EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
Hanford Security Police Officers DAVID G. DONOVAN and NO. 4:21-CV-5148-TOR CHRISTOPHER J. HALL, United States Department of Energy ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ employee STEPHEN C. PERSONS, MOTION FOR DECLARATORY Safety Bases Compliance Officer RELIEF, TEMPORARY THOMAS R. ARDAMICA, et al., RESTRAINING ORDER, AND A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION Plaintiffs,
v.
BRIAN VANCE as Manager of the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Hanford Site, VALERIE MCCAIN as Vit Plant Project Director, SCOTT SAX BECHTEL as President and Project Manager of CENTRAL PLATEAU CLEANUP COMPANY, ROBERT WILKINSON as President and Program Manager of HANFORD SOLUTIONS, LLC, DON HARDY as Manager of HANFORD LABORATORIES MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRATION 222-S LABORATORY MANAGER, HIRAM SETH WHITMER as President and Program Manager, ASHBY as Laboratory Director, NATIONAL LABORATORY, JOHN ESCHENBERG as President and Chief Executive Officer of PROTECTION SOLUTIONS, JOSEPH R. BIDEN, President of the United States of America, Defendants.
BEFORE THE COURT is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Declaratory Relief, Temporary Restraining Order, and a Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 11). This matter was submitted for consideration with telephonic oral argument on December 17, 2021. Nathan J. Arnold and Simon Peter Seranno appeared on behalf of Plaintiffs. Molly M.S. Smith and John T. Drake appeared on behalf of Federal Defendants. Mark N. Bartlett and Kevin C. Baumgardner appeared on behalf of Contractor Defendants. The Court has reviewed the record and files herein, considered the parties’ oral arguments, and is fully informed. For the reasons discussed below, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Declaratory Relief, Temporary Restraining Order, and a Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 11) is DENIED. This matter relates to President Biden’s Executive Orders issued on
September 9, 2021. As an initial matter, the Court notes the present motion and the operative Complaint are riddled with procedural and substantive deficiencies, which is curious given Plaintiffs’ counsels’ recent experience in this Court. In
October 2021, one of Plaintiffs’ counsels, Nathan J. Arnold, filed a similar action and motion with the Court, challenging the Washington State vaccine mandates. See Bacon et al. v. Woodard et al., 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF Nos. 1, 2. The Court issued a detailed Order denying the motion on November 8, 2021, ten days before
the present action was filed, outlining the legal and factual deficiencies in Mr. Arnold’s motion. Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 63. Oddly, Mr. Arnold and his co-counsel, Simon Peter Serrano, have now filed a nearly identical motion
in this matter but have failed to correct any of the legal and factual inadequacies that proved fatal to the motion in Bacon. Compare ECF No. 11 with Bacon, 2:21- CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 2. When asked by the Court during oral argument whether Mr. Serrano had read the Order from Bacon, Mr. Serrano acknowledged
he had “looked at it,” but it is clear from the present briefing that he did not look at it closely enough. Next, the Court notes Plaintiffs’ Complaint is improperly captioned pursuant
to Rule 10(a); Plaintiffs may not generally refer to the parties using “et al.” until all parties have been named in the pleadings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Additionally, while Plaintiffs name nine defendants from whom Plaintiffs seek relief, seven of
those defendants (“Contractor Defendants”) are improper defendants for the type of claims raised in this action. Those individuals, named in their official capacities, are private employees of private companies, which did not, and could
not, promulgate the challenged Executive Orders. Moreover, those seven private individuals do not employ Plaintiffs; Plaintiffs are employed by private companies, which are not named as defendants. In any event, private employers cannot be liable for constitutional violations. At oral argument, the Court indicated the seven
private defendants were subject to dismissal but would wait for briefing on the issue before making a ruling. Plaintiffs also identify Brian Vance and President Biden, both acting in their
official capacities, as defendants (“Federal Defendants”). However, Plaintiffs do not state a claim for relief against Defendant Vance. Consequently, the only defendant from whom Plaintiffs may seek relief is President Biden, and even then, Plaintiffs may only seek injunctive relief against the Executive Orders, not
President Biden himself. Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Trump, 428 F. Supp. 3d 282, 291 (D. Mont. 2019) (citing Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788, 802–03 (1992) (plurality)).
In any event, Plaintiffs’ attempts at injunctive relief fall woefully short, just as they did in Mr. Arnold’s prior case before this Court. See Bacon, 2:21-CV- 0296-TOR, ECF No. 63. Because the claims raised in the present motion are
nearly identical to those raised in Bacon, for judicial economy, the Court will incorporate by reference its reasoning from Bacon in this Order. Finally, the Court indicated at oral argument it would entertain motions for Rule 11 sanctions due to
the egregious deficiencies in this matter. There are 292 purported Plaintiffs in this action, all but seven of whom are employed by several private companies holding contracts with the federal
government to carry out various duties related to the Hanford nuclear site in Richland, Washington. ECF Nos. 41 at 7; 44 at 3. The remaining seven Plaintiffs are employed by the Department of Energy (“DOE”), and also work at the Hanford
site. ECF No. 41 at 9. Plaintiffs oppose the vaccination requirements being imposed by their employers pursuant to Executive Orders 14042 and 14043 (“Executive Orders”). The Executive Orders were issued on September 9, 2021. ECF No. 41 at 6.
Executive Order 14043 requires all federal employees to be fully vaccinated; the Safer Federal Workforce Task Force (the “Task Force”) issued guidance clarifying the deadline for federal employees to be fully vaccinated was November 22, 2021,
unless they obtained an exemption. Id. Executive Order 14042 essentially requires employers who contract with the federal government to ensure their employees are fully vaccinated. ECF No. 44 at 8–9. This is achieved by requiring
federal departments and agencies to introduce new contractual clauses that require covered contractors and subcontractors to comply with the guidance provided by the Task Force. Id. The Task Force issued guidance on September 24, 2021
stating that covered contractor employees who did not receive an exemption needed to be fully vaccinated by December 8, 2021. Id. at 9. The deadline for compliance is now January 18, 2022. Id. at 10. Pursuant to Executive Order 14042, DOE modified its contracts, including
the contracts held by the private entities that employ Plaintiffs. Id. at 12–18. Those private entities then adopted processes through which employees could seek vaccination exemptions and accommodations. Id. Some Plaintiffs have completed
the process, some are still going through the process, and others have not applied at all. ECF Nos. 1 at 4–41, ¶¶ 16–308; 41 at 9; 44 at 12–18. Plaintiffs filed the present motion on November 19, 2021, seeking injunctive relief. ECF No. 11. Contractor Defendants and Federal Defendants (collectively,
“Defendants”) oppose the motion, primarily because Plaintiffs’ claims are not yet ripe. ECF Nos. 41 at 8; 44 at 27. //
// I. Judicial Notice
In support of their opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion, Contractor Defendants request this Court take judicial notice of several public records relating to the challenged Executive Orders. ECF No. 54. A district court may take judicial of “a
fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). To that end, courts may take judicial notice of court filings and other matters of public record, including government documents
available from reliable sources on the internet. Cross Culture Christian Ctr. v. Newsom, 445 F. Supp. 3d 758, 764 (E.D. Cal. 2020) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
The documents submitted by Contractor Defendants are government notices and records that are publicly accessible from reliable sources on the internet and are not reasonably subject dispute. The Court finds the documents are properly subject to judicial notice.
II. Legal Standard—Temporary Restraining Order Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, a district court may grant a temporary restraining order (TRO) to prevent “immediate and irreparable injury.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1)(A). The analysis for granting a temporary restraining order is “substantially identical” to that for a preliminary injunction. Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001).
It “is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). To obtain this relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) a likelihood of success
on the merits; (2) a likelihood of irreparable injury in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) that a balancing of the hardships weighs in plaintiff’s favor; and (4) that a preliminary injunction will advance the public interest. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20; M.R. v. Dreyfus, 697 F.3d 706, 725 (9th Cir. 2012). Under the Winter test, a
plaintiff must satisfy each element for injunctive relief. Alternatively, the Ninth Circuit also permits a “sliding scale” approach under which an injunction may be issued if there are “serious questions going to
the merits” and “the balance of hardships tips sharply in the plaintiff’s favor,” assuming the plaintiff also satisfies the two other Winter factors. All. for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[A] stronger showing of one element may offset a weaker showing of another.”); see also Farris v.
Seabrook, 677 F.3d 858, 864 (9th Cir. 2012) (“We have also articulated an alternate formulation of the Winter test, under which serious questions going to the merits and a balance of hardships that tips sharply towards the plaintiff can support
issuance of a preliminary injunction, so long as the plaintiff also shows that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury and that the injunction is in the public interest.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits Plaintiffs’ Complaint alleges the vaccination requirements imposed by the Executive Orders violate state and federal law. ECF No. 1. As an initial matter,
while this Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, the decision is discretionary. Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 114 F.3d 999, 1000 (9th Cir. 1997), supplemented, 121 F.3d 714 (9th Cir. 1997), as amended, (Oct. 1, 1997). In the interests of judicial economy,
convenience, fairness, and comity, the Court declines supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ state law claims and will address only the challenges to federal law. Plaintiffs’ Complaint raises 17 causes of action, but the present motion
raises only nine. Thus, the Court’s Order will be limited only to the issues currently raised. The Court also notes that Plaintiffs attempt to raise an additional cause of action in the present motion that is not pleaded in the Complaint, specifically the Washington State theory of economic battery. ECF No. 11 at 17–
19. That cause of action will not be addressed as it is insufficiently pleaded. Pac. Radiation Oncology, LLC v. Queen’s Med. Ctr., 810 F.3d 631, 633 (9th Cir. 2015). As a final matter, throughout the present motion, Plaintiffs rely heavily on
the holding and analysis in BST Holdings, L.L.C. v. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Dep’t of Lab., 17 F.4th 604 (5th Cir. 2021). That case is not binding on this Court, nor is it persuasive or even instructive
because it involved a challenge to the statute implementing the emergency temporary standard (“ETS”) issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”). See id. Challenges to administrative actions and
decisions are subject to wholly different legal standards than the challenges raised here. Plaintiffs’ arguments that the holding and reasoning from BST Holdings, L.L.C. should apply here are misplaced. To obtain injunctive relief, Plaintiffs must show that there are “serious
questions going to the merits” of their claims, and that they are likely to succeed on the merits. Cottrell, 632 F.3d at 1131; Farris, 677 F.3d at 865. 1. Ripeness
Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ claims are not yet ripe for judicial adjudication. ECF Nos. 41 at 9; 44 at 27. Plaintiffs’ allegations generally hinge on their belief that they will be terminated from employment should they fail to comply with the vaccination requirements implemented by their employers pursuant to the
Executive Orders. ECF No. 1 at 42–44, ¶¶ 313–323. Because the time to comply with the Executive Orders has been extended, Plaintiffs are not currently subject to any enforcement action that may arise from non-compliance; thus, Plaintiffs raise a
pre-enforcement challenge. The doctrine of ripeness is a threshold issue that is designed to “prevent the courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication, from entangling themselves
in abstract disagreements. ” Thomas v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm’n, 220 F.3d 1134, 1138 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). The doctrine is grounded in both “Article III limitations on judicial power” (the Constitutional component) and
“prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction” (the prudential component). Id. (citation omitted). a. Constitutional Component Ripeness overlaps with the injury-in-fact requirement for standing and is
essentially a temporal inquiry. Id. at 1139. Like the injury-in-fact requirement, ripeness requires issues that are “definite and concrete, not hypothetical or abstract.” Id. (citation omitted). In the pre-enforcement context, while a plaintiff
need not wait until “the consummation of threatened injury to obtain preventative relief,” the plaintiff must still face a “genuine threat of imminent prosecution.” Wolfson v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1058 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). To determine whether a threat of prosecution is imminent,
courts consider: “(1) whether the plaintiff has articulated a concrete plan to violate the law in question; (2) whether the prosecuting authorities have communicated a specific warning or threat to initiate proceedings; and (3) the history of past
prosecution or enforcement under the challenged statute.” Id. Injuries or harms that are too speculative are insufficient to support jurisdiction. Thomas, 220 F.3d at 1139.
Plaintiffs here have failed to articulate any facts from which the Court can infer an imminent threat of harm or adverse enforcement action. As to Plaintiffs’ plans for future noncompliance, only a handful of Plaintiffs explicitly state their
precise vaccination status. See, e.g., ECF No. 1 at 10, ¶ 60, at 14, ¶ 88, at 22, ¶ 157. The remaining Plaintiffs do not indicate whether they have received any vaccine doses or whether they plan to in the future. Id. at 4–41, ¶¶ 16–308. Next, many Plaintiffs are in various stages of the exemption and accommodations
process; some have completed the process, some have applications that are still pending, and others have not even applied. See, e.g., ECF Nos. 1 at 6, ¶¶ 28, 30; 41 at 9; 45 at 4, ¶ 13; 46 at 11, ¶¶ 35–36; 49 at 6–7, ¶ 20. Those who have not
applied do not indicate whether they plan to apply in the future. Thus, Plaintiffs have failed to articulate a clear plan to violate the vaccination requirement. Regarding a specific warning or threat to initiate enforcement proceedings, Plaintiffs do not allege they have received any communication that employment
termination is imminent. Conversely, several Contractor Defendants have affirmatively stated that Plaintiffs do not face imminent adverse employment action. ECF Nos. 45 at 5, ¶ 16; 46 at 11, ¶ 34; 53 at 4–5, ¶ 11. Similarly,
Defendant DOE has affirmatively stated that the seven Plaintiffs it employs do not face imminent adverse employment action. ECF No. 42 at 6, ¶ 11. Other Contractor Defendants continue to review and revise the availability of
accommodations but have not indicated they plan to initiate adverse employment action. See, e.g., ECF Nos. 48 at 4, ¶¶ 15–16; 52 at 4, ¶¶ 11–12. Finally, because the vaccine mandates under the Executive Orders are new
and not yet enforceable, there can be no history or evidence of past enforcements that would imply Defendants plan to take immediate adverse action against Plaintiffs once the mandates are enforceable. Plaintiffs’ beliefs that they face imminent termination if they fail to comply
with the vaccine requirements are unfounded and insufficient to demonstrate a genuine threat of imminent harm. Therefore, Plaintiffs have failed to allege a claim that is ripe for adjudication under the constitutional component.
b. Prudential Component Plaintiffs’ claims are unripe for prudential reasons as well. Whether a case is ripe for judicial adjudication under the prudential component is guided by two overarching considerations: “the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the
hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration.” Thomas, 220 F.3d at 1141. Here, the time for compliance with the vaccination requirements has not yet
arrived. If Plaintiffs decide to obtain vaccines in the interim, or they are approved for exemptions, their issues may not ever require judicial review. See Am. Petroleum Inst. v. E.P.A., 683 F.3d 382, 387 (D.C. Cir. 2012). It is simply too
early to know with any degree of certainty whether Plaintiffs’ fears of termination will come into fruition. Additionally, postponing review of Plaintiffs’ claims will not impose an undue hardship to the parties. Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate
they face any imminent threat of harm and delaying review will allow more time for Plaintiffs to complete the exemption and accommodation process. Delay will also provide Defendants the opportunity to review and reevaluate exemption applications already filed.
The Court finds Plaintiffs’ claims are unripe for judicial review because Plaintiffs’ fears may never come into fruition, and because delaying review will not unduly burden the parties.
Next, the Court need not reach the substance of Plaintiffs’ claims; however, given Mr. Arnold’s and Mr. Serrano’s bewildering attempt to relitigate nearly identical claims that the Court has previously struck down, the Court will briefly address the current legal and factual deficiencies for clarity.
2. Commerce Clause, Non-Delegation Clause, Separation of Powers Clause, Tenth Amendment Plaintiffs argue the Executive Orders “likely” exceed the federal government’s constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause, “run afoul” of the doctrines of non-delegation and separation of powers, and violate the Tenth Amendment. ECF No. 11 at 11. Aside from a single case citation broadly
discussing the principles of federalism, Plaintiffs do not provide any legal or factual analysis for these issues nor do Plaintiffs explain how these legal theories relate to their circumstances. Therefore, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate there
are serious questions going to the merits of these claims or that are they likely to succeed on the merits of the claims. 3. Procurement Act Plaintiffs seem to allege Executive Order 14042 violates the Procurement
Act, 40 U.S.C. § 121(a). Id. Federal Defendants argue Executive Order 14042 is a valid exercise of the President’s authority to direct federal contracting. The purpose of the Procurement Act is “to provide the Federal Government
with an economical and efficient system” for “procuring and supplying property and nonpersonal services.” 40 U.S.C. § 101. Under the Act, the President “may prescribe policies and directives . . . necessary to carry out” the provisions of the Act, so long as the policies are consistent with the Act. 40 U.S.C. §121(a). Courts
have interpreted this to mean the executive order must have a “sufficiently close nexus to the values of providing the government an economical and efficient system for procurement and supply.” UAW-Lab. Emp. & Training Corp. v. Chao,
325 F.3d 360, 366 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citation and internal quotation omitted). However, courts have also recognized the “necessary flexibility and broad-ranging authority” granted to the President under the Act, and courts will find a nexus even
where the connection seems attenuated or where arguments claiming the opposite effect may be advanced. Id. Executive Order 14042 easily satisfies the nexus requirement. The express
language of the Order states that it promotes federal government economy and efficiency by ensuring federal contractors implement adequate COVID-19 safeguards to protect their workers, which helps reduce the spread of COVID-19, thereby decreasing worker absences, reducing labor costs, and improving work
efficiency at federal contractor worksites. ECF No. 41 at 22. The Taskforce explained these goals are achieved by increasing vaccination among federal contractors. Id.
Federal Defendants submitted ample evidence demonstrating how the Hanford site benefits from these goals and purposes. See ECF No. 44 at 24. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, have not advanced any arguments that would undermine the President’s broad authority under the Act to issue the Executive
Orders nor have they presented any salient arguments that would overcome the lenient standard by which courts judge the nexus requirement. Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate they are likely to succeed on the merits
of their Procurement Act claim or that there are serious questions going to the merits of that claim. 4. Free Exercise of Religion
Similar to the free exercise claim alleged in Bacon, it is unclear from Plaintiffs’ briefing what argument they are attempting to advance. ECF No. 11 at 12–15; see Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 63 at 10. However, the
Complaint appears to raise both facial and as-applied challenges to the Executive Orders. ECF No. 1 at 2, ¶ 3. To avoid First Amendment violations under the Free Exercise Clause, a law must be facially neutral and generally applicable. Church of the Lukumi Babalu
Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520, 531 (1993). Laws that satisfy these requirements need not be justified by a compelling governmental interest. Id. This is true even where the laws have an incidentally burdening effect on religious
practice. Id. However, laws that are not facially neutral and generally applicable must be justified by a compelling governmental interest and must be narrowly tailored to advance that interest. Id. Facial challenges are more difficult to prove than as-applied challenges.
Young v. Hawaii, 992 F.3d 765, 779 (9th Cir. 2021). “To succeed on a facial challenge, the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the regulation would be valid.” Doe v. Zucker, 496 F. Supp. 3d 744, 754
(N.D.N.Y. 2020) (internal brackets omitted). Judicial review of facial challenges is limited to the text of the law or regulation itself. Young, 992 F.3d at 779. Challenges to general applicability will succeed if the record before the court
“compels the conclusion” that suppression of religion or religious practice is the object of the law at issue. Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc., 508 U.S. at 534. Here, Plaintiffs’ free exercise challenge to the Executive Orders fails for the
same reasons the plaintiffs in Bacon failed: the Executive Orders are facially neutral and as applied. Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 63 at 10–13. On their faces, neither identifies or singles out any religion or religious practice, and they are generally applicable because they apply with equal force to all federal
government employees and contractors, regardless of their religious affiliation—or lack thereof. Moreover, Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts demonstrating their sincerely held religious views have been affected by the Executive Orders.
Consequently, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate they are likely to succeed on the merits of their free exercise claim or that there are serious questions going to the merits of the claim. 5. Title VII; Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
As the Court previously explained in Bacon, Plaintiffs’ claims cannot proceed in district court because they have failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 63 at 8–10. Mere attempts at
exhaustion are insufficient. Therefore, Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits or that there are serious questions going to the merits of those claims.
B. Irreparable Harm Similar to Bacon, it is once again difficult to decipher the irreparable harm Plaintiffs allege they will suffer. ECF No. 11 at 7. The heading to this section of
Plaintiffs’ brief seems to imply a loss of “free exercise and medical freedom,” but the analysis focuses almost entirely on a loss of employment. ECF No. 11 at 7. In any event, the Court finds Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate they will suffer irreparable harm for the same reasons discussed in Bacon. Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-
TOR, ECF No. 63 at 14–16. C. Balancing of Equities and Public Interest Plaintiffs imply that a failure to enjoin the Executive Orders will expose the
Hanford site to a “national security risk or environmental catastrophe.” ECF No. 11 at 8. Plaintiffs grossly overstate the possibility of a safety or security threat to the Hanford site, as they have provided no facts or evidence to support their assertion. Conversely, Defendant DOE confirmed there are sufficient Hanford
Patrol Security Police Officers who have attested to being fully vaccinated and who will continue protecting the national security assets at the Hanford site. ECF No. 43 at 3, ¶ 8. Moreover, Defendant DOE has a contingency plan in place that
will ensure the Hanford site remains protected even if all current fully vaccinated officers become unavailable for service. Jd. at Plaintiffs’ unsubstantiated allegations are insufficient to show the public interest would best be served by an injunction. See also Bacon, 2:21-CV-0296-TOR, ECF No. 63 at 17. Plaintiffs do not address the balancing of equities. Nonetheless, the balance of equities tips heavily in Defendants’ favor. Plaintiffs’ Complaint and present motion are replete with procedural, factual, and legal deficiencies that cannot support the extraordinary remedy of injunctive relief. Thus, the balance of equities tips in favor of Defendants and the public interest would not be served by enjoining the Executive Orders. The Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy either the Winter test or 12] the Cottrell sliding scale test. Plaintiffs are not entitled to the relief they seek. ACCORDINGLY, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: Plaintiffs’ Motion for Declaratory Relief, Temporary Restraining Order, and a Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 11) is DENIED. The District Court Executive is directed to enter this Order and furnish copies to counsel. DATED December 17, 2021.
Ws. gp TW, Ok ee Oe Ke THOMAS O. RICE <=> United States District Judge ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF, TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER, AND A PRELIMINARY