Dorothy R. W. Barham v. Diane W. Cooper

• Court: Court of Appeals of Tennessee
• Decided: September 5, 1997
• Docket: 02A01-9608-CH-00200
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE WESTERN SECTION AT JACKSON ______________________________________________

DOROTHY R. W. BARHAM,

Plaintiff-Appellant, Shelby Equity No. 101702-3 Vs. C.A. No. 02A01-9608-CH-00200

DIANE W. COOPER,

Defendant-Appellee. ____________________________________________________________________________

FROM THE SHELBY COUNTY CHANCERY COURT THE HONORABLE D. J. ALISSANDRATOS, CHANCELLOR

Clyde W. Keenan; Keenan, Fox & Dabbous of Memphis For Appellant

Charles E. Hodum and Mitzie C. Johnson of Collierville For Appellee

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

Opinion filed:

FILED September 5, 1997

Cecil Crowson, Jr. Appellate C ourt Clerk W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, JUDGE

This case involves a complaint for an accounting and injunctive relief. Plaintiff, Dorothy

R. W. Barham, appeals the order of the trial court affirming the report of the Special Master in

favor of defendant, Diane W. Cooper. Barham and Cooper are sisters, and Cooper controlled Barham’s finances pursuant to a

general power of attorney executed by Barham. On July 17, 1992, Barham filed a complaint

against Cooper in the Chancery Court of Shelby County requesting an accounting, the

appointment of a Special Master, and an injunction preventing Cooper from disposing of any of

Barham’s property. On July 28, 1992, the trial court issued a temporary retraining order against

Cooper.1 On October 30, 1992, Cooper filed an answer that denied the material allegations of

the complaint.

On March 11, 1994, Barham filed an amended complaint adding the allegations of undue

influence and overreaching. The amended complaint alleges that Cooper induced Barham to

enter into a fraudulent contract for the sale of Barham’s home. The amended complaint further

alleges that Cooper willfully and maliciously exercised control over Barham’s property and

converted the property to her own use. On June 6, 1995, Cooper once again filed an answer

denying the material allegations.

On March 22, 1995, a consent order was entered appointing a Special Master. The

consent order provides that the Special Master was appointed for the following purposes: 1) to

conduct an accounting of the financial transactions executed by Cooper on behalf of Barham

under the fiduciary duties created by the power of attorney executed by Barham on July 11,

1984; 2) to rule on the admissibility of certain transactions and expenses submitted by Cooper;

and 3) to decide the issues of whether Barham was the victim of fraud, undue influence, or

overreaching.

The Special Master conducted evidentiary hearings on June 13 and 14, 1995. On January

2, 1996, the Special Master filed a report that made detailed findings of fact including the

following:

Barham suffered through an abusive marriage for most of

her married life. She and her husband divorced, and in the

divorce settlement Barham received the marital home and

$10,000.00. During her marriage, Barham relied upon Cooper for

1 The record indicates that a temporary restraining order was issued, but the record is silent as to any subsequent proceedings for injunctive relief until Barham filed a motion for an injunction on December 10, 1993. Apparently, the motion was never acted upon.

2 help. After the divorce, Barham began living with her ex-

husband again. On May 27, 1984, Barham shot and killed her ex-

husband, and she was arrested and charged with murder. Cooper

hired and paid for a lawyer and posted bond for Barham.

On June 4, 1984, Barham was released from jail and was

admitted to the Memphis Mental Health Institute (MMHI) for

psychiatric evaluation and treatment. She was diagnosed as

depressed and having a dependent personality, but she was not

diagnosed as mentally incompetent. Cooper continued to help

Barham while Barham was at MMHI. On July 11, 1984, Barham

executed a general power of attorney appointing Cooper as her

attorney. The primary reason for the power of attorney was to

allow Cooper to rent Barham’s home, which remained vacant

while she was at MMHI, to collect rent, and to do the necessary

repairs. Cooper did much of the work herself and arranged for

the remainder of the repairs. Barham did not have any funds of

her own because she spent the divorce settlement money.

Cooper opened a joint bank account in both her name and

Barham’s name to deposit the rent money. She used this account

to pay for repairs and necessities for Barham. This account

remained open until December 6, 1985, at which time the balance

of $1,084.42 was transferred to a new, separate account in

Cooper’s name only. In December 1985, Barham received two

checks from her ex-husband’s life insurance totaling $10,042.59.

Cooper deposited these checks into her separate account and

reimbursed herself for the $5,000.00 attorney’s fee and the

$500.00 bond.

Barham was confined at MMHI until October 14, 1984

and then was released to a half-way house where she stayed until

February 1986. On February 14, 1985, Barham pled guilty to

3 voluntary manslaughter, but she received a suspended sentence.

In March 1986, Barham was not taking her medicine, and she

threatened suicide. Cooper persuaded Barham to check into

Baptist Memorial Hospital where she stayed for six weeks. Upon

leaving the hospital, Barham rented a house, and she appeared to

be much improved.

On July 20, 1986, Barham and Cooper signed an

agreement that provided that Barham owed Cooper $29,000.00

and that she would quit-claim her house to Cooper for the purpose

of selling the house. Cooper was entitled to the first $29,000.00

of the proceeds of the sale, and Barham was entitled to any

balance. Barham signed the quit-claim deed on July 20, 1986.

Barham did not complain to Cooper about the agreement and the

quit-claim deed until shortly before filing the complaint in this

case in July 1992.

In October 1986, Cooper received $36,143.00 from the

sale of Barham’s residence, and the proceeds were deposited into

Cooper’s bank account. In March 1987, Cooper took $30,013.06

from the proceeds and purchased 2,282 shares of a Putnam

Investment Mutual Fund in her own name. It was Cooper’s

intention to send Barham a monthly dividend check as long as

Barham needed one. Between December 1986 and June 1992

when this suit was filed, Cooper sent Barham $11,500.00 from

the dividends from the Putnam fund. Although the Putnam fund

currently has the same number of shares as it did in March 1987,

the value of the fund has dropped considerably and is now worth

approximately $17,000.00.

Cooper helped Barham obtain her social security benefits,

and in the spring of 1986, Barham finally began receiving social

security checks. Cooper deposited the initial lump sum check in

4 the amount of $5,372.00 in her personal account. In September

1986, Cooper opened a personal account for Barham in Barham’s

name only. The account was opened so Barham could write her

own checks, and the account was started from an initial deposit

of the August and September 1986 social security checks totaling

$672.00. After September 1986, the social security checks were

directly deposited into Barham’s personal account.

After examining the facts, the Special Master first found that Barham had independent

advice from her mother and the opportunity for independent advice from her attorney. The

Special Master found that there was no misappropriation of funds, no breach of a fiduciary duty,

and no undue influence or overreaching by Cooper. The Special Master found that there was an

oral agreement between Cooper and Barham for Barham to receive the interest or dividend

proceeds from the Putnam Fund. The Special Master specifically found that Cooper was not

“short-changing” Barham, but instead, that the Putnam fund dropped in value. Finally, the

Special Master found that Cooper was the owner of the corpus of the Putnam fund, and Barham

was entitled to interest or dividends from the fund. The Special Master assessed costs against

Barham because Cooper was not at fault and breached no fiduciary duty.

Barham filed exceptions to the Special Master’s report, and a hearing on the exceptions

was held on March 20, 1996. On April 17, 1996, the trial court entered an order denying

Barham’s exceptions and affirming the Special Master’s report. The order recited the

chancellor’s concurrence with the Special Master’s findings of fact including the findings that

Cooper did not breach her fiduciary duty, that Barham had the opportunity for independent

advice, and that Cooper did not exert undue influence. The trial court also concurred in the

Special Master’s accounting.

Barham appeals the order of the trial court affirming the findings of the Special Master

and presents the following issues for review:

1) whether the Special Master erred by failing to find that the execution of a power of attorney created a fiduciary duty between Barham and Cooper; 2) whether the Special Master erred by failing to recognize the existence of a presumption of undue influence and to shift the

5 burden to Cooper once a fiduciary duty was established; 3) whether the Special Master erred by failing to recognize that the shifted burden of proof is raised to the level of clear and convincing evidence; 4) whether the Special Master erred in finding that Barham had independent advice or opportunity for independent advice; 5) whether the Special Master erred in finding that Barham was not subjected to undue influence and overreaching; 6) whether the Special Master erred in finding a proper accounting on the part of the Cooper; 7) whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow Barham to present additional evidence, newly discovered following the hearings before the Special Master to the court; and 8) whether the trial court erred in adopting the findings of the Special Master, which were contrary to the weight of the evidence.

Concurrent findings by the master and trial court are conclusive on appeal unless (1) the

issue should not have been referred to the master; (2) the findings are based on an error of law;

(3) the findings involve a question of law or a mixed question of law and fact; or (4) the findings

are not supported by substantial and material evidence. Shepherd v. Griffin, 929 S.W.2d 336,

344 (Tenn. App. 1995); see also T.C.A. § 27-1-113 (1980).

Barham first argues that the Special Master erred by failing to find that the execution of

a power of attorney created a confidential relationship between Barham and Cooper. A person

authorized to act on behalf of another by virtue of an unrestricted power of attorney has a

confidential relationship with the person who executed the power of attorney. Mitchell v. Smith,

779 S.W.2d 384, 389 (Tenn. App. 1989). In this case, it is undisputed that Barham executed a

power of attorney in favor of Cooper and, therefore, that Barham and Cooper are in a

confidential relationship. However, the Special Master did not fail to find that the power of

attorney created a fiduciary duty. Instead, the Special Master found that Cooper had not

breached her fiduciary duty, and necessary to this holding is a finding that a fiduciary duty

existed in the first place. This issue is without merit.

We will consider Barham’s second and third issues together. Barham argues that the

Special Master erred by failing to recognize the existence of a presumption of undue influence

and by failing to shift the burden to the level of clear and convincing evidence to Cooper.

The existence of a confidential relationship, followed by a transaction wherein the

dominant party receives a benefit from the other party, gives rise to a presumption of undue

influence that may be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence of the fairness of the

6 transaction. Matlock v. Simpson, 902 S.W.2d 384, 386 (Tenn. 1995). Cooper argues that a

relationship between family members does not always create a confidential relationship and does

not always give rise to a presumption of undue influence. The relations between family

members and relatives are not, in and of themselves, confidential relationships. Mitchell, 779

S.W.2d at 389. However, in this case, Barham executed a power of attorney that gave Cooper

full control of Barham’s finances. As stated above, a person authorized to act on behalf of

another by virtue of an unrestricted power of attorney has a confidential relationship with a

person who executed the power of attorney. Id. Because the power of attorney executed in favor

of Cooper created a confidential relationship and Cooper received a benefit from the sale of

Barham’s house, we believe that a presumption of undue influence was present in this case, and

therefore, the burden was on Cooper to prove the fairness of the transaction by clear and

convincing evidence.

Barham asserts that the Special Master’s report did not take into account the shifted

burden of proof. Although the Special Master did not specifically refer to the standard of proof

required to overcome the presumption in the master’s report, we believe that the Special Master

properly considered the shifted burden. In closing remarks before the Special Master, Barham’s

attorney’s last statement was, “And once that happens [the existence of a confidential

relationship] the burden shifts to the fiduciary to come forward and properly account for all the

funds, and we would move the Court to grant the relief that we have requested.” The Special

Master responded, “Okay. I thank you very much.” The Special Master found that Cooper

overcame the presumption of undue influence by proving the nonexistence of undue influence.

In the order affirming the Special Master’s findings, the trial court stated that “the Special

Master’s report is clear and follows the law.” The trial court also stated, “The Court additionally

finds that the Special Master found by clear and convincing evidence that the burden of proof

has been carried by clear and convincing proof, and that there has been no breach of fiduciary

duty by the Defendant, Diane W. Cooper.” It appears that the burden of proof was properly

shifted to Cooper in this case.

Barham next argues that the Special Master erred in finding that she had independent

advice from her mother and the opportunity for independent advice from an attorney. One way

to prove the fairness of the transaction is to show that the grantor had the benefit of competent,

7 independent advice on the advisability of making the gift or conveyance. Richmond v.

Christian, 555 S.W.2d 105, 107-08 (Tenn. 1977). This advice need not be contemporaneous

with or immediately preceding the gift or conveyance. Brown v. Weik, 725 S.W.2d 938, 945

(Tenn. App. 1983). In Turner v. Leathers, 191 Tenn. 292, 232 S.W.2d 269 (1950), the

Tennessee Supreme Court discussed the content and extent of independent advice necessary to

overcome the presumption of invalidity:

Proper independent advice in this connection means that the donor had the [preliminary] benefit of conferring fully and privately upon the subject of his intended gift with a person who was not only competent to inform him correctly as to its legal effect, but who was furthermore so disassociated from the interests of the donee as to be in a position to advise with the donor impartially and confidently as to the consequences to himself of his proposed benefactions.

Id. at 297-98, 232 S.W.2d at 271 (citations omitted). The rule of independent advice means that

the adviser must not only be competent but independent. Id. at 297, 232 S.W.2d at 271.

We believe that the Special Master’s finding that Barham had independent advice is not

supported by substantial and material evidence. See Shepherd, 929 S.W.2d at 344. Barham

consulted with her mother before quit-claiming her house to Cooper, but Barham’s mother is

also Cooper’s mother. Barham testified that she wanted to sue her mother also, but that her

mother died. The attorney who prepared the quit-claim deed was the same attorney who assisted

Barham in litigation to recover her ex-husband’s life insurance proceeds. Barham had the

opportunity to speak with the attorney concerning the quit-claim deed, but there is no evidence

that she actually met with him. Barham did not have independent advice on the advisability of

making the conveyance of her house. However, proof of independent advice is only one means

of overcoming the presumption, and proof of independent advice is not necessary in all cases.

Richmond, 555 S.W.2d at 107-08; Gordon v. Thornton, 584 S.W.2d 655, 658 (Tenn. App.

1979).

Barham next argues that the Special Master erred in finding that she was not subjected

to undue influence, and she asserts that the Special Master failed to take into account her

diminished capacity. Cooper, on the other hand, argues that there was no proof of diminished

capacity and that Barham had knowledge of all of the transactions.

Evidence of one party’s deteriorated mental or physical condition will substantiate the

8 existence of a confidential relationship as well as the ability of the dominant party to influence

the weaker party, and the weaker party need not be legally insane. Williamson v. Upchurch, 768

S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tenn. App. 1988). Any condition rendering the weaker party unable to guard

against the dominant party’s imposition or undue influence is sufficient. Id. The question to be

answered is not whether the weaker party’s decision was a good one, or even whether the weaker

party knew what he or she was doing at the time, but instead, the courts must determine whether

the weaker party’s decision was a free and independent one or whether it was induced by the

dominant party. Id.

The Special Master found that Barham was diagnosed as depressed and having a

dependent personality, but that she was not diagnosed as mentally incompetent. There is proof

in the record that Barham was depressed, but the record does not show that her mental condition

deteriorated. She has not shown a condition that made her unable to guard against Cooper’s

influence. We believe that the Special Master considered Barham’s mental condition and her

confinement at MMHI in reaching his decision.

We also believe that the Special Master correctly found that Barham was not subjected

to undue influence. Transactions between persons in a confidential relationship are not

automatically invalid, but the relationship of trust and confidence between persons in a fiduciary

relationship commands the close attention of the courts to the fairness of any transaction between

them. Security Federal Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Nashville v. Riviera Ltd., 856 S.W.2d 709, 714

(Tenn. App. 1992). The law raises a presumption that the transaction is invalid and the evidence

required to overcome the presumption is determined by the circumstances of each case. Id. The

factors that are important in determining whether a transaction is fair include: (1) whether the

fiduciary made a full and frank disclosure of all relevant information within his possession; (2)

whether the consideration was adequate; and (3) whether the principal had independent advice

before completing the transaction. Id. (citations omitted).

Cooper testified that she did not request the agreement evidencing the $29,000.00 debt,

nor did she request the quit-claim deed. She testified that it was what Barham wanted to do after

discussing it with their mother and that Barham decided that it should be done to repay Cooper

for her help. In addition, Cooper presented a letter from Barham that showed Barham’s love and

gratitude toward Cooper. The Special Master found that the testimony was clear that Cooper

9 helped Barham in almost every conceivable way. Cooper handled the rental and repairs of the

property, took Barham to the store and the doctor, and “did just about everything a person could

do for another.” Because evidence in the record supports the concurrent finding that there was

no undue influence, this Court cannot disturb the findings on appeal. Shepherd, 929 S.W.2d at

344.

Barham next argues that the Special Master erred in finding a proper accounting on

Cooper’s part. Barham asserts that Cooper failed or refused to produce all of the documents in

her possession and that she cannot account for social security checks totaling $6,500.00. Cooper

was unable to find six months worth of bank statements, and she testified that she searched for

them and asked the bank for copies of them. Cooper also testified that she deposited the social

security checks.

When the resolution of the issues in a case depends upon the truthfulness of witnesses,

the trial judge who has the opportunity to observe the witnesses in their manner and demeanor

while testifying is in a far better position than this Court to decide those issues. Mays v.

Brighton Bank, 832 S.W.2d 347, 351-52 (Tenn. App. 1992). The weight, faith, and credit to

be given to any witness’s testimony lie in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the

credibility accorded will be given great weight by the appellate court. Id. at 352.

The Special Master found that Cooper deposited the social security checks and that the

bank statements show nothing unusual or improper. The Special Master stated, “It is unfortunate

that these 1986 bank statements cannot be found; however, your Master finds nothing to indicate

any wrongdoing on the part of Mrs. Cooper.” The trial court affirmed the findings of the Special

Master and stated, “The Court further finds that the Defendant, Diane W. Cooper, is an honest

person and credible and confirms the Special Master’s report that a proper accounting was done.”

We are bound by these concurrent findings because the findings are supported by

substantial and material evidence. Shepherd, 929 S.W.2d at 344.

After the Special Master filed his report, the trial court refused to allow Barham to

present additional witnesses who would testify about the real estate transfer. Barham argues that

the trial court erred in refusing the additional evidence. The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure

provide that “The court after hearing may adopt the report or may modify it or may reject it in

whole or in part or may receive further evidence or may recommit it with instructions.” Tenn.

10 R. Civ. P. 53.04(2). The trial court is not required to entertain additional witnesses, but has the

discretion to do so. In this case, the trial court noted that the complaint was filed in 1992 and

that the hearing was held in 1995, but that the additional witnesses did not come forward until

1996 to recount conversations with Barham in 1986, 1987, and 1988. We find that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by rejecting the additional testimony.

Finally, Barham argues that the trial court erred in adopting the findings of the Special

Master because she contends that the findings are contrary to the weight of the evidence. This

Court must affirm the concurrent findings of the Special Master and the trial court if there is any

material evidence to support the trial court’s concurrence. Archer v. Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412,

415 (Tenn. App. 1995). As stated above, we find that Cooper has shown the nonexistence of

undue influence, which overcomes the presumption, and that the evidence in the records supports

the concurrent findings of the Special Master and the trial court.

Accordingly, the order of the trial court affirming the Special Master’s report is affirmed.

This case is remanded to the trial court for such further proceedings as necessary, including

provisions for payment of the interest income to Barham. Costs of appeal are assessed against

the appellant.

_________________________________ W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S. CONCUR:

____________________________________ ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

____________________________________ HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, JUDGE