion as to his title in the mind' of a prudent man, is not sufficient to impair the title of the purchaser. That result will only follow where there has been bad faith on his part. . . . The interest stipulated was a mere incident of the debt. The holder of the bond had his option to insist upon its payment when due, or to allow it to run until the maturity of the bond; that is, until the principal was payable. Many causes may have existed for a failure to meet the interest as it matured, entirely independent of the question of the validity of the bonds in their inception. The payment of previous instalments of interest would seem to suggest that only causes of a temporary nature had prevented their continued payment. If no instalment had been paid, and several were past due, there might have been greater reason for hesitation on the part of the purchaser to take the paper, and suspicions might have been excited that something was wrong in issuing it. [723]*723All that we now decide is that the simple fact that an instalment of interest is overdue and unpaid, disconnected from other facts, is not sufficient to affect the position of one taking the bonds and subsequent coupons before their maturity for value as a bona fide purchaser. (National Bank of North America v. Kirby, 108 Mass. 497.) To hold otherwise would throw discredit upon a large class of securities issued by municipal and private corporations, having years to run, with interest payable annually or semiannualy. Temporary financial pressure, the falling off of expected revenues or income, and many other causes having no connection with the original validity of such instruments, have heretofore, in many instances, prevented a punctual payment of every installment, of interest on them as it matured; and similar causes may be expected to prevent a punctual payment of interest in many instances hereafter. To hold that a failure to meet the interest as it matures renders them, though they may have years to run, and all subsequent coupons dishonored paper, subj ect to all defenses good against the original holders, would greatly impair the currency and credit of such securities', and correspondingly diminish their value. We are of opinion, therefore, that Clark took the two bonds in suit and the subsequently, maturing coupons as a bona fide purehaser, and as such was entitled to recover upon them, whatever may have been their '•riginal infirmity.” (pp. 57, 58.)
This rule has been referred to and followed in Railway Co. v. Sprague, 103 U. S. 756, 762, in Thompson v. Perrine, 106 U. S. 589, 592, and in Morgan v. United States, 113 U. S. 476, 502. In the Thompson case it was. contended that the coupons in suit being detached from, the bonds and overdue when purchased were dishonored and therefore not negotiable. In response to this; it was said:
“This position can not be sustained. It is an immaterial circumstance that the coupons, when purchased by Perrine, were detached from- the bonds. And the bonds not having then matured,, the coupons, though overdue, had not lost the quality of negotiability by the law merchant. This result must follow from the prin.-[724]*724ciples announced in Cromwell v. County of Sac, 96 U. S. 51.” (p. 592.)
Trask v. Jacksonville &c. Railroad Co., 124 U. S. 515, is also cited, which involved a purchase at auction of bonds which had been running ten years or more and no interest had ever been paid. The instruments were state bonds, and it was said that the mere fact that no interest had ever been paid furnished the strongest presumptive evidence that they were dishonored. The plaintiff, who took under this purchaser, was held to be the agent of those who were engaged in perpetrating a fraud between the railroad company and those employed by them to get the bonds to London so that a large part of the proceeds could be applied to a payment of the personal, debts of one of the guilty parties. It was said in the opinion, however, that the only question disputed was whether the purchaser in law and in fact occupied the position of a bona fide holder and “that is substantially a question of fact only, and it presents itself in a double aspect.” (p. 516.) It was also said that when the contract was made fraud and illegality in the original issue of bonds had become notorious and that it was impossible that the purchaser, situated as he was, could have been ignorant of the facts.
Doty testified that he had no notice or knowledge of any defect or any information whatever that any defense would be made to the bonds; that his vendor assured him that there was no question but that they would be paid and that they were all good; that he understood that on account of conditions being such that taxes had not been levied because there was a question . as to who should make the levy, it might become neces-,'S'ary to put the bonds and coupons in judgment, and that there possibly would be a necessity for a compromise, as he had heard that the county and township had been compromising their bonded indebtedness. This, •together with the fact that interest on the refunded [725]*725issue had been levied for two years, that other bonds of the same issue had been recovered upon in court, and the advice of counsel already referred to that these bonds were valid, does not leave the matter resting solely on the question of past due coupons, but presents a situation which, within the principle of the federal decisions referred to, was one for the jury to pass upon. , . .
Sections 59 and-60 of the negotiable instruments act (Gen. Stat. 1909, §§ 5805, 5306) are invoked. These sections, so far as applicable here, provide that a holder in due 'course is one who became the holder before the instrument was overdue, and that when such instrument, payable on demand, is negotiated an unreasonable length of time after its issue the holder is not deemed a holder in due course. Neither the bonds nor the coupons were payable on demand, and the bonds when purchased were not yet due and would not be for nine years. True, the coupons were overdue, and if they are thereby to be considered demand obligations under section 14 (Gen. Stat.. 1909, § 5260) then ordinarily the question of reasonable or unreasonable length of time they can remain due without imparting notice of dishonor would be one of fact for the j ury.
A decision of the supreme court of New York was introduced in evidence for the purpose, as then stated, of showing that as the bonds were .made payable at the fiscal agency in New York, they thereby became New York contracts so far as the law of bona fide ownership is concerned; and as stated in the brief, for the purpose of showing that the common law of that state is the same as that of Kansas, and it is how suggested that this was hardly necessary, as in the absence of proof it would be presumed to be the same. It would seem, therefore, that the controversy is submitted for determination under the law of this state, our vieyre of which have already been indicated. It is therefore not [726]*726necessary to notice the objection of the plaintiff that the New York law was not pleaded and that the decision introduced was not rendered by a court of last resort.
The action of the trial court in directing a verdict was erroneous, and the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance herewith.