Dixon v. Brown

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: June 24, 2025
• Docket: 24-2633
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-2633 Dixon v. Brown

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 24th day of June, two thousand twenty-five.

Present: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, MICHEAL H. PARK, WILLIAM J. NARDINI, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

PETER DIXON,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 24-2633

POLICE OFFICER LEONARD BROWN, POLICE OFFICER JOEL DORCHESTER, POLICE OFFICER ANDREW MURPHY,

Defendants-Appellants,

JOHN AND JANE DOES, UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICERS, THE CITY OF SYRACUSE, FORMER POLICE OFFICER AHMAD MIMS, POLICE OFFICER JACOB BREEN, POLICE OFFICER PATRICK MOORE, POLICE OFFICER NICHOLAS VOGEL, POLICE OFFICER DAVID CRAW,

Defendants.

1 _____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellee: Fred B. Lichtmacher, Esq., New York, NY.

For Defendants-Appellants: JOHN G. POWERS (Mary L. D’Agostino on the brief), Hancock Estabrook, LLP, Syracuse, NY.

Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New

York (Hurd, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the appeal is DISMISSED.

Defendants-Appellants Police Officers Leonard Brown, Joel Dorchester, and Andrew

Murphy (together, the “Officers”) appeal from an order of the district court, entered on September

18, 2024, denying their motion for summary judgment on an excessive force claim brought by

Plaintiff-Appellee Peter Dixon under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Dixon alleges that the Officers used

excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment by repeatedly striking him during his arrest

on April 22, 2017. The district court denied the Officers’ motion for summary judgment and

determined that there were genuine issues of material fact as to whether the Officers’ use of force

was excessive and whether the Officers were entitled to qualified immunity. The Officers filed

this interlocutory appeal challenging the district court’s qualified immunity ruling. We assume

the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which

we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to dismiss for lack of appellate jurisdiction.

1. Background

On April 22, 2017, police officers from the Syracuse Police Department observed Dixon’s

Chevrolet Uplander parked in front of a “no parking” sign. Officer Mims and two of his fellow

officers approached the Uplander and asked Dixon for his identification. Officer Mims claims

that he lost sight of Dixon’s hands, drew his service weapon, and ordered Dixon to get out of the

2 car. Dixon asserts that he was alarmed because his three children were seated in the back seat.

He refused Officer Mims’ instructions and drove off. The officers pursued in their police cruisers

and caught up with Dixon a few blocks away at the intersection of South Geddes and Hartson

Streets. Officer Mims exited his car and attempted to approach Dixon’s driver-side door on foot,

but Dixon put his car in reverse, turned around, and then began to drive south on South Geddes.

According to Officer Mims, Dixon accelerated towards him. Dixon claims that he was

maneuvering around Officer Mims and posed no threat. Officer Mims then fired five consecutive

shots at Dixon’s car, which missed Dixon and his children. Police soon lost sight of Dixon.

Transmissions on the police radio alerted officers in the area—including Defendants-

Appellants Dorchester, Brown, and Murphy—that an officer had fired his service weapon at an

Uplander because the driver had “attempted to hit multiple officers with his vehicle.” App’x 787,

791. Officers Dorchester and Brown joined the search for Dixon and soon observed the

Uplander, now missing both passenger-side tires, driving on its rims towards the Onondaga Nation

Reservation (the “Reservation”). Officers Dorchester and Brown pursued Dixon with their

emergency lights and sirens activated. Dixon did not pull over and continued onto the

Reservation. Dixon then pulled into a driveway on private property.

As Dixon tells it, he was slowing to a stop when Officer Brown ran up to the Uplander on

foot, punched Dixon in the head without warning, and forcibly pulled Dixon from the car. Officer

Brown acknowledges striking Dixon and pulling him from the car but contends that he first ordered

Dixon to stop the car and that Dixon continued driving. The parties agree that Dixon landed face

down on the gravel driveway with Officer Brown and then Officer Dorchester on top of him.

Dixon’s arms were underneath his body with his hands near his waistband. Officer Murphy

arrived shortly thereafter and joined the struggle. The Officers repeatedly commanded Dixon to

3 surrender his hands. Dixon claims that he could not comply because his hands were pinned by

the weight of the three officers on top of him. For their part, the Officers claim Dixon was

continuing to resist and the strikes were necessary to gain his compliance. During an

approximately two-minute struggle, the Officers delivered multiple strikes to Dixon’s body and

head. Eventually, the Officers secured Dixon in handcuffs. Dixon does not allege that the

Officers used force against him after he was handcuffed.

Dixon initiated this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging, inter alia, that the Officers used

excessive force during his arrest in violation of the Fourth Amendment. After discovery, the

Officers moved for summary judgment, arguing that they were entitled to qualified immunity

because their actions were objectively reasonable and did not violate clearly established law. The

district court denied the Officers’ summary judgment motion as to Dixon’s excessive force claim,

explaining that disputes as to relevant historical facts rendered the court unable to determine

whether the Officers were entitled to qualified immunity. Dixon v. City of Syracuse, 5:20-CV-

381, 2024 WL 4227775, at *15 n.25 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2024). The district court explained that

“Dixon has validly placed into dispute the question of whether he was already subdued (and not

offering resistance) when [the Officers] used force to gain his ‘compliance’ and effectuate his

arrest” and that “a reasonable jury could review the relevant historical facts and determine that [the

Officers] used excessive force.” Id. at *14-15. The Officers timely appealed.

2. Discussion

We ordinarily lack jurisdiction to review the denial of a motion for summary judgment.

Ricciuti v. Gyzenis, 834 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2016). Under the collateral order doctrine,

however, we may review an order denying qualified immunity “at least to the extent the immunity

claim presents a ‘purely legal question.’” Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139, 153 (2d Cir. 2007)

4 (quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985)). “We are without jurisdiction to review

a denial of a claim of qualified immunity that turns on disputed issues of fact,” Golodner v.

Berliner, 770 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir. 2014), and thus cannot consider arguments “about what

occurred, or why an action was taken or omitted,” Terebesi v. Torreso, 764 F.3d 217, 229 (2d Cir.

2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Where factual disputes persist, we may exercise

appellate jurisdiction only for the limited purpose of deciding whether, on the basis of ‘stipulated

facts, or on the facts that the plaintiff alleges are true, or on the facts favorable to the plaintiff that

the trial judge concluded the jury might find, the immunity defense is established as a matter of

law.’” Id. (quoting Salim v. Proulx, 93 F.3d 86, 90 (2d Cir. 1996)). And we may only consider

“whether a given factual dispute is ‘material’ for summary judgment purposes, . . . not . . . whether

a dispute of fact identified by the district court is ‘genuine.’” McColley v. County of Rensselaer,

740 F.3d 817, 822 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Escalera v. Lunn, 361 F.3d 737, 743 (2d Cir. 2004)).

Here, the district court concluded it could not decide the question of qualified immunity

given outstanding disputes of material fact. Dixon, 2024 WL 4227775, at *15 n.25. On appeal,

the Officers claim to accept Dixon’s version of events and argue that they are entitled to qualified

immunity even if Dixon were subdued and attempting to comply during the two minutes the

Officers were striking him because Dixon reasonably appeared to be resisting. There are two

barriers to our jurisdiction that prevent us from considering the Officers’ argument.

First, the Officers have failed completely to accept Dixon’s version of relevant facts. For

example, although the Officers purport to accept that Dixon’s hands were involuntarily trapped

underneath his body, they repeatedly state that Dixon was engaging in active resistance. See,

e.g., Defendants-Appellants’ Br. at 16 (“Officer Brown ordered Mr. Dixon to surrender his hands

but Mr. Dixon refused, holding his hands underneath his body . . . . Officer Brown could feel Mr.

5 Dixon tensing his arms to prevent Brown or Officer Dorchester from pulling his arms out from

under him.”); id. (“Faced with Mr. Dixon’s active resistance to handcuffing, Officer Brown struck

Mr. Dixon several times . . . .”); id. at 17 (“Officer Murphy observed Mr. Dixon resisting Officer

Brown’s and Dorchester’s attempts to place Mr. Dixon in handcuffs, including by pulling his arms

underneath his torso.”); id. at 22 (“In response to Plaintiff’s resistance, the officers briefly used

hand and knee strikes to end his physical resistance and place him in cuffs . . . .”); id. at 33 (“Mr.

Dixon was actively attempting to evade arrest by flight and was resisting arrest.”). We have

repeatedly dismissed interlocutory appeals where, as here, the appellants’ assertion that they accept

a plaintiff’s version of the facts “amount[s] to nothing more than lip service” and they in actuality

“continue[] to advance [their] own version of events.” Jok v. City of Burlington, 96 F.4th 291,

297 (2d Cir. 2024).

Second, the Officers’ legal argument—that their use of force was not a violation of clearly

established law even assuming Dixon’s arms were pinned because they reasonably believed him

to be resisting—turns on the determination of whether the Officers’ perception of Dixon’s conduct

was reasonable. See Stephenson v. Doe, 332 F.3d 68, 78 (2d Cir. 2003) (“[C]laims that an officer

made a reasonable mistake of fact that justified the use of force go to the question of whether the

plaintiff’s constitutional rights were violated, not the question of whether the officer was entitled

to qualified immunity.”). We have repeatedly held that “disputed material issues regarding the

reasonableness of an officer’s perception of facts (whether mistaken or not) is the province of the

jury.” Jones v. Treubig, 963 F.3d 214, 231 (2d Cir. 2020); see also Green v. City of New York,

465 F.3d 65, 83 (2d Cir. 2006) (“If there is a material question of fact as to the relevant surrounding

circumstances, the question of objective reasonableness is for the jury.”). On limited interlocutory

appeal, we cannot review the district court’s determination that a jury could find unreasonable the

6 Officers’ supposed perception of Dixon’s conduct. See Bolmer v. Oliveira, 594 F.3d 134, 140–

41 (2d Cir. 2010) (“[W]here the district court denied immunity on summary judgment because

genuine issues of material fact remained, we have jurisdiction to determine whether the issue is

material, but not whether it is genuine.”); see also Vega-Colon v. Eulizier, No. 23-1211, 2024 WL

3320433, at *5 (2d Cir. July 8, 2024) (summary order) (holding that an officer cannot challenge

on interlocutory appeal the district court’s determination that “there are genuine disputed issues of

fact on the question of whether . . . his perception of the surrounding factual circumstances—

whether mistaken or not—was reasonable”).

* * *

We have considered the Officers’ remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk