NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 10 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DOLORES BAUTISTA MARTIN, No. 18-73403
Petitioner, Agency No. A209-162-571
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted July 8, 2024** Seattle, Washington
Before: CLIFTON, FISHER,*** and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Dolores Bautista Martin petitions for review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ (BIA’s) decision denying her application for asylum, withholding of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. AR P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable D. Michael Fisher, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation. removal, and protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture
(CAT) on her own behalf and on behalf of her son, N.I.B.M. On June 17, 2020, we
granted the parties’ joint request to hold this matter in abeyance pending resolution
of Bautista Martin’s second motion to reopen her case before the BIA. On April
30, 2024, Bautista Martin advised the Court that the BIA had denied her motion.1
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and this matter is ripe for
resolution. For the reasons set forth below, we deny the petition for review.2
1 Bautista Martin petitioned for review of the BIA’s adverse decision on her motion to reopen, but the Court dismissed that petition on January 25, 2024 for failure to prosecute. Relatedly, Bautista Martin filed her Supplemental Brief on May 23, 2024. In that brief, her attorney noted that his Spanish-speaking colleague passed away in 2022 and that he had since “decided to withdraw from immigration practice.” He tells us that he “advised Ms. Bautista of that fact and advised her to seek alternative counsel.” On the record before us, we lack sufficient information to determine whether counsel complied with relevant rules of professional conduct in seeking to withdraw from this representation; however, the Court reminds counsel, as well as other attorneys who assume representation of a client who undertakes an appeal, of their duty to clearly establish the scope of their representation before relinquishing responsibility for a matter. E.g. Wash. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.3 cmt. 4. 2 “Where, as here, the BIA reviewed the [Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s)] factual findings for clear error, and reviewed de novo all other issues, our review is ‘limited to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted.’” Singh v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 654, 658 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 2006)). We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence. Ruiz- Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 748 (9th Cir. 2022). Substantial evidence supports a finding unless any reasonable adjudicator, reviewing the record, “would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. (quoting Zehatye v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006)).
2 1. Turning first to Bautista Martin’s claim for asylum, we agree with the
BIA that she has not established a nexus between her membership in a particular
social group (PSG) and her alleged persecution. See Lkhagvasuren v. Lynch, 849
F.3d 800, 802 (9th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (petitioner has the burden to prove there
is a nexus between the persecution and her PSG). The BIA expressly addressed
just one PSG: “indigenous Guatemala [sic] women who are at a high risk of
femicide.” Nothing in the record shows that the incidents to which Bautista Martin
testified bore any nexus to her identity as a Guatemalan woman at risk of femicide.
Instead, both events appear to have been motivated by her attackers’ desire to
locate her husband and obtain money from him. And, as we have said, “harassment
by criminals motivated by theft . . . bears no nexus to a protected ground.” Zetino
v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010).
The BIA also “affirm[ed] the . . . Immigration Judge’s decision as [Bautista
Martin] did not meet her burden of establishing a nexus between her fear of harm
in Guatemala and any protected ground under the [Immigration and Nationality]
Act, including . . . membership in a cognizable particular social group” (emphasis
added). So, to the extent the BIA adopted the IJ’s findings about every PSG
Bautista Martin has raised, we turn to the IJ’s reasoning. First, he correctly
concluded that—even if “persons related to [Bautista Martin’s] husband” were a
cognizable PSG, “that was not a reason why she was harmed.” The IJ was right;
3 there is no evidence in the record suggesting that Bautista Martin was targeted
merely because she was related to her husband. See Santos-Ponce v. Wilkinson,
987 F.3d 886, 890–91 (9th Cir. 2021) (concluding that “[w]hile [the petitioner’s]
uncle was killed by gang members, the record does not contain any evidence that
his uncle’s membership in the . . . family was one central reason or even a reason
that the gang killed him”).
Much the same can be said for Bautista Martin’s contention that she was
attacked because of her Mayan race, as the record reveals no evidence of racial
discrimination. It follows that a reasonable factfinder would not be compelled to
find that Bautista Martin’s race was “one central reason” for her persecution.
Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 358, 360 (9th Cir. 2017). Her asylum
claim accordingly fails, as she has not shown that she was persecuted because of
her membership in a cognizable PSG.
2. We turn next to the BIA’s denial of Bautista Martin’s request for
withholding of removal. To show eligibility for withholding of removal under the
INA, an applicant bears the burden of proving that her “life or freedom would be
threatened in the proposed country of removal on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(b). To overcome that burden, an applicant must show a “clear
probability” of persecution because of a protected ground. I.N.S. v. Stevic, 467 U.S.
4 407, 429–30 (1984). But “[t]he ‘clear probability’ standard for withholding is a
more stringent burden of proof than the standard for asylum,” Garcia v. Wilkinson,
988 F.3d 1136, 1146 (9th Cir. 2021), and so—because Bautista Martin cannot
succeed on her asylum claim—her withholding claim necessarily fails.
3. Finally, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 10 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DOLORES BAUTISTA MARTIN, No. 18-73403
Petitioner, Agency No. A209-162-571
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted July 8, 2024** Seattle, Washington
Before: CLIFTON, FISHER,*** and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Dolores Bautista Martin petitions for review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ (BIA’s) decision denying her application for asylum, withholding of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. AR P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable D. Michael Fisher, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation. removal, and protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture
(CAT) on her own behalf and on behalf of her son, N.I.B.M. On June 17, 2020, we
granted the parties’ joint request to hold this matter in abeyance pending resolution
of Bautista Martin’s second motion to reopen her case before the BIA. On April
30, 2024, Bautista Martin advised the Court that the BIA had denied her motion.1
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and this matter is ripe for
resolution. For the reasons set forth below, we deny the petition for review.2
1 Bautista Martin petitioned for review of the BIA’s adverse decision on her motion to reopen, but the Court dismissed that petition on January 25, 2024 for failure to prosecute. Relatedly, Bautista Martin filed her Supplemental Brief on May 23, 2024. In that brief, her attorney noted that his Spanish-speaking colleague passed away in 2022 and that he had since “decided to withdraw from immigration practice.” He tells us that he “advised Ms. Bautista of that fact and advised her to seek alternative counsel.” On the record before us, we lack sufficient information to determine whether counsel complied with relevant rules of professional conduct in seeking to withdraw from this representation; however, the Court reminds counsel, as well as other attorneys who assume representation of a client who undertakes an appeal, of their duty to clearly establish the scope of their representation before relinquishing responsibility for a matter. E.g. Wash. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.3 cmt. 4. 2 “Where, as here, the BIA reviewed the [Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s)] factual findings for clear error, and reviewed de novo all other issues, our review is ‘limited to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted.’” Singh v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 654, 658 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 2006)). We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence. Ruiz- Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 748 (9th Cir. 2022). Substantial evidence supports a finding unless any reasonable adjudicator, reviewing the record, “would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. (quoting Zehatye v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006)).
2 1. Turning first to Bautista Martin’s claim for asylum, we agree with the
BIA that she has not established a nexus between her membership in a particular
social group (PSG) and her alleged persecution. See Lkhagvasuren v. Lynch, 849
F.3d 800, 802 (9th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (petitioner has the burden to prove there
is a nexus between the persecution and her PSG). The BIA expressly addressed
just one PSG: “indigenous Guatemala [sic] women who are at a high risk of
femicide.” Nothing in the record shows that the incidents to which Bautista Martin
testified bore any nexus to her identity as a Guatemalan woman at risk of femicide.
Instead, both events appear to have been motivated by her attackers’ desire to
locate her husband and obtain money from him. And, as we have said, “harassment
by criminals motivated by theft . . . bears no nexus to a protected ground.” Zetino
v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010).
The BIA also “affirm[ed] the . . . Immigration Judge’s decision as [Bautista
Martin] did not meet her burden of establishing a nexus between her fear of harm
in Guatemala and any protected ground under the [Immigration and Nationality]
Act, including . . . membership in a cognizable particular social group” (emphasis
added). So, to the extent the BIA adopted the IJ’s findings about every PSG
Bautista Martin has raised, we turn to the IJ’s reasoning. First, he correctly
concluded that—even if “persons related to [Bautista Martin’s] husband” were a
cognizable PSG, “that was not a reason why she was harmed.” The IJ was right;
3 there is no evidence in the record suggesting that Bautista Martin was targeted
merely because she was related to her husband. See Santos-Ponce v. Wilkinson,
987 F.3d 886, 890–91 (9th Cir. 2021) (concluding that “[w]hile [the petitioner’s]
uncle was killed by gang members, the record does not contain any evidence that
his uncle’s membership in the . . . family was one central reason or even a reason
that the gang killed him”).
Much the same can be said for Bautista Martin’s contention that she was
attacked because of her Mayan race, as the record reveals no evidence of racial
discrimination. It follows that a reasonable factfinder would not be compelled to
find that Bautista Martin’s race was “one central reason” for her persecution.
Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 358, 360 (9th Cir. 2017). Her asylum
claim accordingly fails, as she has not shown that she was persecuted because of
her membership in a cognizable PSG.
2. We turn next to the BIA’s denial of Bautista Martin’s request for
withholding of removal. To show eligibility for withholding of removal under the
INA, an applicant bears the burden of proving that her “life or freedom would be
threatened in the proposed country of removal on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(b). To overcome that burden, an applicant must show a “clear
probability” of persecution because of a protected ground. I.N.S. v. Stevic, 467 U.S.
4 407, 429–30 (1984). But “[t]he ‘clear probability’ standard for withholding is a
more stringent burden of proof than the standard for asylum,” Garcia v. Wilkinson,
988 F.3d 1136, 1146 (9th Cir. 2021), and so—because Bautista Martin cannot
succeed on her asylum claim—her withholding claim necessarily fails.
3. Finally, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial
of relief under the CAT. To establish eligibility for a grant of withholding or
deferral of removal under the CAT, a noncitizen must show “that it is more likely
than not that . . . she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of
removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). For purposes of the CAT, torture must be
“inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a
public official acting in an official capacity or other person acting in an official
capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1) (emphasis added). Here, there is no sign that
any public official acquiesced to Bautista Martin’s allegations of torture. While she
reported the attack to the local security committee, and they were apparently
unable to do anything because her assailants were masked, that alone is not enough
to compel a conclusion contrary to the BIA’s. Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d
1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 2014) (reasoning that a decision by police not to investigate
attack by masked men “because they lacked sufficient information d[id] not
compel the conclusion that the police acquiesced in the attack, and therefore d[id]
not support [the petitioner’s] claim that it [was] more likely than not the police
5 w[ould] acquiesce in any future attacks if she [were] return[ed] to Guatemala”).
Bautista Martin’s claim for CAT relief thus fails.
The petition is DENIED.