MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 31 2017, 8:51 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Jonathan D. Harwell Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Harwell Legal Counsel Ltd. Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana James B. Martin Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Donald Richardson, July 31, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A05-1612-CR-2671 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Sheila A. Carlisle, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G03-1405-FA-27638
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 1 of 16 [1] Donald Richardson appeals his convictions and sentences for Class A felony
criminal deviate conduct,1 Class A felony rape,2 Class B felony carjacking,3 and
his adjudication as a habitual offender.4 He raises the following two restated
issues:
I. Whether it was error for the trial court to admit into evidence statements that Richardson made during a police interview; and
II. Whether his seventy-year aggregate sentence is inappropriate.5
[2] We affirm Richardson’s convictions and sentences, and we remand with
instructions for the trial court to clarify its Sentencing Order.
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-2(a)(1). We note that the statutes under which Richardson was charged were amended effective July 1, 2014. However, he committed his offenses in August 2013, and we apply the statutes in effect at that time. 2 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(a)(1). 3 See Ind. Code § 35-42-5-2(1). 4 See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8. 5 Both parties state that the aggregate sentence imposed in this case was 100 years. Appellant’s Br. at 6, 14; Appellee’s Br. at 13. However, the transcript states that he was sentenced to forty years for criminal deviate conduct, forty years for rape, enhanced by thirty years, “which makes a 70-year sentence total on the rape,” and ten years for carjacking, with the sentences to be served concurrently. Tr. Vol. 4 at 3-4. The abstract of judgment likewise reflects that he was sentenced to seventy years for the rape conviction and, as to the habitual offender enhancement, the abstract states, “The total sentence listed above also included the [30 year] enhancement time.” Confid. App. at 113-114. Thus, the record before us reflects that the thirty-year enhancement was included in – not in addition to – the seventy-year sentence. We observe, however, that the trial court’s Sentencing Order reflects that Richardson received seventy years on the Count IV rape conviction and then states, “Defendant found to be a Habitual Offender. Court enhances sentence on count 4 by 30 years.” Id. at 115. To the extent that this suggests that the seventy-year sentence was enhanced by thirty years, we find that this was a scrivener’s error, or at a minimum, is unclear. We thus remand to the trial court for the limited purpose of clarifying its written Sentencing Order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 2 of 16 Facts and Procedural History [3] Sometime after midnight on August 21, 2013, C.B. drove herself and her three-
month-old child to an apartment complex to see the child’s father. She and her
child were in the parked car in the parking lot, when a stranger, later
determined to be Richardson, knocked on her driver’s side window with a
handgun. At his direction, she opened the door, and he waved the handgun in
her face and told her to move over. She moved to the passenger seat, and he
drove the car to another parking lot, where he forced her to perform fellatio and
have intercourse, as he held a gun to her. He then exited the car and ran away.
C.B. drove to a nearby Meijer store and contacted police.
[4] An Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (“IMPD”) officer arrived at
the Meijer store, where he encountered C.B., who was frantic and naked from
the waist down. Detective Vincent Harper (“Detective Harper”) was called to
the scene to assist. Detective Harper took C.B. to the hospital, and DNA
evidence obtained through a sexual assault examination identified Richardson
as a suspect. Detective Harper later interviewed C.B., and she identified
Richardson from a photo array.
[5] In May 2014, Richardson was arrested, advised of his rights, orally and in
writing, and he waived them. During his police interview, he made statements
implicating his involvement with the crimes committed against C.B. He told
the officers that he had previously been in a car accident and sometimes had
trouble remembering things and that he had been diagnosed with manic
depression. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 3 of 16 [6] The State charged Richardson with nine counts: Class A felony kidnapping,
two counts of Class A felony criminal deviate conduct, two counts of Class A
felony rape, Class C felony sexual battery, Class B felony carjacking, Class B
felony criminal confinement, and Class C felony intimidation. Appellant’s App.
at 27. The State added a habitual offender charge.
[7] In April 2016, Richardson filed a Motion to Exclude Unreliable Statements by
Defendant (“Motion to Exclude”), asserting that his statements to police were
involuntary, unreliable, and unduly prejudicial. At the hearing, Richardson
presented medical records to show that in January 2014 he had been in a car
accident and was diagnosed with a concussion. Defendant’s Exs. A, B. He
testified that the concussion caused symptoms of vertigo, nausea, memory loss,
confusion, and headaches. He stated that, prior to the accident, he had been
diagnosed with manic depression. He also testified that prior to the accident he
had been abusing alcohol and drugs and that, after the accident, his substance
abuse worsened. Richardson testified that he had consumed alcohol, Xanax,
and marijuana throughout the day prior to going to the police station for
questioning. Richardson also presented the testimony of his mother, who
testified that Richardson was taken into custody before he could attend his
follow-up appointments for the head injury that he received in the January 2014
car accident and that she saw Richardson not long before he was picked up by
police, and he appeared intoxicated to her. Richardson also presented the
testimony of his cousin, who testified to drinking alcohol, “taking a few little
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 4 of 16 pills,” and smoking marijuana with Richardson throughout the day before
Richardson was taken into custody for questioning. Tr. Vol. 2 at 46.
[8] The State presented the testimony of Detective Harper about his videotaped
May 2014 interview with Richardson, which recording was later provided to
the trial court as an attachment to the State’s proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The trial court denied the Motion to Exclude, finding:
The Court does find that under the totality of the circumstances: the Defendant was properly advised of his Miranda warnings, knowingly waived his constitutional rights and gave a voluntary statement to the police. The Court does not find from the evidence that the Defendant was so intoxicated OR mentally or physically impaired as to impede the voluntariness of his statement. Further, the Court does not find from the evidence that there was any coercion by the police officers which made the statement involuntary. Under a Rule 403 analysis, the statement is admissible, relevant and highly probative. It is not unfairly prejudicial.
Appellant’s App. at 78 (emphasis in original). The trial court subsequently
denied Richardson’s request to certify the trial court’s order for interlocutory
appeal.
[9] At the two-day August 2016 jury trial, the trial court admitted testimony from
Detective Harper, over Richardson’s objection, concerning statements that
Richardson had made during the videotaped interview. Detective Harper
testified that Richardson accurately described C.B.’s physical build, as well as
the car she was driving. Richardson recognized C.B. in a BMV photo and told
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 5 of 16 the officers, “I did her.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 117; State’s Ex. 2. He stated that he was
sorry and that C.B. “didn’t deserve that.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 118. Detective Harper
testified that Richardson told him during the interview that he had been in a car
accident, suffered a concussion, and had trouble remembering things. Detective
Harper stated that Richardson did not tell him that he had been consuming
alcohol or drugs, and Detective Harper did not detect any signs of impairment.
[10] The jury found Richardson guilty of four counts: Count II, Class A felony
criminal deviate conduct; Count IV, Class A felony rape; Count VI, Class C
felony sexual battery; and Count VII, Class B felony carjacking. Tr. Vol. 3 at
192-93. The jury also adjudicated Richardson to be a habitual offender. At the
September 2016 sentencing hearing, Richardson agreed that the PSI was
accurate, and he presented no other evidence. The PSI showed that he had
been arrested seven times since 2003 and had at least six prior felony
convictions and one misdemeanor conviction. His felony convictions included:
Class C felony intimidation; Class B felony robbery; Class B felony criminal
confinement; and three convictions for Class A felony sexual misconduct with a
minor. The PSI also showed that, while serving time at the Department of
Correction, he was disciplined four times. The trial court noted the “escalation
of violence” and that his offenses involved “confronting other people,”
including two young females. Tr. Vol. 4 at 3. The trial court gave “minimal or
medium weight” to Richardson’s proffered mitigating circumstances and found
that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances.
Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 6 of 16 [11] Based on double jeopardy considerations, the trial court sentenced Richardson
on Counts II, IV, and VII, but not on Count VI, the sexual battery conviction.
It sentenced Richardson to: forty years for the Class A felony criminal deviate
conduct conviction; forty years for the Class A felony rape conviction,
enhanced by thirty years for the habitual offender adjudication; and ten years
on the Class B felony carjacking conviction. It ordered that those sentences run
concurrent with one another, for a total of seventy, but ordered that they be
served consecutive to the sentence imposed in another cause. Following the
trial court’s denial of his motion to correct error, Richardson now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Admission of Evidence [12] Before trial, Richardson filed the Motion to Exclude his statements to Detective
Harper as being involuntarily made in violation of his constitutional rights. The
trial court denied the motion, and, at trial, over Richardson’s objection, the
State introduced Detective Harper’s testimony about his interview with
Richardson. On appeal, Richardson contends that the trial court committed
reversible error when it admitted into evidence his statements to police,
asserting that all his statements were elicited in violation of his constitutional
rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the
Constitution of the United States and his rights under Article I §§ 12, 13, and 14
of the Indiana Constitution. That is, he maintains they were not voluntary and
should have been excluded.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 7 of 16 [13] Protection against police misconduct is the principle behind ensuring that
statements are voluntary. Page v. State, 689 N.E.2d 707, 710 (Ind. 1997). In
reviewing a claim that a defendant’s statement or confession was involuntary,
the State, under Indiana law, has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the statement was voluntary. Weisheit v. State, 26 N.E.3d 3, 18 (Ind.
2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 901 (2016). Our Supreme Court has explained
what the trial court is to consider:
In evaluating a claim that a statement was not given voluntarily, the trial court is to consider the “totality of the circumstances,” including any element of police coercion; the length, location, and continuity of the interrogation; and the maturity, education, physical condition, and mental health of the defendant. To determine that a statement was given voluntarily, the court must conclude that inducement, threats, violence, or other improper influences did not overcome the defendant’s free will.
Wilkes v. State, 917 N.E.2d 675, 680 (Ind. 2009) (internal citations omitted).
Intoxication, drug use, and mental illness are factors to be considered in
determining whether a statement is voluntary. State v. Banks, 2 N.E.3d 71, 80
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied; see also Scalissi v. State, 759 N.E.2d 618, 621
(Ind. 2001) (factors such as intoxication and lack of sleep may be factors in
determining voluntariness).6
6 Richardson asserts that the Indiana Constitution does not require police coercion in order for a confession to be deemed involuntary. Appellant’s Br. at 10 (citing State v. Banks, 2 N.E.3d 71, 82-83 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied). The State, however, maintains “that police coercion is required to show involuntariness under the Indiana Constitution.” Appellee’s Br. at 15 n.1. Assuming without deciding that Richardson is correct, we
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 8 of 16 [14] On appeal, the trial court’s determination of voluntariness is reviewed as a
sufficiency of the evidence question. Weisheit, 26 N.E.3d at 18. We will not
reweigh the evidence. Id. If the trial court’s finding of voluntariness is
supported by substantial evidence, we will affirm. Id.; see also Scalissi, 759
N.E.2d at 621 (“When reviewing a challenge to the trial court’s decision to
admit a confession, we do not reweigh the evidence, but instead examine the
record for substantial, probative evidence of voluntariness.”).
[15] Here, Richardson contends that, even though he signed a waiver of his rights
after receiving oral and written advisements, the State did not meet its burden of
proving that his confession was voluntary, intelligent, and freely made because
he presented evidence that he incurred previous head trauma, namely a
concussion in January 2014, he suffered from manic depression, and he had
been ingesting alcohol and marijuana on the day in question.
[16] Richardson asserts that his “substantial intoxication [] overcame any
voluntariness” and that he did not provide a voluntary statement to Detective
Harper. Appellant’s Br. at 11. According to our Supreme Court, “The mere fact
a statement is made by the defendant while under the influence of drugs, or that
the defendant is mentally ill, does not render it inadmissible per se.” Pruitt v.
State, 834 N.E.2d 90, 115 (Ind. 2005). If voluntariness of a statement is
find that Richardson’s statement was voluntarily given based on the totality of circumstances, and we do not reach or resolve the parties’ disagreement over whether police coercion must be present under the Indiana Constitution.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 9 of 16 challenged on the basis that the defendant was under the influence of drugs, the
defendant has the burden to introduce evidence from which it could be
concluded that the amount and nature of the drug consumed would produce an
involuntary statement. Id. “A confession may be inadmissible if the defendant
was so intoxicated or impaired as to be unconscious of what he was doing or in
a state of mania.” Owens v. State, 754 N.E.2d 927, 929 (Ind. 2001). Anything
less goes to the weight given to the confession, not to its admissibility. Id.
[17] Here, Richardson testified at the Motion to Exclude hearing that, on the day he
was arrested, he had smoked five “blunts” of marijuana and had consumed up
to a fifth of alcohol. Tr. Vol. 2 at 22. He described that, at the time that he was
questioned, he was not “sloppy” drunk, but was more of a “middle” type of
drunk, suggesting he was a six on a scale of one to ten. Id. Detective Harper,
who had been employed with IMPD for fourteen years and, among other
things, was trained as a drug recognition expert and had experience detecting
impaired and intoxicated individuals, testified that Richardson showed no signs
of intoxication or impairment and that Richardson did not smell like alcohol or
marijuana. We will not reweigh evidence or judge witness credibility. Weisheit,
26 N.E.3d at 18. Richardson has failed to show that his alleged intoxication
rendered his statement involuntary.
[18] Richardson’s assertions with regard to mental illness are that, at some point
prior to the January 2014 car accident, he had been diagnosed as having manic
depression. The only evidence admitted at trial regarding that illness was
Richardson’s testimony and that of his mother. Richardson did not present any
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 10 of 16 other evidence regarding medical diagnosis, treatment, or in any way
establishing that his depression caused or contributed to his actions or affected
his statements to police. We thus reject his claims that any mental illness in the
form of manic depression rendered his statements to police involuntary. With
regard to head trauma, Richardson presented medical records showing that he
suffered a concussion in an accident in January 2014, and he testified that, as a
result of the concussion, he experiences symptoms of memory loss, confusion,
headaches, nausea, and vertigo. Detective Harper did not observe any such
symptoms during the interview, and while Richardson told Detective Harper
during the interview that the car accident had affected his memory, Richardson
accurately described to police C.B.’s build and her vehicle. Detective Harper
also stated that Richardson exhibited a cohesive thought process. There was
thus no evidence if or how the concussion affected Richardson’s statements to
police. Based on the record before us, we find that there was substantial
evidence demonstrating the voluntariness of Richardson’s statement, and the
trial court did not err when it admitted it into evidence.
[19] Richardson alternatively argues that, even if the State met their burden to show
that the statement was voluntary, his mental condition rendered it “unreliable
and inadmissible,” and its prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value
under Evidence Rule 403. Appellant’s Br. at 13. He urges, “An alleged
confession obtained while intoxicated, mentally ill, and suffering from a brain
injury is not a confession of such reliability it should be before a jury.” Id.
Other than citation to general caselaw concerning the persuasive effect of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 11 of 16 confessions on factfinders and regarding their admission generally, Richardson
provides no authority in support of his position that the particular
circumstances of his statement rendered it inadmissible under Rule 403, and
therefore, he has waived the argument for appellate review. Ind. Appellate
Rule 46(A)(8). Furthermore, having rejected his argument that his alleged
intoxication, mental illness, and concussion rendered his confession
involuntary, we likewise are not persuaded, based on the record before us, that
his statement was unreliable and unduly prejudicial. The trial court did not err
by admitting into evidence Richardson’s statements to police. 7
II. Sentence [20] Richardson claims that his sentence is inappropriate. This court has authority
to revise a sentence ‘if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the
court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense
and the character of the offender.’” Delao v. State, 940 N.E.2d 849, 853 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2011) (quoting Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B)), trans. denied. A defendant bears
the burden of showing that both prongs of the inquiry favor revision of his or
her sentence. Anderson v. State, 989 N.E.2d 823, 827 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans.
denied. We understand and recognize the unique perspective a trial court brings
to its sentencing decisions. Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 873 (Ind. Ct.
7 The State notes that C.B. testified to the events in question, she identified Richardson in a line-up, and his DNA was found on her person and clothes. Thus, his inculpatory statement to police, conceding that “I did her” was established by other evidence. We agree.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 12 of 16 App. 2007). The trial court’s judgment “should receive considerable
deference.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008). A defendant
must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence is inappropriate.
Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).
[21] Regarding the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point
the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.
Id. at 1081. Richardson was found guilty and sentenced on one count of Class
A felony criminal deviate conduct; one count of Class A felony rape; and one
count of Class B felony carjacking, and he was adjudicated to be a habitual
offender. Tr. Vol. 3 at 192-93; Confid. App. at 21, 82-91. A Class A felony
conviction carries a sentence of twenty to fifty years, with an advisory sentence
of thirty years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4. A Class B felony conviction carries a
sentence of six to twenty years with an advisory sentence of ten years. Ind.
Code § 35-50-2-5. Here, the trial court sentenced Richardson to forty years for
the Class A felony criminal deviate conduct conviction; forty years for the Class
A felony rape conviction, enhanced by thirty years for the habitual offender
adjudication, for a total of seventy years on the rape conviction; and ten years
on the Class B felony carjacking. It ordered those sentences to run concurrent
with one another. Richardson claims that his sentence was inappropriate.
[22] Richardson concedes that the nature of the offense is “a negative
consideration,” but argues that “based on the lack of physical injury and based
on the jury’s rejection of all weapon counts, [] the nature of this offense is not as
bad or as violent as many similarly situated cases.” Appellant’s Br. at 15. We
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 13 of 16 disagree. The facts of the offense are that Richardson tapped on the window of
the car, as C.B. sat in the car with her infant child. He directed her to open the
door and gestured with the gun, waving it in her face, instructing her to move
over so he could drive the car to another location, where he forced her to
perform fellatio and intercourse, while holding a gun to her. C.B. testified that
her infant child was crying, and Richardson yelled at her to shut up the child or
else he would “shoot the shit out of [C.B.].” Tr. Vol. 2. at 133. Richardson,
before exiting the car, asked C.B. if she knew that “this is rape” and said that if
the police came he would kill her. Id. at 137. Richardson terrorized C.B. in the
presence of her infant child, who, for at least part of the time, was crying. C.B.
feared that she or her child was going to die. Richardson has failed to establish
that the nature of the offense supports a revision of his sentence.
[23] Regarding the character of the defendant inquiry, one relevant inquiry is the
defendant’s criminal history. Garcia v. State, 47 N.E.3d 1249, 1251 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015), trans. denied. Richardson’s criminal history began in 2003 at the
age of sixteen. It includes felony convictions for intimidation, robbery, sexual
misconduct with a minor, and criminal confinement. His criminal history
reflects escalating violent criminal conduct. He committed the rape against
C.B. in August 2013, which was about four months after he sexually assaulted a
sixteen-year-old girl at knifepoint. Confid. App. at 97. In addition, while at the
DOC, Richardson was disciplined twice for unauthorized possession,
destruction, or alteration of State property; he had a conduct violation for
disruptive, unruly, rowdy conduct for fleeing or physically resisting staff; and a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 14 of 16 conduct violation for committing battery without weapon or injury. He also
violated probation. Richardson’s history reflects sexually predatory behavior
and a disrespect for authority.
[24] With regard to his character, Richardson urges that he is needed by family, that
he was employed at the time of the offense, and he was only a few credits short
of graduating from college. He also argues that his mental illness, brain
trauma, and drug use are factors to be considered in evaluating his character.
He argues that his personal accomplishments and his mental impairment
“should have been given greater consideration.” Appellant’s Br. at 16. The State
maintains that the only evidence of mental illness was Richardson’s own
testimony and that of his mother that he had been diagnosed at some point with
manic depression, and that the evidence of his brain trauma was medical
records that he suffered a concussion in a January 2014 auto accident, which
was five or six months after the attack on C.B. The evidence from Richardson
and his mother was that he was undergoing testing for headaches, dizziness,
fainting, and memory loss, but did not get an opportunity to attend the follow-
up appointments because he was arrested. There was no evidence in the record
suggesting that mental illness or brain injury had any connection to his criminal
conduct. We find that Richardson has failed to show that his character
warrants a revision of his sentence.
[25] The question before us is not whether another sentence is more appropriate;
instead, the question is whether the sentence imposed is inappropriate. Marley
v. State, 17 N.E.3d 335, 339 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. We cannot say
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 15 of 16 that the trial court’s imposition of a seventy-year aggregate sentence was
inappropriate.
[26] Affirmed and remanded for clarification of Sentencing Order.
[27] Mathias, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1612-CR-2671 |July 31, 2017 Page 16 of 16