Donald Miller and Dorothy Miller v. Crawfordsville Electric Light and Power and City of Crawfordsville (mem. dec.)

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: September 20, 2017
• Docket: 54A01-1608-PL-2048
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Sep 20 2017, 8:47 am

court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE James E. Ayers Ian L. Stewart Wernle, Ristine & Ayers Stephenson Morow & Semler Crawfordsville, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Donald Miller and Dorothy September 20, 2017 Miller, Court of Appeals Case No. Appellants-Plaintiffs, 54A01-1608-PL-2048 Appeal from the Montgomery v. Circuit Court The Honorable Harry A. Siamas, Crawfordsville Electric Light and Judge Power and City of Trial Court Cause No. Crawfordsville, 54C01-1409-PL-767 Appellees-Defendants.

Brown, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 1 of 12 [1] Donald and Dorothy Miller appeal the trial court’s order dismissing their

complaint and raise two issues which we revise and restate as whether the court

erred in dismissing their complaint.1 We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] On June 20, 2013, Bryan Gee, who was employed as a line clearance supervisor

for Crawfordsville Electric Light and Power (“CELP”), a municipal utility

owned by the City of Crawfordsville (the “City”), went onto certain real

property on Main Street in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and applied herbicide to

trees. The property was conveyed to the Miller’s on August 9, 2013. The

herbicide was “applied as a basal bark application which entails spraying the

herbicide with a hand held sprayer or backpack sprayer around the diameter of

the tree of about sixteen inches to the earth.” Transcript at 5. Gee wore a

backpack sprayer to apply the herbicide and completed a daily application

report. He met with Donald Miller in the later part of July 2013, “walked the

property and looked at the trees that had been affected by the herbicide and

spoke with him about his concerns,” and offered to “take down the trees and

clean them up free of charge . . . and then also give him a voucher to the local

Pro-Green.” Id. at 9. Gee observed that, at that point, the trees “looked dead,

browned out.”2 Id. He met with Donald Miller again a couple of weeks later

1 The appellants’ brief indicates that Donald Miller is now deceased. 2 When asked at the evidentiary hearing if he would agree that he killed five trees, Gee responded affirmatively.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 2 of 12 and “told him that . . . was as far as [he] could go with offering him the taking

down the trees and cleaning them up and a voucher.” Id. at 10.

[3] In August 2013, Robert Stephens, who was the operations superintendent for

CELP at the time, met and spoke with the Millers, and offered payment and “to

remove the trees and clean up the damaged trees.”3 Id. at 17. The trees were

scheduled to be cut down on August 26, 2013. However, prior to the scheduled

removal, Donald Miller called and left a message for Stephens stating “that the

agreement that [they] had to remove all the trees that were damaged and for the

compensation that was offered was no longer agreeable and that he wanted to

speak to [Stephens’s] manager.” Id.

[4] On August 29, 2013, Donald Miller, Stephens, and Phillip Goode, the General

Manager for CELP, “walked the property to again look at the damage and

discuss a resolution” but were unable to reach an agreement. Id. at 19. Donald

Miller pointed out the trees with the brown leaves as they walked the property.

On August 30, 2013, Stephens took photographs at the property showing the

power line and the dead trees as indicated by their brown leaves and sent an

email with the photographs attached to Goode so that CELP could forward

them to its attorney.

3 When asked at the evidentiary hearing “[w]hen you were there did you make a personal inspection to see that there were five trees and only five trees that had been killed,” Stephens replied “I made an inspection of the trees that Mr. Miller identified and myself. I couldn’t tell you the exact count,” and when asked “[f]ive sound about right,” Stephens answered “[i]t’s probably in the area, five six.” Transcript at 29.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 3 of 12 [5] On March 3, 2014,4 the Millers filed a Notice of Claim Against Political

Subdivision and served it upon CELP. The notice stated that, “on or about the

13th day of September 2013 [CELP] did trespass onto the property of Donald

and Dorothy Miller . . . where they proceeded to by means of chemical

treatment, destroy several trees located on the property” and “thereafter did

also fail to remove the dead trees and stumps and clean up the residential

property after such destruction.” Appellants’ Appendix Volume II at 47;

Appellees’ Appendix Volume II at 33. Nathan Miller, a friend of Donald and

Dorothy Miller, met with Donald Miller and observed the grove in the Millers’

back yard in the spring of 2014. Nathan Miller observed that, as the area was

greening, several of the trees throughout the entire grove were dead, and

noticed “[t]he failure to bud and the tops of them started coming apart, the tops

of the trees.” Transcript at 42. On May 5, 2015, he observed the grove again

and counted eighteen dead trees on the property.5

[6] Meanwhile, on September 19, 2014, the Millers filed a complaint alleging that,

“on or about the 13th day of September 2013, the agents and employees of

[CELP] did trespass” onto their property, that “the employees of [CELP] did

then and there by means of chemical treatment kill several trees located on the

4 The trial court’s August 1, 2016 order indicates the Millers filed their notice of claim on March 3, 2014. In its brief, CELP states that “the stamp marks on the envelope indicate that it was not mailed until March 10, 2014,” but that “for purposes of this appeal it will be assumed the notice was served on March 3, 2014.” Appellees’ Brief at 8 n.1. 5 When asked at the evidentiary hearing where the trees were located relative to the power line, Nathan Miller testified “[t]hey were all, every one of the trees was beyond fourteen feet which is the easement from the middle of the line.” Transcript at 44.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 4 of 12 property,” and that the actions of CELP “caused damage to the property

owners, for loss of value of said trees and the cost to remove debris.”

Appellants’ Appendix Volume II at 6-7. CELP filed a motion for summary

judgment arguing in part that the Millers’ complaint failed as a matter of law

because they did not file a timely notice of claim as required by Ind. Code § 34-

13-3-8 together with designated evidence, and the Millers filed a response and

designated evidence. The court entered an order denying CELP’s motion for

summary judgment, finding that resolution of the issue of the timeliness of the

Millers’ tort claim notice involved credibility of witnesses and weight of

testimony and scheduling an evidentiary hearing on the issue.

[7] On July 27, 2016, the court held the scheduled evidentiary hearing at which it

heard testimony from Gee, Stephens, Nathan Miller, and Dorothy Miller,

admitted exhibits, and took the matter under advisement. Gee testified that the

materials he sprayed were already mixed, that he was not familiar with the

characteristics of the materials and had not studied their chemical

characteristics, and that he had an applicator’s license. He indicated that he did

not have a conversation with Donald Miller about the way herbicide worked or

the amount of time it would take for the herbicide to become inert or

ineffective, nor did he know how long it would take to become ineffective.

When Stephens was asked if he knew how the chemicals worked, he testified he

has not been licensed or trained in how the chemicals are put together. When

asked if he was aware of the limits of the effect of the chemicals in terms of how

long they last, how they travel through the ground, and what they kill, Stephens

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 5 of 12 replied “[t]hat’s a basal bark treatment so my limited understanding is that it’s

for that tree only, but no beyond that I’ve not been trained in that.” Transcript

at 28. Nathan Miller testified that he and Donald Miller collected samples from

the ground to be tested by a laboratory, and that he started noticing changes in

the grove in the spring of 2014 including and the failure of the trees to bud.

[8] On August 1, 2016, the trial court entered an order dismissing the Millers’

complaint on the basis that they had not timely filed their notice of claim. The

order provides in part:

The evidence establishes that the injury occurred in June 2013 and the Millers knew about the injury no later than August 2013. Mr. Miller had at least five meetings with CELP representatives in August 2013. Mrs. Miller was present at least at the beginning of some of those meetings. Mr. Miller walked the easement with the CELP representatives and they discussed removing the five dead trees and cleaning up the site as well as compensation. Mr. Miller refused settlement and on August 29, 2013 told Stephens and Goode of CELP that he was referring the matter to his attorney to file suit. Based on this evidence clearly the Millers failed to comply with the time requirements of I.C. 34-4-16.5-7 (now I.C.34-13-3-8).

*****

The Millers knew that CELP had sprayed herbicide on some of their trees and that quickly these trees died. They were concerned that their damages were more than what CELP offered to fix so they elected suit rather than settlement. All of this was known to them prior to August 30, 2013. . . . It is not necessary that the Millers knew the extent of the damage or even that the extent of the damage was ascertainable. The law requires only that some ascertainable damage has occurred.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 6 of 12 Based on the foregoing the Court finds that [the Millers’] claim is barred because they failed to file their tort claim notice with [CELP] within 180 days of the date that they became aware of their loss pursuant to I.C. 34-4-16.5-7 (now I.C.34-13-3-8).

Appellants’ Appendix Volume II at 116-118 (citation omitted).

Discussion

[9] The issue is whether the trial court erred in dismissing the Millers’ complaint

based on Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8 of the Indiana Tort Claims Act (“ITCA”).6 The

Millers maintain that there were two discrete events, the first of which consisted

of the death of six trees in the fall of 2013, and the second consisted of the death

of additional trees in the spring of 2014 and later, and argue their notice of

claim was timely as to the second group. They further argue that there is

nothing an earlier tort claim notice would have provided CELP to assist it to

timely investigate the claim for the second group of trees killed. They also

assert that the trial court failed to recognize that inverse condemnation may be

an alternate claim which justifies relief.

[10] CELP and the City argue that the Millers were aware of ascertainable damages

by August 2013, knew of the application of herbicide, and knew that as a result

of the herbicide application there were dead trees on the property. They assert

that the Millers’ alleged damages can be traced back to one event, the June 20,

6 The ITCA is found at Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-1 through -25.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 7 of 12 2013 herbicide application. They also argue that the Millers never alleged

below, and thus have waived, any inverse condemnation claim.

[11] The Millers did not present a claim of inverse condemnation in their complaint

and do not point to the record to show they raised the claim at the evidentiary

hearing. Accordingly, they have waived any inverse condemnation claim. See

Plank v. Cmty. Hosps. of Ind., Inc., 981 N.E.2d 49, 53 (Ind. 2013) (“[A]ppellate

review presupposes that a litigant’s arguments have been raised and considered

in the trial court.”); Franklin Bank & Trust Co. v. Mithoefer, 563 N.E.2d 551, 553

(Ind. 1990) (“A party cannot change its theory and on appeal argue an issue

which was not properly presented to the trial court.”).

[12] The ITCA provides that a tort claim against a political subdivision is barred

unless notice is filed with the governing body of that subdivision within 180

days after the loss occurs. Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8; Ind. Code § 34-13-3-1;

Waldrip v. Waldrip, 976 N.E.2d 102, 110 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). A loss occurs for

purposes of the ITCA when the plaintiff knew or, in the exercise of ordinary

diligence, could have discovered that an injury had been sustained as a result of

the tortious act of another. Waldrip, 976 N.E.2d at 110 (citing Reed v. City of

Evansville, 956 N.E.2d 684, 691 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Wehling v. Citizens

Nat’l Bank, 586 N.E.2d 840, 843 (Ind. 1992); Irwin Mortg. Corp. v. Marion Cnty.

Treasurer, 816 N.E.2d 439, 447 n.8 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (applying the discovery

rule to determine when the loss occurred for purposes of tort claim notice under

the ITCA)), trans. denied). The Indiana Supreme Court has clarified that a claim

subject to the discovery rule accrues when a plaintiff is informed of a reasonable

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 8 of 12 possibility, if not a probability, that an injury was sustained as a result of the

tortious act of another, and that a person’s mere suspicion or speculation as to

causation of an injury is insufficient to trigger accrual. Reed, 956 N.E.2d at 691

(citing Degussa Corp. v. Mullens, 744 N.E.2d 407, 411 (Ind. 2001), reh’g denied).

The Court has held that, for an action to accrue, it is not necessary that the full

extent of the damage be known or even ascertainable, but only that some

ascertainable damage has occurred. Cooper Indus., LLC v. City of S. Bend, 899

N.E.2d 1274, 1280 (Ind. 2009). The exercise of reasonable diligence means that

an injured party must act with some promptness where the acts and

circumstances of an injury would put a person of common knowledge and

experience on notice that some right of his has been invaded or that some claim

against another party might exist. Barrow v. City of Jeffersonville, 973 N.E.2d

1199, 1206 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), reh’g denied, trans. denied.

[13] We observe that the Millers’ notice of claim and their subsequent complaint

alleged that, “on or about the 13th day of September 2013,” CELP by means of

chemical treatment did destroy or kill several trees on their property.

Appellants’ Appendix Volume II at 6, 47. However, the trial court found, and

the evidence including Gee’s completed daily application report establishes,

that the herbicide was applied on the Millers’ property on June 20, 2013. The

record reveals that Gee applied herbicide to certain trees on June 20, 2013, and

that, at the times the Millers met with Gee in late July of 2013, with Stephens in

August 2013, and with Stephens and Goode on August 29, 2013, the parties

discussed the damage to trees on the property caused by the herbicide

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 9 of 12 application. The evidence demonstrates that the Millers knew, prior to

September 4, 2013, that trees on their property had been sprayed, that injury or

loss had occurred, and that some claim against CELP might exist.

Nevertheless, the Millers did not file their notice of claim until at least March 3,

2014, after the expiration of the 180-day period under the ITCA.

[14] To the extent the Millers assert there is nothing an earlier tort claim notice

would have provided CELP, we note that the Indiana Supreme Court has

observed that “mere actual knowledge of an occurrence, even when coupled

with routine investigation, does not constitute substantial compliance.”

Schoettmer v. Wright, 992 N.E.2d 702, 707 (Ind. 2013). The Millers’ discussions

with CELP regarding tree damage on their property did not satisfy the ITCA’s

filing requirement. Further, to the extent the Millers, in the spring of 2014,

observed that additional trees on their property had died or were dying, the

Court has held that, for an action to accrue, it is not necessary that the full

extent of the damage be known or even ascertainable, but only that some

ascertainable damage has occurred. Cooper Indus., 899 N.E.2d at 1280. While

the Millers may not have observed the full extent of the damage to the trees on

their property by August of 2013, the evidence demonstrates that some

ascertainable damage had occurred by then and that they knew or in the

exercise of ordinary diligence could have discovered that an injury had been

sustained as a result of the June 20, 2013 herbicide application. The Millers

met with CELP several times by August of 2013 and had observed that at least

some trees had died. CELP offered compensation to the Millers in August

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 10 of 12 2013, and after initially agreeing Donald Miller later informed Stephens that the

offered compensation was no longer agreeable. The Millers’ notice of claim

was not filed within the period required by the ITCA and thus their claim is

barred. See Peniel Grp., Inc. v. Bannon, 973 N.E.2d 575, 583 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)

(holding the appellants’ predecessor-in-interest became aware of soil

contamination as early as 1997 and certainly no later than 2000, eight years

before the action was commenced, and thus that the appellants were barred

from bringing their claim), trans. denied.7

7 The Millers also argue that the treatment by CELP “created a repetitive and continuing wrong, causing new damage as the chemical spread,” Appellant’s Brief at 10, and cite Kerr v. City of South Bend, 48 N.E.3d 348, 355 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (noting the plaintiff claimed gases entering his home were the result of the defendant’s continued failure to properly maintain its sewer line and each time interfered with the use and enjoyment of his property and holding that the plaintiff suffered recurring losses rather than one individual loss and his claim for injury to his property was not entirely barred), and Stickdorn v. Zook, 957 N.E.2d 1014, 1022-1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (noting the plaintiffs alleged in part that the defendants’ ongoing animal waste storage and disposal constituted a nuisance and holding that the defendants’ manure pit became a continuing nuisance through its use and the recurring and continuing spreading of waste on their fields amounted to an intermittent and continuing nuisance and that the plaintiffs’ property claims were not time- barred). The damage to the Millers’ trees can be traced to one event, namely, the herbicide application by Gee on June 20, 2013. Gee testified that he did not apply chemicals on the Millers’ property after that date. The evidence does not demonstrate that CELP’s herbicide application was recurring or continual as contemplated by Kerr and Stickdorn. The Millers also cite Monsanto Company v. Miller, in which the court stated in part, in discussing the possible accrual dates of the plaintiffs’ cause of action, that under Indiana law the presence of PCBs in a feed storage area would not have given rise to a right of action until the PCBs produced a prohibited contaminating effect and an insignificant amount of PCBs in milk would not create a cause of action, that the plaintiffs’ cause of action did not accrue until the level of PCBs in the herd’s milk first reached an impermissible level in violation of applicable tolerance levels, and that no damages were ascertainable until the plaintiffs’ dairy products became unsaleable. 455 N.E.2d 392, 397 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983). As noted, the Millers knew by August 2013 that the herbicide application by CELP killed trees on their property and were on notice by then that some claim against CELP might exist. We find the cases to which the Millers cite to be distinguishable.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 11 of 12 Conclusion

[15] Based upon the record, we affirm the trial court’s order dismissing the Millers’

complaint.

[16] Affirmed.

Vaidik, C.J., and Bradford, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 54A01-1608-PL-2048 | September 20, 2017 Page 12 of 12