1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 D.M. and L.M., minors, by and through Case No.: 1:23-cv-00828 JLT SKO their Guardian ad litem Jose Martinez, et 12 al., ORDER GRANTING IN PART, DENYING IN Plaintiffs, PART, AND DEFERRING IN PART 13 PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION IN LIMINE v. 14 (Doc. 155) COUNTY OF MERCED, WELLPATH, 15 LLC, CALIFORNIA FORENSIC MEDICAL GROUP, INC., et al. 16
17 Defendants. 18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 On March 23, 2019, Rene Snider died by suicide while she was in pretrial custody at the 20 Merced County Jail after having been found incompetent to stand trial. (See Doc. 11 (First 21 Amended Complaint).) Plaintiffs in this case, the mother and minor children of Ms. Snider, allege 22 that Defendants inadequately screened Ms. Snider for the risk of suicide, improperly withheld her 23 mental health medications, failed to place her in an appropriate custody environment given her 24 risk of suicide, failed to properly monitor her, and failed to notice physical evidence that she had 25 attempted suicide earlier on the day of her death. (Id. ¶ 1.) The operative complaint names as 26 defendants the County of Merced; Wellpath, LLC and California Forensic Medical Group, LLC1; 27 1 According to the FAC, California Forensic Medical Group is the former name of Correctional Medical Group 28 Companies and Wellpath is an entity formed from the merger of Correct Care Solutions and Correctional Medical 1 ten employees of Wellpath (Amanpreet Atwal, Alicia Dunwoody, Gianfranco Burdi, Keriann 2 Quinn-Fitzpatrick, Dylan Fulcher, Shawn Autrey, Pao Chang, Jessica Ramirez-Aguilar, Jamie 3 Burns, and Thanya Ryland); and one Merced County Corrections Officer, Adriana Kifan 4 (formerly Castaneda)2. 5 Trial in this matter is set for October 22, 2024. The case proceeds on Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth 6 Amendment deliberate indifference to medical needs and substantive due process (loss of 7 companionship) claims, as well as California Bane Act and wrongful death claims. 8 Pending is a single motion in limine filed by Plaintiff in which Plaintiffs seek a pretrial 9 determination that the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act (MICRA) cap on damages set 10 forth in California Civil Code § 3333.2 does not cap Plaintiff’s demand for non-economic 11 damages. (Doc. 155.)3 The Wellpath Defendants (Doc. 157), who raised the MICRA cap as an 12 affirmative defense (Doc. 25 at 20), responded to the motion, conceding that MICRA does not 13 apply to Plaintiffs’ federal constitutional claims nor to the Bane Act claim. (Doc. 157.) However, 14 the Wellpath Defendants contend that MICRA applies Plaintiffs’ wrongful death and survival 15 claim advanced under California Civil Code § 377.60 against the Wellpath Defendants. (Id. at 2.) 16 Having examined the papers, no hearing is necessary. For the reasons set forth below, the 17 motion is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 “A motion in limine is a procedural mechanism to limit in advance testimony or evidence 20 in a particular area.” United States v. Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation 21 omitted). “Although the Federal Rules of Evidence do not explicitly authorize in limine rulings, 22 the practice has developed pursuant to the district court’s inherent authority to manage the course 23 Medical Group Companies and will refer to these defendants as “Wellpath” and collectively to Wellpath and its 24 individual employee defendants as “Wellpath Defendants.”
25 2 Collectively, the County of Merced and CO Kifan are referenced as the “County Defendants”
26 3 The pretrial order required the parties to meet and confer before filing any motions in limine. (Doc. 148 at 9.) In a declaration submitted with their motion, Plaintiffs’ counsel indicates that he contacted opposing counsel by email the 27 day before the motion in limine filing deadline. It is debatable whether the timing of this meet and confer effort constitutes a good faith effort given that the motion in limine deadline was set more than a month in advance and the 28 MICRA issue is not a surprise to counsel. This is one of the busiest federal courts in the Nation. Counsel must take 1 of trials.” Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41 n.4 (1984) (citations omitted). “[A] ruling on a 2 motion in limine is essentially a preliminary opinion that falls entirely within the discretion of the 3 district court.” City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 866 F.3d 1060, 1070 (9th Cir. 2017) 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Importantly, “[t]he movant has the burden of 5 establishing that the evidence is not admissible for any purpose.” United States v. Wager, 651 F. 6 Supp. 3d 594, 598 (N.D.N.Y. 2023) (citation omitted). 7 The Court notes that this “motion in limine” is, in fact, not a motion in limine. It fails to 8 raise any question that implicates an issue that will be placed before the jury. It wastes the Court’s 9 time because these issues could have been raised in a trial brief or in posttrial briefing, as needed. 10 In fact, at this time, there is no way to know whether the MICRA will be implicated. Thus, the 11 motion should be denied. However, because the issue has been raised and the Court has spent 12 time on it, the Court will consider it. 13 III. ANALYSIS 14 MICRA caps non-economic damages at $250,000 for claims based on the “professional 15 negligence” of a “health care provider.” In relevant part, MICRA reads: 16 (a) In any action for injury against a health care provider based on professional negligence, the injured Plaintiff shall be entitled to 17 recover non-economic losses to compensate for pain, suffering, inconvenience, physical impairment, disfigurement and other 18 nonpecuniary damage . . . 19 (c) For the purposes of this section:… (2) “Professional negligence” means a negligent act or omission to act by a health care provider in 20 the rendering of professional services, which act or omission is the proximate cause of a personal injury or wrongful death, provided that 21 such services are within the scope of services for which the provider is licensed and which are not within any restriction imposed by the 22 licensing agency or licensed hospital. 23 California Civil Code § 3333.2(a), (c)(2). 24 A. MICRA Does Not Apply to Federal Constitutional or Bane Act Claims 25 There is uniform agreement among the parties that MICRA does not apply to and 26 therefore cannot cap any form of damages awarded in relation to the federal constitutional claims 27 or the Bane Act claim. The motion is GRANTED as to those claims. 28 /// 1 B. Wrongful Death and Survival Claim 2 a. County Defendants 3 Turning to the wrongful death and survival claim against the County of Merced, Plaintiff 4 argues that the County Defendants are not “healthcare provider[s]” as defined in Section 333.2 so 5 that the claim against the County Defendants is not subject to MICRA. (Doc. 155 at 3–4.)4 6 “Professional negligence” is defined as “a negligent act or omission to act by a health care 7 provider in the rendering of professional services, which act or omission is the proximate cause of 8 a personal injury or wrongful death, provided that such services are within the scope of services 9 for which the provider is licensed and which are not within any restriction imposed by the 10 licensing agency or licensed hospital.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3333.2(j)(4). Gutzalenko v. City of 11 Richmond, No. 22-CV-02130-EMC, 2024 WL 1141689, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Mar.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 D.M. and L.M., minors, by and through Case No.: 1:23-cv-00828 JLT SKO their Guardian ad litem Jose Martinez, et 12 al., ORDER GRANTING IN PART, DENYING IN Plaintiffs, PART, AND DEFERRING IN PART 13 PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION IN LIMINE v. 14 (Doc. 155) COUNTY OF MERCED, WELLPATH, 15 LLC, CALIFORNIA FORENSIC MEDICAL GROUP, INC., et al. 16
17 Defendants. 18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 On March 23, 2019, Rene Snider died by suicide while she was in pretrial custody at the 20 Merced County Jail after having been found incompetent to stand trial. (See Doc. 11 (First 21 Amended Complaint).) Plaintiffs in this case, the mother and minor children of Ms. Snider, allege 22 that Defendants inadequately screened Ms. Snider for the risk of suicide, improperly withheld her 23 mental health medications, failed to place her in an appropriate custody environment given her 24 risk of suicide, failed to properly monitor her, and failed to notice physical evidence that she had 25 attempted suicide earlier on the day of her death. (Id. ¶ 1.) The operative complaint names as 26 defendants the County of Merced; Wellpath, LLC and California Forensic Medical Group, LLC1; 27 1 According to the FAC, California Forensic Medical Group is the former name of Correctional Medical Group 28 Companies and Wellpath is an entity formed from the merger of Correct Care Solutions and Correctional Medical 1 ten employees of Wellpath (Amanpreet Atwal, Alicia Dunwoody, Gianfranco Burdi, Keriann 2 Quinn-Fitzpatrick, Dylan Fulcher, Shawn Autrey, Pao Chang, Jessica Ramirez-Aguilar, Jamie 3 Burns, and Thanya Ryland); and one Merced County Corrections Officer, Adriana Kifan 4 (formerly Castaneda)2. 5 Trial in this matter is set for October 22, 2024. The case proceeds on Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth 6 Amendment deliberate indifference to medical needs and substantive due process (loss of 7 companionship) claims, as well as California Bane Act and wrongful death claims. 8 Pending is a single motion in limine filed by Plaintiff in which Plaintiffs seek a pretrial 9 determination that the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act (MICRA) cap on damages set 10 forth in California Civil Code § 3333.2 does not cap Plaintiff’s demand for non-economic 11 damages. (Doc. 155.)3 The Wellpath Defendants (Doc. 157), who raised the MICRA cap as an 12 affirmative defense (Doc. 25 at 20), responded to the motion, conceding that MICRA does not 13 apply to Plaintiffs’ federal constitutional claims nor to the Bane Act claim. (Doc. 157.) However, 14 the Wellpath Defendants contend that MICRA applies Plaintiffs’ wrongful death and survival 15 claim advanced under California Civil Code § 377.60 against the Wellpath Defendants. (Id. at 2.) 16 Having examined the papers, no hearing is necessary. For the reasons set forth below, the 17 motion is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 “A motion in limine is a procedural mechanism to limit in advance testimony or evidence 20 in a particular area.” United States v. Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation 21 omitted). “Although the Federal Rules of Evidence do not explicitly authorize in limine rulings, 22 the practice has developed pursuant to the district court’s inherent authority to manage the course 23 Medical Group Companies and will refer to these defendants as “Wellpath” and collectively to Wellpath and its 24 individual employee defendants as “Wellpath Defendants.”
25 2 Collectively, the County of Merced and CO Kifan are referenced as the “County Defendants”
26 3 The pretrial order required the parties to meet and confer before filing any motions in limine. (Doc. 148 at 9.) In a declaration submitted with their motion, Plaintiffs’ counsel indicates that he contacted opposing counsel by email the 27 day before the motion in limine filing deadline. It is debatable whether the timing of this meet and confer effort constitutes a good faith effort given that the motion in limine deadline was set more than a month in advance and the 28 MICRA issue is not a surprise to counsel. This is one of the busiest federal courts in the Nation. Counsel must take 1 of trials.” Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41 n.4 (1984) (citations omitted). “[A] ruling on a 2 motion in limine is essentially a preliminary opinion that falls entirely within the discretion of the 3 district court.” City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 866 F.3d 1060, 1070 (9th Cir. 2017) 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Importantly, “[t]he movant has the burden of 5 establishing that the evidence is not admissible for any purpose.” United States v. Wager, 651 F. 6 Supp. 3d 594, 598 (N.D.N.Y. 2023) (citation omitted). 7 The Court notes that this “motion in limine” is, in fact, not a motion in limine. It fails to 8 raise any question that implicates an issue that will be placed before the jury. It wastes the Court’s 9 time because these issues could have been raised in a trial brief or in posttrial briefing, as needed. 10 In fact, at this time, there is no way to know whether the MICRA will be implicated. Thus, the 11 motion should be denied. However, because the issue has been raised and the Court has spent 12 time on it, the Court will consider it. 13 III. ANALYSIS 14 MICRA caps non-economic damages at $250,000 for claims based on the “professional 15 negligence” of a “health care provider.” In relevant part, MICRA reads: 16 (a) In any action for injury against a health care provider based on professional negligence, the injured Plaintiff shall be entitled to 17 recover non-economic losses to compensate for pain, suffering, inconvenience, physical impairment, disfigurement and other 18 nonpecuniary damage . . . 19 (c) For the purposes of this section:… (2) “Professional negligence” means a negligent act or omission to act by a health care provider in 20 the rendering of professional services, which act or omission is the proximate cause of a personal injury or wrongful death, provided that 21 such services are within the scope of services for which the provider is licensed and which are not within any restriction imposed by the 22 licensing agency or licensed hospital. 23 California Civil Code § 3333.2(a), (c)(2). 24 A. MICRA Does Not Apply to Federal Constitutional or Bane Act Claims 25 There is uniform agreement among the parties that MICRA does not apply to and 26 therefore cannot cap any form of damages awarded in relation to the federal constitutional claims 27 or the Bane Act claim. The motion is GRANTED as to those claims. 28 /// 1 B. Wrongful Death and Survival Claim 2 a. County Defendants 3 Turning to the wrongful death and survival claim against the County of Merced, Plaintiff 4 argues that the County Defendants are not “healthcare provider[s]” as defined in Section 333.2 so 5 that the claim against the County Defendants is not subject to MICRA. (Doc. 155 at 3–4.)4 6 “Professional negligence” is defined as “a negligent act or omission to act by a health care 7 provider in the rendering of professional services, which act or omission is the proximate cause of 8 a personal injury or wrongful death, provided that such services are within the scope of services 9 for which the provider is licensed and which are not within any restriction imposed by the 10 licensing agency or licensed hospital.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3333.2(j)(4). Gutzalenko v. City of 11 Richmond, No. 22-CV-02130-EMC, 2024 WL 1141689, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2024) 12 (applying MICRA to actions of emergency paramedics who provided emergency services to the 13 decedent even though there might have been a law enforcement purpose to their actions). The 14 undisputed facts set forth in the pretrial order indicate that CO Kifan was on duty the day Ms. 15 Snider died by suicide. (Doc. 148 at 4.) CO Kifan found Ms. Snider hanging in her cell and called 16 for medical assistance and was later disciplined for failing to timely monitor Ms. Snider. (Id. at 17 5.) However, nothing in the record suggests that CO Kifan provided any medical care to Ms. 18 Snider. Relatedly, it does not appear that Plaintiffs seek to hold the County liable for wrongful 19 death based on the negligent provision of medical care. Accordingly, the motion is GRANTED 20 as to the wrongful death/survival claim against the County. 21 b. Wellpath Defendants 22 Plaintiffs do not appear to contest (see Doc. 155 at 4) that to the extent wrongful death 23 liability is premised upon “professional negligence” of a “health care provider,” such liability is 24 subject to the MICRA cap. Cal. Civil Code § 3333.2(a), (c)(2). 25 “It is settled that additional causes of action may arise out of the same facts as a medical 26 malpractice action that do not trigger MICRA.” Unruh–Haxton v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 162 27 4 Plaintiffs correctly point out that the County Defendants did not advance MICRA as an affirmative defense. (Doc. 28 29.) But MICRA “is a limitation of damages rather than an affirmative defense.” Taylor v. United States, 821 F.2d 1 Cal. App. 4th 343, 352 (2008); see Smith v. Ben Bennett, Inc., 133 Cal. App. 4th 1507, 1514 2 (2005). For example, in addition to medical malpractice, causes of action against a health care 3 provider for “battery, products liability, premises liability, fraud, breach of contract, and 4 intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress” may arise from out of the same set of 5 facts. Smith, 133 Cal. App. 4th at 1515. If a plaintiff “chooses to proceed on both non-MICRA 6 and MICRA causes of action, and obtains a recovery that may be based on a non-MICRA theory, 7 the limitations of [MICRA] should not apply.” Waters v. Bourhis, 40 Cal. 3d 424, 437–38 (1985). 8 “[W]hen a cause of action is asserted against a health care provider on a legal theory other than 9 medical malpractice, the courts must determine whether it is nevertheless based on the 10 ‘professional negligence’ of the health care provider so as to trigger MICRA.” Smith, 133 Cal. 11 App. 4th at 1514. 12 Plaintiffs argue generally that “non-healthcare-related” claims brought against Wellpath 13 and Wellpath employees are not subject to MICRA. But they do not identify with any specificity 14 what “non-healthcare-related” theories of negligence on the part of any Wellpath Defendant they 15 plan to present at trial, let alone any such theories that could plausibly be supported by evidence 16 demonstrating a breach of duty. Accordingly, this aspect of their motion is premature and will be 17 deferred to trial or post-trial as appropriate. 18 /// 19 /// 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 2 For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ motion is GRANTED IN PART AND 3 | DENIED IN PART. As to the federal constitutional and Bane Act claims, MICRA does not cap 4 | damages. As to the wrongful death and survival claims against the County Defendants, MICRA 5 | does not apply because those claims are not premised on the professional negligence of a health 6 | care provider. As to the wrongful death and survival claims against the Wellpath Defendants, 7 | MICRA applies to any healthcare-related theories of liability. The Court defers ruling as to 8 | whether any other forms of wrongful death liability against Wellpath might not be subject to 9 | MICRA. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 Dated: _ October 9, 2024 Cerin | Tower TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28