By the Court,
Paine J.
We can see no objection to the charge of the court below to the jury. Most of the instructions asked for by the defendant’s counsel were given, and the one which was refused was perhaps objectionable upon the ground of assuming that nothing but a previous author[554]*554ity could render tbe act of an agent binding upon bis principal, when a subsequent ratification might bave tbe same effect.
But tbe conclusion to wbicb we bave come upon tbe effect of tbe evidence offered by tbe plaintiff, renders an examination of other questions unnecessary. It is well understood that courts should not nonsuit a plaintiff, when there is any evidence, wbicb, by tbe most favorable construction that could legitimately be given to it, would sustain a verdict in bis favor. But when such is not tbe case, it is the duty of tbe court to nonsuit tbe plaintiff For if he does not offer evidence upon wbicb tbe jury might possibly find a proper verdict in bis favor, then there is no question to submit to them at all. We think such was tbe case here.
There are certain leading facts about wbicb there is no question. Tbe defendant was having a dwelling bouse erected. He made a contract with Kline to do tbe mason work and furnish tbe materials. Donnell was tbe architect, and an arrangement was made, for tbe benefit of Kline’s employees, that as fast as money became due to Kline on the contract, it should be placed by the defendant in Donnell’s bands, and by him paid over on Kline’s order. This being so, tbe lime for wbicb this suit was brought, was furnished by tbe witness Williams' upon Kline’s order. This be testified to himself. He said, it is true, that be “ considered ” that be sold it to tbe defendant, but that was evidently only tbe expression of bis opinion as to tbe legal effect of bis acts, and bis own testimony shows beyond any question that, so far at least as tbe bill for tbe first month was concerned, he did not sell it to tbe defendant, for be says be never saw tbe defendant on tbe subject until tbe next spring, and be never saw Donnell in regard to it until be 'went, at tbe end of tbe first month, upon Kline’s order, to Donnell, to get bis pay. Even therefore if it should be assumed that Donnell was tbe defendant’s agent for tbe purpose of buying materials for him, tbe plaintiff’s claim for tbe bill furnished during tbe first month must fail, for tbe reason that Donnell never bought it, but it was furnished and delivered to Kline upon bis own [555]*555order. It was Kline’s debt, and the most tbat could be said would be, tbat Donnell promised to pay it; and even if be bad authority to buy materials, tbat would not authorize bim to bind the defendant by bis promise to pay the debt of another person who bad bought materials on bis own account.
With respect to the balance of the claim, it becomes necessary to examine the evidence more particularly, to see what was the authority of Donnell, or bow far the defendant held him out to the world as having authority to bind him. For although Williams nowhere pretended tbat any part of this lime was ordered by Donnell, and although there was no evidence, at the time the motion for a nonsuit was overruled, from which the jury could have found that any part of it was ordered by him, yet Donnell himself subsequently testified, “When Williams presented these bills I may have told him, if he would keep on, I would pay him at the next estimate.” He does not say that he did tell him so, nor does Williams, but only that Donnell promised to pay the bills. But the jury might possibly have been warranted in inferring from this statement of Donnell’s that he had so promised that if Williams would “keep on” he should be paid, that the remainder of the lime was delivered upon that request, and not on the original order of Kline.
And although this evidence was not in at the time of the motion for a nonsuit, so that the motion should strictly speaking have been granted, yet if the defect was afterwards supplied, and there was evidence enough in the wholé case to sustain the verdict, the judgment would not be reversed for the refusal to grant the motion.
Giving the evidence then the most favorable effect possible for the plaintiff, what would the jury have been warranted in inferring in respect to the authority of Donnell ? Certainly not that he had previous authority to .buy these materials. He was the plaintiff’s witness, and testified positively that he had no authority to buy materials at all; and there is no evidence to show that he had. On the contrary it is utterly improbable that he had any authority to buy materials for the mason work, or that the plaintiff had any agent [556]*556for that purpose, inasmuch as be bad contracted with Kline . to furnish the materials.
But if the defendant held Mm out to the world as baying such authority, and third parties dealt with him under such belief, the defendant would be bound though his real authority did not extend so far. And it is upon this principle that the plaintiff’s counsel principally rely. Did the defendant then hold Donnell out to the world as haying authority to purchase materials for him ? Certainly not by the mere fact of his employment as architect. An architect might have such authority delegated to him, but it does not belong to him as such. And no stranger would be warranted in inferring from the mere fact of such employment, that the architect had authority to contract for labor and materials. If it were otherwise, á man who had employed an architect to make the plans and specifications of his house, and then engaged with a contractor to do the work and furnish the materials, which is the usual course, might find himself bound by another contract entered into by the architect with somebody to do the same work and furnish the same materials. Such a position cannot be sustained for a moment.
What further facts appear from which the world might infer such authority? In pursuance of the arrangement made between Kline and McDonnell at the instigation of Kline’s employees, Donnell received the money as fast as it became due to Kline, and paid it out on Kline’s order. Assuming that Williams knew of the whole arrangement, he of course would have had no right to infer from the facts any authority in Donnell to bind the defendant by entering into new contracts for materials. He would then have known that in receiving the money and paying it out, Donnell was acting rather as the agent of. Kline than of the defendant. Neither would he have had any right to make such an inference, even though he only knew of the fact of payments upon Kline’s order. Such an employment does not import any authority to make contracts for the party who placed the money in the hands of such depositary, any more than the fact that a banker pays out money on the order of a depositor implies an authority to bind him by contract with other [557]*557parties. But here tbe very fact tbat tbe payments were made on the order of Kline was sufficient to notify any one tbey were made in pursuance of some special arrangement, and in payment of a debt from tbe defendant to Kline.
It was also shown tbat Donnell drew, or supervised tbe drawing of, some of tbe subcontracts between Kline and those of whom be obtained materials. Such was tbe case of Kline’s contract with Fairley for stone.
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By the Court,
Paine J.
We can see no objection to the charge of the court below to the jury. Most of the instructions asked for by the defendant’s counsel were given, and the one which was refused was perhaps objectionable upon the ground of assuming that nothing but a previous author[554]*554ity could render tbe act of an agent binding upon bis principal, when a subsequent ratification might bave tbe same effect.
But tbe conclusion to wbicb we bave come upon tbe effect of tbe evidence offered by tbe plaintiff, renders an examination of other questions unnecessary. It is well understood that courts should not nonsuit a plaintiff, when there is any evidence, wbicb, by tbe most favorable construction that could legitimately be given to it, would sustain a verdict in bis favor. But when such is not tbe case, it is the duty of tbe court to nonsuit tbe plaintiff For if he does not offer evidence upon wbicb tbe jury might possibly find a proper verdict in bis favor, then there is no question to submit to them at all. We think such was tbe case here.
There are certain leading facts about wbicb there is no question. Tbe defendant was having a dwelling bouse erected. He made a contract with Kline to do tbe mason work and furnish tbe materials. Donnell was tbe architect, and an arrangement was made, for tbe benefit of Kline’s employees, that as fast as money became due to Kline on the contract, it should be placed by the defendant in Donnell’s bands, and by him paid over on Kline’s order. This being so, tbe lime for wbicb this suit was brought, was furnished by tbe witness Williams' upon Kline’s order. This be testified to himself. He said, it is true, that be “ considered ” that be sold it to tbe defendant, but that was evidently only tbe expression of bis opinion as to tbe legal effect of bis acts, and bis own testimony shows beyond any question that, so far at least as tbe bill for tbe first month was concerned, he did not sell it to tbe defendant, for be says be never saw tbe defendant on tbe subject until tbe next spring, and be never saw Donnell in regard to it until be 'went, at tbe end of tbe first month, upon Kline’s order, to Donnell, to get bis pay. Even therefore if it should be assumed that Donnell was tbe defendant’s agent for tbe purpose of buying materials for him, tbe plaintiff’s claim for tbe bill furnished during tbe first month must fail, for tbe reason that Donnell never bought it, but it was furnished and delivered to Kline upon bis own [555]*555order. It was Kline’s debt, and the most tbat could be said would be, tbat Donnell promised to pay it; and even if be bad authority to buy materials, tbat would not authorize bim to bind the defendant by bis promise to pay the debt of another person who bad bought materials on bis own account.
With respect to the balance of the claim, it becomes necessary to examine the evidence more particularly, to see what was the authority of Donnell, or bow far the defendant held him out to the world as having authority to bind him. For although Williams nowhere pretended tbat any part of this lime was ordered by Donnell, and although there was no evidence, at the time the motion for a nonsuit was overruled, from which the jury could have found that any part of it was ordered by him, yet Donnell himself subsequently testified, “When Williams presented these bills I may have told him, if he would keep on, I would pay him at the next estimate.” He does not say that he did tell him so, nor does Williams, but only that Donnell promised to pay the bills. But the jury might possibly have been warranted in inferring from this statement of Donnell’s that he had so promised that if Williams would “keep on” he should be paid, that the remainder of the lime was delivered upon that request, and not on the original order of Kline.
And although this evidence was not in at the time of the motion for a nonsuit, so that the motion should strictly speaking have been granted, yet if the defect was afterwards supplied, and there was evidence enough in the wholé case to sustain the verdict, the judgment would not be reversed for the refusal to grant the motion.
Giving the evidence then the most favorable effect possible for the plaintiff, what would the jury have been warranted in inferring in respect to the authority of Donnell ? Certainly not that he had previous authority to .buy these materials. He was the plaintiff’s witness, and testified positively that he had no authority to buy materials at all; and there is no evidence to show that he had. On the contrary it is utterly improbable that he had any authority to buy materials for the mason work, or that the plaintiff had any agent [556]*556for that purpose, inasmuch as be bad contracted with Kline . to furnish the materials.
But if the defendant held Mm out to the world as baying such authority, and third parties dealt with him under such belief, the defendant would be bound though his real authority did not extend so far. And it is upon this principle that the plaintiff’s counsel principally rely. Did the defendant then hold Donnell out to the world as haying authority to purchase materials for him ? Certainly not by the mere fact of his employment as architect. An architect might have such authority delegated to him, but it does not belong to him as such. And no stranger would be warranted in inferring from the mere fact of such employment, that the architect had authority to contract for labor and materials. If it were otherwise, á man who had employed an architect to make the plans and specifications of his house, and then engaged with a contractor to do the work and furnish the materials, which is the usual course, might find himself bound by another contract entered into by the architect with somebody to do the same work and furnish the same materials. Such a position cannot be sustained for a moment.
What further facts appear from which the world might infer such authority? In pursuance of the arrangement made between Kline and McDonnell at the instigation of Kline’s employees, Donnell received the money as fast as it became due to Kline, and paid it out on Kline’s order. Assuming that Williams knew of the whole arrangement, he of course would have had no right to infer from the facts any authority in Donnell to bind the defendant by entering into new contracts for materials. He would then have known that in receiving the money and paying it out, Donnell was acting rather as the agent of. Kline than of the defendant. Neither would he have had any right to make such an inference, even though he only knew of the fact of payments upon Kline’s order. Such an employment does not import any authority to make contracts for the party who placed the money in the hands of such depositary, any more than the fact that a banker pays out money on the order of a depositor implies an authority to bind him by contract with other [557]*557parties. But here tbe very fact tbat tbe payments were made on the order of Kline was sufficient to notify any one tbey were made in pursuance of some special arrangement, and in payment of a debt from tbe defendant to Kline.
It was also shown tbat Donnell drew, or supervised tbe drawing of, some of tbe subcontracts between Kline and those of whom be obtained materials. Such was tbe case of Kline’s contract with Fairley for stone. But tbat is not making contracts for tbe defendant, and any one knowing those facts, instead of assuming tbat Donnell bad authority to enter into new contracts for materials on behalf of the defendant, should rather infer that he had no such authority, inasmuch as all these parties contracted with Kline and not with tbe defendant. Tbe natural inference from those facts is, tbat tbe defendant bad contracted with Kline to furnish the materials, and consequently needed no agent to make further contracts.
None of tbe acts shown to have been done by Donnell, except tbe paying out of tbe money, were different from those usually performed by an architect, and we think that taking all together, there was nothing from which any one had the right to infer that he had authority to bind the defendant by new contracts. Not a single instance was shown where he had made contracts on behalf of the defendant, which the latter had afterwards recognized. It was not even shown that he had made any at all, or attempted to make any. And we can see no evidence upon which the question should have been submitted to the jury, unless we were prepared to say that where a party has employed an architect to make the plans and specifications of his house and do such other acts as architects usually do as such, and has then engaged a contract- or to do the work and furnish the materials, and has placed the money due the contractor in the hands of the architect, to be paid on the contractor’s order, such facts would warrant a jury in finding that the architect was made the general agent of such party and authorized to bind him by new and independent contracts with other parties. We are not prepared to say this, for we think such an inference would be entirely unwarranted.
[558]*558But it ft claimed that tbe defendant ratified the nnautbor-act of Donnell, provided it is to be assumed that Don-neft contracted for this lime. The only way in which such ratification is sought to be shown is this. Kline, after partly completing his contract, left it unfinished. The defendant had been away most of the time during the progress of the work. When he came back, he was applied to on behalf of Kline to effect a settlement. He replied that “ he had been absent some time and did not know how matters stood, but he would have Donnell make out a statement to see how the account stood.” Such a statement was made out by Donnell, in which this lime was charged to Kline, and including that charge the defendant had overpaid him about $300. It was very natural for Donnell, under the circumstances, in stating the account between the defendant and Kline, to put in this lime, as the orders of Kline for its payment had been presented to him and he had promised that they should be paid. And as the defendant had considerably overpaid Kline, without reference to this charge, there was nothing to call the defendant’s attention particularly to it. There is no evidence that he ever recognized the correctness of this charge in the statement, after it was made by Donnell, or that he ever agreed to pay this claim. And we do not think the mere fact that Donnell put that charge into the statement which defendant directed to be made, constitutes any such ratification as binds the defendant. To be bound by a ratification the principal must know the facts. But it appears here that he was entirely ignorant how the account stood until it was made out by Donnell.
We are of the opinion, therefore, even assuming that the jury might have found that Donnell ordered this lime, that there was no evidence to show that he had any authority to bind the defendant by such a contract. We may say at the same time that we think the weight of evidence is decisively in favor of the conclusion that the whole lime was furnished upon Kline’s order, and that when Willliams was sent by Kline to Donnell for his pay, the latter told him that he had no money then in his hands for that purpose, but that he would pay at the next estimate, supposing that Kline would go on [559]*559with tbe work, and that Kline’s money would be placed in bis bands thereafter as it bad been theretofore.. If such was tbe fact, it is obvious that this is an attempt to recover of tbe defendant a claim which was a debt only against Kline.
When this case was formerly here, it did not call for any expression of opinion on tbe effect of tbe evidence, as tbe judgment was reversed for error in tbe charge. But as the questions now presented have made it necessary for us to examine tbe evidence, we think, for tbe reasons before stated, that tbe court below erred in not granting tbe motion for a nonsuit.
Tbe judgment is reversed, with costs, and'a venire de novo awarded.