Dorsey v. Paramo

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JESSIE DORSEY, Case No.: 3:20-cv-00843-JAH-LL CDCR #AF-6022, 12 ORDER Plaintiff, 13 vs. 1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS

15 (ECF No. 6); D. PARAMO, P. COVELLO, J. JUAREZ,

16 J. STEWARD, E. BENYARD, S. AND ROBERTS, DR. CHAM, DARRYL 17 BATES, M. GARIKAPARTHI, P. 2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT FOR 18 SHAKIBA, G. CASIAN, V. SILVA, J. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM BATES, DR. LEE, JOHN DOES 1-10, 19 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § Defendants. 1915(e)(2)(B) AND 28 U.S.C. § 20 1915A(b) 21

23 Plaintiff Jessie Dorsey, currently incarcerated at the Richard J. Donovan 24 Correctional Facility (“RJD”), is proceeding pro se in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 25 U.S.C. Section 1983. (See ECF No. 1, Compl.) Plaintiff alleges that numerous 26 correctional and medical officials at RJD violated his Eighth Amendment rights during the 27 course of approximately seven years of treatment he received for knee and ankle pain. (See 28 1 generally id.) 2 Plaintiff did not prepay the $400 civil filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. Section 3 1914(a) at the time of filing and has instead filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 4 (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(a). (See ECF No. 6.) 5 I. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 6 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 7 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 8 $400.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 9 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 10 Section 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); 11 Rodriguez v. Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is 12 granted leave to proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or 13 “installments,” Bruce v. Samuels, 136 S. Ct. 627, 629 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 14 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately 15 dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1), (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th 16 Cir. 2002). 17 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 18 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 19 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. 20 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified 21 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average 22 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly balance 23 in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no 24 25 26 1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative 27 fee of $50. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. Oct. 1, 2019)). The additional $50 administrative fee does 28 1 assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having custody 2 of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the preceding 3 month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards those 4 payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 5 136 S. Ct. at 629. 6 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a certified copy of his trust 7 account statement pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(a)(2) and S.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 3.2. 8 Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. These trust account statements do not cover the relevant time 9 period, which is the six months preceding the filing of the Complaint. (See ECF No. 6, at 10 5 (trust account statements for a period of six months were filed approximately three 11 months after the Complaint).) Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff submitted certified trust account 12 statements for the correct time period. (See ECF No. 3.) The Court has reviewed those 13 statements, as well as the attached prison certificate verifying the balances, in conjunction 14 with Plaintiff’s post-complaint IFP Motion. The trust account statements show that during 15 the six months preceding the filing of this action, Plaintiff carried an average monthly 16 balance of $215.08, had average monthly deposits of $254.79, and an available balance at 17 the time of filing of $278.51. (See id. at 1-4.) 18 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 5) and 19 assesses an initial partial filing fee of $50.96 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(b)(1)(A). 20 The Court directs the Secretary of the CDCR, or her designee, to collect this initial filing 21 fee only if sufficient funds are available in Plaintiff’s account at the time this Order is 22 executed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no event shall a prisoner be 23 prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil action or criminal judgment for 24 the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by which to pay the initial partial 25 filing fee.”); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 630; Taylor, 281 F.3d at 850 (finding that 28 U.S.C. 26 Section 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of a prisoner’s IFP case 27 based solely on a “failure to pay . . . due to the lack of funds available to him when payment 28 is ordered.”). The Court further directs the Secretary of the CDCR, or her designee, to 1 collect the remaining balance of the filing fees required by 28 U.S.C. Section 1914 and to 2 forward it to the Clerk of the Court pursuant to the installment payment provisions set forth 3 in 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(b)(1). 4 II. Sua Sponte Screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(e)(2) and Section 5 1915A(b) 6 A. Standard of Review 7 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his Complaint requires a pre- 8 answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(e)(2) and Section 1915A(b). Under 9 these statutes, the Court must sua sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or any portion 10 of it, which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants 11 who are immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) 12 (discussing 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th 13 Cir. 2010) (discussing 28 U.S.C. Section 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to 14 ensure that the targets of frivolous or malicious suits need not bear the expense of 15 responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler 16 v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)). 17 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 18 which relief can be granted under Section 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule 19 of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 20 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th 21 Cir. 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to Section 1915A “incorporates the familiar 22 standard applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil 23 Procedure 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint “contain sufficient factual 24 matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. 25 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 26 1121. 27 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the 28 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 1 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief 2 [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 3 experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, 4 the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility 5 standard. Id.; see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 6 B. Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations 7 Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges that various correctional and medical officials are liable 8 for deficiencies in the medical care Plaintiff received for knee and ankle issues he 9 experienced between 2012 and 2019. (See generally Compl.) The issues began in early 10 2012, shortly after Plaintiff’s arrival at RJD, when he requested care for pain and 11 discomfort in his right knee and ankle. (See id. at 5.) Over the course of the next several 12 months Plaintiff was examined by various doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel 13 who eventually concluded that “conservative measures” for addressing Plaintiff’s 14 conditions had failed. (See id. at 6-7 (emphasis omitted).) These “conservative measures,” 15 according to Plaintiff, “only treated the Plaintiff’s immediate complaint and did not remedy 16 the root cause of the Plaintiff’s medical issue.” (Id. at 7.) 17 In January 2013, Plaintiff had surgery, specifically an arthroscopic meniscectomy, 18 performed by Defendant Dr. Roman Cham. (See id.) Plaintiff received post-surgical care, 19 which he appears to allege was adequate with the exception of the timeliness of certain 20 accommodations “to assist him with walking, standing, sitting and moving” within the 21 prison. (See id. (describing the treatment as “rel[ieving] Plaintiff’s immediate pain and 22 discomfort”).) After the surgery, however, an unnamed doctor concluded that Plaintiff 23 continued to experience knee pain and issues with walking, noting that “due to a ‘lack of 24 time,’ [the doctor] could not adequately and effectively treat the Plaintiff.” (See id. at 7- 25 8.) Through the remainder of 2013, Plaintiff continued to experience pain and other issues 26 with his knee, which were treated with a variety of injections, physical therapy, and other 27 medical treatments, and addressed by various accommodations at RJD. (See id. at 8-9.) 28 Plaintiff’s issues with his right knee continued in 2014, but “due to and directly 1 related with the lack of the appropriate treatment” Plaintiff also began to experience pain 2 and other problems with his left knee. (See id. at 9.) Between 2014 and 2019 “Plaintiff . . . 3 continued to complain of [right and left] knee pain, swelling, locking when standing and 4 when walking,” and the treatment Plaintiff sought and received “only produced temporary 5 relief and in no way remedied the Plaintiff’s medical problems.” (See id. at 9-10.) By fall 6 2015, Plaintiff had “been examined, consulted, treated, advised, and d[iagnosed] by many 7 doctors. Each doctor ha[d] recommended various treatment plans and medication which 8 seemingly cause[d] the Plaintiff little or no relief from his chronic pain . . . .” (Id. at 10.) 9 As a result, in late 2015 Plaintiff and his doctors allegedly agreed that another knee surgery 10 was the best option for relieving “Plaintiff of his multi-year chronic pain.” (See id. at 11.) 11 Although forms were submitted and the procedure was scheduled “on or about 1-5-16,” 12 Plaintiff evidently did not receive surgery until mid-2019, and in the intervening years, he 13 continued to experience pain and developed additional complications. (See id. at 11, 14- 14 15.) Plaintiff attributes this delay to “the lack of adequate health care and the 15 procrastination of the RJD medical staff . . . .” (See id. at 11.) During the intervening 16 period, however, Plaintiff continued to receive accommodations to help him walk, and 17 consulted with doctors, including Defendant Cham, regarding possible treatments, 18 including surgery. (See id. at 12-15.) 19 In May 2019, the long-contemplated knee surgery took place, this time performed 20 by Defendant Dr. James Bates. (See id. at 15.) Plaintiff received physical therapy 21 following the surgery, and allegedly “progress[ed] very well,” until July 2019, when 22 Plaintiff experienced a recurrence of pain and locking and buckling in his right knee. (See 23 id.) Plaintiff alleges that he is “once again suffering from chronic pain,” and that the 24 procedures he received “have again failed,” leaving Plaintiff “no recourse [other] than [to] 25 seek redress” in court. (See id.) Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages “in an 26 amount that has yet to be ascertained” for alleged violations of his right to medical care. 27 (See id. at 16.) 28 C. Analysis 1 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential 2 elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was 3 violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the 4 color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Naffe v. Frye, 789 F.3d 1030, 5 1035-36 (9th Cir. 2015). 6 The Eighth Amendment requires that inmates have “ready access to adequate 7 medical care,” Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1253 (9th Cir. 1982), and “deliberate 8 indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners” violates the Eighth Amendment. Estelle 9 v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). “Deliberate indifference ‘may appear when prison 10 officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or it may be shown 11 in the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.’” Colwell v. Bannister, 763 12 F.3d 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 394 13 (9th Cir. 1988)). “A prison official acts with ‘deliberate indifference . . . only if the [prison 14 official] knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health and safety.’” Toguchi 15 v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1057 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Gibson v. Cnty. of Washoe, 290 16 F.3d 1175, 1187 (9th Cir. 2002), overruled on other grounds by Castro v. Cnty. of Los 17 Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1076 (9th Cir. 2016)). “Under this standard, the prison official 18 must not only ‘be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial 19 risk of serious harm exists,’ but that person ‘must also draw the inference.’” Id. (quoting 20 Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)). “Inadvertent failures to provide adequate 21 medical care, mere negligence or medical malpractice, delays in providing care (without 22 more), and differences of opinion over what medical treatment or course of care is proper, 23 are all insufficient to constitute an Eighth Amendment violation.” Norvell v. Roberts, No. 24 20-cv-0512 JLS (NLS), 2020 WL 4464454, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2020) (citing Estelle, 25 429 U.S. at 105-07; Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989); Shapley v. Nev. 26 Bd. of State Prison Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985)). 27 As an initial matter, Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Paramo, Covello, Juarez, 28 Steward, Benyard, Roberts, Shakiba, Casian, Silva, Lee, and John Does 1-10 must be 1 dismissed for a simple reason. Aside from identifying these individuals as Defendants in 2 the caption of the Complaint and describing their duties in general and conclusory terms 3 on pages 2-4 of the Complaint, Plaintiff includes no factual allegations regarding these 4 Defendants’ alleged participation in any violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. This 5 is insufficient. Plaintiff must allege “factual content that would allow the court to draw the 6 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged” in order to 7 state a claim. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556); see also id. 8 (The mere possibility of misconduct is insufficient to state a claim (citing Twombly, 550 9 U.S. at 555)); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002) (plaintiff must allege 10 “personal participation in the alleged rights deprivation” in order to state a Section 1983 11 claim). Additionally, with respect to supervisory individuals such as Defendants Paramo 12 and Covello, Plaintiff may not rely on their roles as warden alone to state a claim. Instead, 13 Plaintiff must allege their “‘personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation’” or “‘a 14 sufficient causal connection between the supervisor[s’] wrongful conduct and the 15 constitutional violation.’” See Jones, 297 F.3d at 934 (quoting Redman v. Cnty. of San 16 Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc), abrogated on other grounds by 17 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (“Government officials may not 18 be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under a theory of 19 respondeat superior.” (emphasis in original)). As to Defendants John Does 1-10, although 20 “’[a] plaintiff may refer to unknown defendants as Defendant John Doe 1, John Doe 2, 21 John Doe 3, and so on, . . . he must allege specific facts showing how each particular [D]oe 22 [D]efendant violated his rights.’” See Amezquita v. Hough, No. 3:19-cv-01461-AJB-KSC, 23 2019 WL 4674287, at *3 n.2 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 25, 2019) (quoting Cuda v. 24 Employees/Contractors/Agents at or OCCC, Civ. No. 19-00084 DKW-KJM, 2019 WL 25 2062945, at *3-4 (D. Haw. May 9, 2019)). Because Plaintiff has not satisfied these 26 requirements, his claims against Defendants Paramo, Covello, Juarez, Steward, Benyard, 27 Roberts, Shakiba, Casian, Silva, Lee, and John Does 1-10 are dismissed sua sponte for 28 failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). 2 Although the Complaint includes some factual allegations regarding the conduct of 3 the remaining Defendants, Cham, Bates, and Garikaparthi, Plaintiff’s claims against these 4 Defendants must also be dismissed. As outlined above, to state a claim for violations of 5 his Eighth Amendment right to medical care, Plaintiff must allege that Defendants acted 6 with “deliberate indifference” to his serious medical needs. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104. 7 “[I]solated occurrences of neglect” do not constitute deliberate indifference, Wood v. 8 Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990), and to allege an Eighth Amendment 9 claim, Plaintiff “must show that the course of treatment the [official] chose was medically 10 unacceptable under the circumstances and that the [official] chose this course in conscious 11 disregard of an excessive risk to the [P]laintiff’s health.” Hamby v. Hammond, 821 F.3d 12 1085, 1092 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 988 (9th Cir. 2012), 13 overruled in part on other grounds by Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2014 (en 14 banc)). This requirement that a Defendant “conscious[ly] disregard” an excessive risk to 15 Plaintiff’s health is related to the requirement outlined previously that a Defendant “not 16 only ‘be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of 17 serious harm exists,’ but that person ‘must also draw the inference’” in order to be 18 deliberately indifferent. See Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1057 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 19 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)). Plaintiff’s allegations against Defendants Cham, Bates, and 20 Garikaparthi fall far short of this mark. See Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th 21 Cir. 2012) (deliberate indifference requires, among other things, showing “a purposeful act 22 or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and . . . harm caused by 23 the indifference . . . .” (quoting Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006)); 24 Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058 (“[A] mere ‘difference of medical opinion . . . [is] insufficient, 25 as a matter of law, to establish deliberate indifference.’” (quoting Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 26 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996)). At best, Plaintiff alleges that the treatment performed by 27 these Defendants failed to remedy his underlying conditions. See Nichoslon v. Finander, 28 No. CV 12-9993-FMO (JEM), 2014 WL 8095187, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2014) (“[A] 1 prison official does not exhibit deliberate indifference to a serious medical need simply 2 because she prescribes a course of treatment that proves ineffective.”), report and 3 recommendation adopted 2015 WL 1006551 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2015). 4 Moreover, when Plaintiff does allege facts that might support a claim of deliberate 5 indifference, such as his assertion that needed surgical procedures were delayed for years 6 due to the “procrastination of the RJD medical staff,” those actions are not attributed to 7 Defendants Cham, Bates, Garikaparthi, or any other named Defendant. (See Compl. at 11.) 8 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Cham, Bates, and Garikaparthi are 9 dismissed sua sponte for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See 28 10 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). 11 III. Conclusion and Orders 12 Good cause appearing, the Court: 13 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 14 1915(a) (ECF No. 6). 15 2. DIRECTS the Secretary of the CDCR, or her designee, to collect from 16 Plaintiff’s prison trust account the initial filing fee assessed in this Order, and shall forward 17 the remainder of the $350 filing fee owed by collecting monthly payments from Plaintiff’s 18 account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding month’s income and 19 forwarding those payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in the account 20 exceeds $10 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS SHALL BE 21 CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO THIS 22 ACTION. 23 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Kathleen 24 Allison, Secretary, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, P.O. Box 25 942883, Sacramento, California 94283-0001. 26 /// 27 /// 28 1 4, DISMISSES Plaintiff's Complaint for failing to state a claim upon which 2 ||relief may be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and Section 3 |} 1915A(b)(1). 4 5. GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in 5 || which to file an Amended Complaint which cures all the deficiencies of pleading noted 6 above. Plaintiff's Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without reference to his 7 original pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re-alleged in his Amended 8 ||Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, 9 || Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended 10 || pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 11 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an 12 |}amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”’). 13 If Plaintiff fails to file an Amended Complaint within the time provided, the Court 14 || will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action based both on Plaintiff's failure to state 15 claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sections 1915(e)(2)(B) 16 1915A(b)(1), and his failure to prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring 17 |}amendment. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does 18 || not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the 19 || dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”’). 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 Dated: October 15, 2020 VU 22 High. John A. Houston 73 Uhited States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28 I oo