Poffenbarger, Judge:
C. W. Dillon, State Tax Commissioner, suing on behalf of the State, seeks a peremptory writ of mandamus against B. E. Bare, Assessor of the First Assessment District of Fayette county, to compel him to assess and value twenty-one leasehold estates in his district at their true and actual values, according to his honest judgment, based upon such information relating to their value as the law requires him to consider. In another action, against S. T. Carter, Assessor [484]*484of the Second District of said county, he asks a like writ to compel said assessor to assess in like manner thirty-two leasehold estates.
The alternative writ against Bare 'avers the total value of said twenty-one leases to be $1,340,000.00, and the assessed value, as entered upon the personal property book by said assessor, to be $'73,500.00. The writ against Carter avers the total valuation of the thirty-two leases in his district to be $5,635,000.00, and the' valuation entered in the personal property book against them by the assessor to be $506,-000.00.-
In each of the writs it is averred that the assessments so made have not been made in good faith and that they are merely colorable. Paragraph T of each petition as set out in the alternative writ reads as follows: “Petitioner further avers that the said pretended assessments are a fraud upon the state, county and districts in said assessment district, and upon all the other taxpayers of said district, and that said pretended assessment was fraudulently made, and does not represent the discretionary or judicial action of the said assessor, but that the said assessments were arbitrarily made that the said assessor might have the excuse that his duties had been performed. ”
It is further averred in each of said petitions that the petitioner had brought to the attention of the assessors, the respondents, what he, petitioner, conceived to be the value of said leaseholds, and the evidence from which he derived his estimate of the values, which evidence consisted of the price at which the properties in question had been sold but a short time before the assessments were made. In the petition against Bare, he instances the Hemlock Coal Company, which, three years ago, was sold for $163,000.00, is now worth at least $200,000.00 and is assessed at only $12,000.00, and he says he requested the assessor to assess it at not less than $100,000.00. Similar instances are set forth in the petition against Carter. Time and space do not permit a full statement of the facts set forth in the petitions. The assessors in their returns to the writs aver that the assessments made by them were made in good faith and according to their best judgment as to the value of the leasehold estates. Both the petitions and the. returns are under oath and some affida-[485]*485yits have been filed in support of the returns. The petitioner has filed an affidavit in support of the averments of his petition and to refute certain allegations in the returns.
The only matter relied upon as evidence to sustain the .charge of fraud or lack of honesty and good faith on the part of the assessors is the vast difference in the valuation stated by the tax commissioner and those entered by the assessors, and the conduct of the assessors in disregarding the suggestions made, and the evidence produced, to them by the petitioner.
The first objection raised by the respondents is that the tax commissioner is not entitled to invoke the writ of mcm-da/mus against these assessors. It suffices to say in response to this that the case of Dillon v. Graybeal, the decision in which is announced simultaneously with this one, holds that, in respect to matters over which an assessor has no discretionary power and is governed by the law, mandamus lies to compel proper action in the name of the state at the instance of the tax commissioner. As the reasons for this holding are set forth in the opinion in that case, they need not be repeated here.
It is further objected that, though there is jurisdiction by oncmdamus to the extent above stated, the writ cannot go in either of these cases, because the valuation of property is a matter committed by the law to the discretion of the assessors, and is not reviewable otherwise than by the tribunal, and in the manner, prescribed by the statute, namely, by the county courts upon applications made by the owners of property, for the corrections of error. The exercise of such discretion is not subject to control by the writ of mandamus, but mandamus is a proper remedy to compel an officer, possessed of discretionary powers, to exercise them. If he refuses to act at all, he may be compelled to proceed, but the court which compels him to do so will not prescribe, in its order, how he shall proceed, or rather what his judgment and determination shall be. In other words, in a case like this, if an assessor should refuse to assess property that is taxable, any court having jurisdiction over him by mmidamus will compel him to assess, but will nbt determine the value at which he shall assess it. Wheeling B. & T. Co. v. Paull, 39 W. Va. 142; White v. Holt, 20 W. Va. 792; Cowan v. Doddridge, 22 [486]*486Grat. 458; Page v. Clopton, 80 Grat. 415; Miller v. County Court, 34 W. Va. 285; State v. County Court, 33 W. Va. 589; State v. Herrald, 36 W. Va. 721; Marcum v. Commissioners, 42 W. Va. 263.
The principle just stated applies, not only when the officer, absolutely refuses to act at all, but also when he has acted, and it appears to the court that he has not acted in good •faith, but has, on the contrary, set up as an excuse and' as a coyer for his disobedience of the law, a mere pretense of action. This the law holds equivalent to no action, no performance of duty. The requirement that an officer shall act to the best of his knowledge and judgment in the exercise of discretionary power is one which he cannot arbitrarily set aside. It is a rule of law over which he has no control and to which he must yield obedience, and courts will not allow remedies to be defeated by mere pretexts or evasions of duty. This legal proposition is sustained by a great many decisions.
The rule and its exceptions are stated in 19 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law 737, as follows: “The writ cannot be used for the correction of errors. If, however, such judgment or discretion is abused, and exercised in an arbitrary or capricious manner, mcmdamus will lie to compel a proper exercise thereof.” They are set forth in Merrill on Mandamus, section 40, in the following terms: “Againit may happen, that the person or tribunal charged with discretion or with a judicial decision of the matter has been influenced by fraud, passion, adverse interest or prejudice in its action. In such case justice requires that there should be some redress. Accordingly, when such parties have acted in bad faith or cor-ruptedly in reaching their decisions, the courts hold that their conclusions may be reviewed by the writ of mandamus. ” With the comprehensiveness and accuracy, characteristic of the work, Blackstone’s Commentaries, Book 3, p. Ill, says: “It issues to judges of anj^ inferior court, commanding them to do justice according to the powers of their office, whenever the same is delayed. For it is the peculiar business of the court of king’s bench to superintend all inferior tribunals, and therein to enforce the due exercise of those judicial or ministerial powers with which the crown or legislature have invested them: and this, not only by restraining their excesses, [487]*487but also by quickening their negligence, and obviating their denial of justice.” One would expect to find more cases of refusal to interfere, falling under the general rule, than of interposition of mandamus, arising under the exception, and such is the condition; but this does not argue in the least against the existence of the exception. It has been recognized by the Federal Supreme Court in Ex parte Burr, 9 Wheat. 530, Ex parte Bradley, 7 Wall. 364, and several other cases. In Ex parte Secombe, 19 How. 13, Chief Justice Taney said of the authority of a court to disbar an attorney: “The power, however, is not an arbitrary and despotic one, to be exercised at the pleasure of the court, or from passion, prejudice, or personal hostility.” In Ex pamte Burr, Chief Justice Marshall had asserted the same proposition in substance, but said: “The court is not inclined to interpose, unless it were in a case where the conduct of the circuit or district court was irregular, or was flagrantly improper. ” As no abuse of discretion was shown in any of these cases, the court declined to interfere, but the assertion of the power and propriety of doing so under conditions warranting such action was declared in all of them.
There are, however, many decisions of the state courts in which the power has been exercised, under the principles stated. In Glencoe v. Peoples, 78 Ill. 382, a mmdamus was awarded to compel the council of a town to ignore its action in the fixing of a date for an election and to fix another date, on the ground that, although having discretionary power, under the statute, as to the fixing of the date, said body had fixed an unreasonable one. In State v. School Directors, 134 Mo. 296, the writ was awarded to compel a school board to give representation to one of two political parties in appointing officers to conduct a school election, although the statute made no such requirement, and the board had discretionary control and power in the naming'of the officers. The court held that in selecting all of them from one 'political party, and giving the opposite party no representation whatever, the school board had committed a gross abuse of the discretionary power conferred upon it by the statute. In State v. Kellogg, 95 Wis. 672, a mandamus was awarded to compel the common council of a city to revoke a license to sell intoxicating liquors after the council had refused, upon a hear[488]*488ing to revoke it. The statute provided that if the board should find the complaint to be true, it should revoke the license, and, if untrue, it should dismiss the petition. The evidence was full and complete, leaving no room for reasonable difference of opinion, and the court held that, in revoking the license, the council had wilfully and unreasonably abused their power and authority. That they had the power to hear and act upon the evidence, and had done so and rendered a decision, did not prevent the court from ascertaining that their action amounted to a mere pretense of exercising judgment and discretion, and accordingly awarding the writ to comijel a faithful exercise of their power. In the case of State v. Johnson, Judge, 103 Wis. 591, a mandamus was awarded to compel a circuit court, a court of general juris-^ diction, to allow creditors of an insolvent concern to examine the assignee of its assets and test the correctness of his accounts, with a view to obtaining proper decrees respecting the same, notwithstanding the confirmation by the court of an account rendered by the assignee, and the entry of a decree accepting his resignation, and the court in its opinion declared that, in doing so, it was not making the writ perform the functions of an appeal or writ of error. Among other things, it is said in the opinion: “Where it clearly appears that discretion has been not merely abused, but not exercised at all, or that the action taken by the inferior court is without semblance of legal cause, and no other adequate remedy exists, mandamus will lie to compel the specific action which should have been taken. * * * Such cases are, however, more apparent than real exceptions to the rule, because, when only one course is open to the court upon the facts presented, the pursuance of that course becomes the plain and absolute duty of the court, and the refusal becomes, in effect, a failure to perform a duty within its jurisdiction.” In reply to the contention that the orders made by the court below, confirming the assignee’s account and refusing the application for examination, could not be reversed upon mandamos, in consequence whereof, being unreversed and unappealed from, they would bar relief by mandamus, the court said: “The difficulty, also, is more- apparent than real: While it is true that the legitimate function of the writ of mandamus is to compel action by the inferior court, rather than to reverse action [489]*489already taken, it would be gross absurdity to hold that, after refusal to perform a plain duty within its jurisdiction, the inferior court could nullify the constitutional grant of superintending power by the entry of any order or orders. This court holds its power under no such uncertain terms. Those powers are not dependent upon the speed with which the trial court enters orders. If it becomes necessary, in the clue discharge of its power of superintending control, that orders of the inferior court be vacated, this court will not hesitate to compel the vacation of such order by the inferior court by so framing its writs of ma/tidamus." These decisions place it beyond question or doubt that the remedy by mandamus to compel execution, in good faith, of discretional power, cannot be barred by a mere pretense of such execution. Other illustrations will be found in the following decisions: Briggs v. Hopkins, 16 R. I. 83; Sparrow's Petition, 138 Pa. St. 116; Brewing Company's Petition, 127 Pa. St. 523; Dental Examiners v. People, 123 Ill. 227; McLeod v. Scott, 26 Pac. Rep. 1061; State v. Higgin, 76 Mo. App. 319. While the power of a supervisory court to thus interfere is well established, it is to be observed that the bad faith or dereliction of the person or tribunal proceeded against must clearly appear. The absence of discretion must be so flagrant as to be irreconcilable with honest judgment. “But the action of an officer in a matter which calls for the exercise of his discretion or judgment will not be reviewed by the writ of mandamus, unless he had been guilty of a clear and wilful disregard of his duty, or such action is shown to be extremely wrong- or flagrantly improper and unjust, so that the decision can only be explained as the result of caprice, passion or partiality.” Merrill on Mand., section 41.
Next, it is said that, if mandamus be a proper remedy and the facts set up in the alternative writ establish grounds for the awarding thereof, it cannot go, because the several coal companies mentioned in the writ, and as to whose property derelictions of duty are alleged, are interested in the subject matter of these actions and should be made parties thereto. We think this contention is without merit. The action of the assessor will not be an adjudication against the owners of the property — at least, not a final adjudication, for if the assessments should be too high, they have the remedy above indicated for procuring reductions to proper valuations.
[490]*490Having thus briefly noticed the preliminary objections to the exercise by this Court of the powers invoked by the petitioner, I shall proceed now to a consideration of the merits of the cases.
The question ultimately to be determined is largely one of fact, namely, whether the respondents have acted in good faith and made honest valuations, but, in determining whether the evidence submitted on that question is proper evidence, and whether it proves the fact which must be established as justification for the awarding of its writs, it is necessary to observe certain legal principles, to which the evidence must be reconciled, with reference to its admissibility and its probative value.
What is taxable under the designation of “leasehold” on the personal property book? My answer to that question is that it is the right to use the property upon which the lease is held for the purposes of the lease. It is an intangible property, one which the law recognizes as a thing of value, but is incorporeal and intangible in its nature. It is not the property upon which the lease is held, nor the propertj'' used in its exercise. Therefore, in determining the taxable value of the leasehold, the pecuniary value of the property used in connection therewith, or the use of which constitutes the leasehold estate, is not to be taken into consideration. The land which constitutes the subject of the leasehold is taxed not as a leasehold, nor in the name of the lessee, but as land, in the name of the owner, and is not to be taxed over again in the name of the lessee, on the theory, that it constitutes part of the leasehold. Nor are the improvements on the land, whether they belong to the land owner or the lessee, to be taxed under the designation of “leasehold.” If they belong to the owner of the land, they are charged to him. If they belong to the lessee and are chargeable to him, either as land or as personal propertj'-, they are to be assessed as tangible property, like horses, cattle, household goods, or land. Their value is not to be included in, or taken to make up, the value of the intangible thing, the leasehold.
These are all • incorporated companies, and the mode of assessing them is prescribed in sections IT and T8 of chapter 29 of the Code, as amended by chapter 35 of the Acts of 1905. Section TT requires the president or chief accounting [491]*491officer of the corporation to make a report to the assessor of the county, showing among other things, “the kind, quantity and true and actual value of all its tangible personal property in each magisterial district in which it is located.” Section 78 provides that all property mentioned in item (f), which has just been quoted, shall be entered in the personal property book of the county. Of course the entry must be in the name of the corporation. If the tenement houses, tipple, incline plane, railway tracks and other similar structures, erected on the leased premises, belong to the lessee, and not the owner of the land, they are tangible corporeal properties, and must be assessed as such. If chargeable on the personal property books, the assessor, in assessing them, must fix values upon them, under the control of the principles which govern him in fixing valuations of other personal property. These things are to be valued according to what they are worth and not according to the value which results to their owner from the peculiar use made of them. To illustrate, horses of the same market value ought to be assessed at the same valuation, although one, because used in- a dray, earns for its owner twice as much as the other which is used in plowing. They are to be assessed as distinct corporeal things at their true and actual values, nothing more and nothing less.
If such structures and things as have been mentioned above are not assessable as tangible personal 'property, under the clause of the statute above quoted, known as item (f), then they must necessarily be separately assessed, either as personal property or real estate, under section 43 of chapter 29 of the Code as amended by chapter 85 of the Acts of 1905, which reads as follows: /‘In assessing the values of buildings and structures, the assessor shall ascertain the value of all machinery and fixtures attached thereto, and include the same in the value of the building charged to the owner, unless it appears that such machinery and fixtures are owned by some person other than the owner of the building, in. which case the value of such machinery and fixtures shall be assessed to their owner as personal property; and the value of such machinery or fixtures shall be thereafter increased or reduced according as they may have increased or decreased in actual value. ” My present view of this section is that it [492]*492requires all buildings and structures belonging to that class, which the law designates as trade fixtures, to be charged to the lessee on the land books, and these would include such things as coal tipples, mine tracks, incline planes and other appliances or machines that are affixed to the real estate. As to whether they are to be assessed in the name of the lessee or the owner of the land, however, I am not to be regarded as expressing any final opinion. It is plain that they are to be' charged to somebody in the land book and that suffices for the purposes of this case. This is a still more conclusive reason why their value is not to be taken into consideration in determining the value of-the leasehold, the right of use of the property leased.
It is not pretended by anybody that the value of the land which constitutes the subject of the lease is to be included in the value of the leasehold. It is taxed in the name of the owner thereof. But there are some differences of opinion among counsel and members of the Court, as to what the land includes. It often happens that in the opening of a mine and putting it in condition for profitable use, very large expenditures must be made in the grading of roads and ways, the making of excavations and embankments, and the driving of entries and sinking of shafts. The coal, in some instances, is much more easily accessible than in others. In some cases what are known as “faults,” consisting of great masses of impending rock, hanging down almost or quite through the vein of coal, and so cutting it in two, are encountered. These have to be cut through, at enormous expense, in order to reach the coal lying beyond. Whether the improvements made in the form of excavations and embankments, entries and shafts, costing thousands and sometimes hundreds of thousands of dollars, are to be considered as parts of the real estate, and the value thereof included in the taxable value of the land, is one important question, concerning which there are differences of opinion. All improvements of this kind simply result in altering the condition of the land. It is none the less land after such alterations have been made than it was before. If it were within human power, to detach them from the land, they would be no longer excavations, embankments, entries and shafts. They are incapable of existing except as a part [493]*493of the land. B.y nature, they belong to the land. Things that are naturally part of the land are always legally part of it unless some statute has declared that for some purpose or other they shall be deemed to be held, or to exist, independently of the land. Search through the statutes of this State for any law declaring such improvements personal property, much less parts of the leasehold, for purposes of taxation, would be vain and futile, for there is none. In view of these principles, I do not see how they'can be regarded otherwise than as part of the land, nor how the value of the land can be determined and assessed against the owner thereof without including the value of the improvements I have mentioned.
As a matter of fact, it is perfectly clear to my mind that they are considered and included in the taxable valuation of the land. How is such value of land determined? The statute says it shall be taxed by the acre at its true and actual value, and the true and actual value is defined to be that price for which it would sell under certain favorable conditions, stated in the definition, which need not be repeated here. A purchaser of the land would naturally consider, in determining the price that he would pay for it, its condition. The most ordinal common sense would say that of two tracts of land, both containing coal, the one having the mines open, the entries driven, the shafts constructed, and the necessary roadways, excavations, embankments and drains made, all ready for laying the tracks, putting in the cars and sending in the miners, would be worth a great deal more money than the one which remains in its natural state, and upon which all these improvements would have to be made before the coal would be accessible. If the improved property were held under a lease, yielding the owner of the land, the lessor, a monthly royalty of ten cents a ton for every ton taken out by the lessee, amounting in the aggregate to several thousand dollars a year, standing in lieu of the rent which other kinds of property yield, such as business property in a city, which royalty would go with the land to the purchasers thereof, just as the rent of a city property would go to the purchaser of it, does it require any argument to convince anybody that this royalty would be taken into consideration by a purchaser, in determining [494]*494the price he would pay^ for the land; and need it be said here that the realization of the royalty Avould be impossible if the improvements just mentioned had not been made upon the land, or until made? Of course, the right to use, and to use exclusively, these improvements is acquired by, and held under, the lease, but does it follow from this that they are any the less the property of the land owner? They' are beneficial to both the land owner and the lessee. So is the land. But for it the coal could not exist. So is the coal. But for it there would be no lease, no improvements of the class mentioned, nor any royalty. Nobody denies that the land is taxable to the land’ owner, nor that coal is taxable to him, for it is included in the land. It might as well be said that as the coal and the land are beneficial to the lessee, they shall be taxed to him, as to say that the improvements on the land are taxable to the lessee, for no other reason than that he has the use of them.
As the land and all that belongs to it is taxed in the name of the' land owner and includes the value of all road ways, drains, excavations, embankments, entries and shafts; and all tangible things used in connection with the mines, belonging to the lessee, are to be taxed as tangible property, no matter whether to the lesssee or lessor, what is left that can be taxed under the additional designation “leasehold?” Plainly, nothing but the naked intangible right of use of the land. The lessee is not to be taxed under this heading on the value of his own property consisting of tenement houses, incline planes, railway track, drum house, tipple, and all of those structures and mechanical devices which he has attached to the land for use in getting out the coal. All these things are taxed to themselves and by themselves in somebody’s name as I have shown, and if they belong to the lessee, as they do in many cases, he is not to be taxed again on his right to use them. Reason would say that the legislature never intended that a man’s property shall be taxed to him once, at its full value, and then his use of it taxed again at the full value of the property or any other value. Nor does the Constitution permit such an inequality of taxation, if the legislature did intend it. It is not pretended here, as I have said, that the land, or anything that belongs to it, [495]*495is to be taxed a second time for the right to use it, or that the value of the right of user in the lessee is to be measured by the value of the land. The value of the right of user, then, is not to measure by the value of any of the property, real or personal, lessee’s or land owner’s. Its value is to be determined as that of a separate and distinct property. In seeking it, we must inquire for its value alone, just as, in seeking the value of a particular, horse, we would look to him and not to the value of all the horses in the stable, and the aggregate value of all the horses in the stable, and the relation which the one horse bears to another, or to all the others, in point of value. The inquiry must be what will the leasehold sell for, not what will the leasehold and the property used with it, or on which it is held, sell for. All coal leases, on producing mines, yield a royalty to the lessor. These royalties vary in amount, from five to as high as ten cents per ton, and perhaps more in some cases. If a a lessee is paying as royalty such an amount that neither he, nor anybody else, could afford to work the mine and pay a larger royalty, it is obvious that he could not sell his right of user in the market for any considerable amount of money. But if his royalty is low enough to enable him to work the mine at a good profiit, he could sell it for something, if he desired to go out of business, and his lease were assignable, or if it were not assignable, without the consent of the lessor, and that consent could be obtained. Or if the royalty were low enough so that the lessee can make, not only a reasonable profit to himself by working the mine, but could also pay much larger royalty and still work the mine profitably, then his right of user would command a good price in the market. If, for instance, he pays royalties amounting to six thousand dollars a year at five cents a ton, and could afford to double that royalty and still work the mine profitably, there is an advantage in the lease to him of six thousand dollars a year in addition to his reasonable profit, arising from the operation of the mines. If that $6,000.00 be regarded as the equivalent of the income from a sum of money invested at six per cent., amounting to one hundred thousand dollars, and the deposit of coal were unlimited and inexhaustible, the market value of that lease, the mere right of user, would be, at least $100,000.00, and it [496]*496ought to be taxed upon that much. But if the coal is not unlimited and inexhaustible, the amount of it would have to be taken into consideration and a calculation made as to the time during which the mine would yield that profit. If the coal would run out in a few years, and the royalty cease, that royalty would not be equivalent to an income from $100,000.00 of money invested, for money values, like matter, are regarded in law as being indestructible. Presumably it is to pass from its owners to heirs or devi-sees and legatees, either in the form of money or property, or to pass from one person to another by. the avenues of trade.
There are many ways in which large advantages are obtained by lessees in respect to the royalty. When a land owner leases his land for coal purposes, neither he nor the lessee knows exactly the quantity or quality of the coal in the land, nor the advantages or disadvantages to be encountered in mining it, after the property is prepared for mining operations. Some coal is pure and of high quality, commanding great advantages in price and other respects in the markets. Other coal is impure and is a drag on the market. Some mines are difficult and expensive to operate on account of water, faults, bad tops, bad air and many other things. In some instances, the coal crops out in full thickness at the surface. In others entries must be driven for hundreds of feet in the solid. rock. At the time of taking a lease, neither party can tell what the expense of putting that mine in operation will be, nor what the advantages or disadvantages in its operation. Supposed or anticipated expense and disadvantages induce the land owner to take a small royalty. When the lessee has entered upon the property and commenced work, he finds the expense much less than he had anticipated and that the disadvantages, which it was supposed might exist, amount to nothing. Under such circumstances, it is apparent that he has an immense advantage under this lease and would have been willing to pay double the royalty stipulated for in it, if he had known what the result would be, and would have been compelled to pay it, in order to obtain the lease, if the land owner had known at the time the conditions revealed by the operations of the lessee. The value of the lease at this [497]*497time depends also upon the conditions prevailing at the date on which it was executed. The royalties stipulated for now are, as a rule, much larger than those agreed upon years ago when the uses of coal were more limited and the demand not so great. They are also affected by the condition and environments of the property at the time of the execution of the lease. On properties lying in wild and unsettled communities, remote from any railroad or other means of transportation, royalties are low. By reason of the general improvement in the business of the country, the increased demand for coal, occasioned by the discovery of new uses for it, the immense increase in number and capacity of the mills and factories of the country, and extension of the markets for coal, by means of the construction of railroads and improvements of water ways and of vessels carrying coal on the water, there has been a vast and ever increasing appreciation in the value of coal, which enables a man who took a lease years ago, or even recently in a remote and unsettled section of the country to make profits out of the lease which would enable him to double the royalty and still make a reasonable and fair profit. Quantities of coal, incomprehensible in amount and value, are now carried into, and consumed in, sections of our country, on the high seas and in foreign countries, where coal is not produced, and could never be used but for extension and improvement of the means of transportation.
Similar results, produced by similar causes, are found in the great cities of the country where leases were taken years ago upon valuable property for long terms, such as ninety-nine years or nine hundred and ninety-nine years, at rentals which were then deemed to be all the use of the property was worth, but which have since, by reason of growth and development, become so ridiculously low that these leases have immense value in the hands of their owners. They are sublet and re-sublet over and over, each preceding holder deriving and receiving large annual returns from them or having taken immense lump sums for the bargains or advantages they had in the leases.
The legislature, fully aware of the existence of such values in the hands of coal lessees and oil and gas lessees, and realizing the difficulty of charging these values to the [498]*498land ownei-s, who have deprived themselves of the benefit of them, and the justice of requiring the lessees to pajr taxes on them, passed the statute requiring leaseholds to be taxed. What could it have had in contemplation as taxable values, other than what I have indicated, in requiring leaseholds to be taxed, and, at the same time, requiring the value of all corporeal property, real and personal, to be taxed separately and distinctly as subjects of taxation? The mandate to tax all tangible property under its own heading, is a prohibition upon the inclusion of its value or any part thereof, in the taxation of the leasehold, for it is always presumed that the legislature did not intend to impose double taxation in any form, unless the contrary clearly appears. Dillon v. Graybeal, decided at this term.
. Not only is all tangible property to be excluded, but all money in hand or on deposit anywhere subject to the check or draft of the corporation and the amount of all credits and investments other than its own capital stock held by the corporation are to be taxed separately under distinct heads. These are not to be included in the value of the leaseholds.
It may be that the market value of the leasehold would include in addition to' the bonus for which the lease could be sold, its power of earning reasonable profit, besides the bonus. In applying this measure, as an element of value, a principle would be adopted which operates in determining the value of any other. property. We test the value of a farm by the income from it. It is not the only circumstance to be considered, of course, nor is it necessarily controlling, but it is to be considered. It may be that the same rule could operate in determining the value of a lease. As the determination of this question would necessitate a long and laborious consideration and analysis of the subject, and a decision thereof is not deemed necessary, I will not enter upon it. It must be apparent that the profits derived from the operation of a mine under lease involves something more than is inherent in the lease. Successful, profitable operation requires skill, capacity and judgment, not only in the operation of the mine, but in the disposition of the products. Did the legislature intend to tax that? Do we tax [499]*499one farm, of two exactly alike, at a higher valuation than the other, because the owner of that one, by his good management, capacity and skill, as a farmer and trader, makes more money every year than the owner of the other? This is enough to indicate some of the difficulties to be encountered in dealing with that question. . ,
Having thus ascertained to my satisfaction the nature of the things the assessors were required to value, and the standard by which the values are to be measured and ascertained, I come now to the evidence offered to prove them.
The petitioner swears to his estimate of the value and also to the manner in which he arrived at his conclusions. He instances the Hemlock Coal Company whose leasehold he says is worth $200,000.00, because the price paid for it three years ago was $163,000.00 and it has been considerably improved since that time. The answer of the respondent, Bare, made on oath, denies that he has any personal knowledge as to whether the coal company’s lease above mentioned was recently sold at $163,000.00, but he says if it was, the price was on account of the value of the improvements upon the land covered by the lease. He further avers that he caused the owners of the leases to report to him, in writing, as the law requires, the values of all their personal property, and that he went upon the leaseholds covered by the leases, personally examined the same, and made due and diligent inquiry of all persons who had information touching the value of the said leases, and obtained from them all the information he could obtain with respect to the fair valuation to be placed upon the chattels real so owned by said companies; and, after giving thorough consideration to each of said leases, and in all respects doing therein what he could do in the way of procuring information as to their respective values, he, acting in good faith, fixed and determined upon the value of each of said leases, as stated in the alternative writ of mandamus, except in the case of the Fire Creek Coal and Coke Company which, he had ascertained, was not the owner of any lease at all. The answer of Carter is to the same general effect concerning the leases in his district.
Several affidavits were filed by the respondents to the [500]*500effect that the only values which the leases have are represented by money expended in making the improvements, and, as these are all separately taxed, there is no value left for taxation under the designation of leasehold. They also show that vast amounts have been expended in such improvements. The petitioner filed his affidavit, showing what is assessed under the head of improvements as real estate, upon the land held and operated under the several leases, which make, in the aggregate, a. very large amount of money, but fall very far short of what he says some of the properties sold for. His theory, as disclosed by the argument, and the nature of the evidence which he offers, is that the value of a leasehold for taxation is to be ascertained by deducting the assessed value of the improvements, as they stand upon the land book, made by the real estate assessor a year or more ago; from what the leasehold and such tangible property as belongs to it would sell for, and he mentions selling prices in the cases of some of the companies which were paid only a short time ago. He does not indicate how much of that selling price was represented by the personal property, and trade fixtures which were owned with the leases, nor how much of it was for reimbursement for the outlay in the improvements made upon the land in the form of excavations, embankments, entries, shafts and drains, and all other subjects of expenditure which belong to the land and are necessarily taxed with it, on the one hand, and how much on the other, was represented by the value of the intangible l'ight of user. It may be that the entire amount of the purchase money was represented by the cost of the improvements, and the value of the trades, fixtures and personal property, taken over with the leaseholds in the purchase. If so, the price paid is no indication of the taxable value of the leasehold. All the improvements are separately assessed. They were assessed by the real estate assessor, and are not to be taxed over again as part of the leasehold valuation. The valuations put upon them by the land assessor may be entirely too low, but, if that be true, the taxable values in them, wrongfully omitted by the land assessor, cannot be charged against the leaseholds, which are plainly separate and distinct properties for the purposes of taxation. This would be as palpa[501]*501bly illegal and wrong as a charge made by the assessor upon the live-stock of a farmer to cover a loss of valuation in his land occasioned by the error of fraud of the land assessor.
In assessing the value of a leasehold, the personal property assessor takes no account of the value of the land and improvements. He, of course considers the acreage and quality of the coal, the extent and convenience of the fixtures and improvements and their adaptability to the purposes for which they are used. He must observe that a lease on a large tract of land is more valuable than one on a small tract, and that a lease which gives the use of good and extensive improvements which facilitate and render easy, the production of coal is worth more than one giving the right to use worn out and dilapidated fixtures of limited extent, and that a lease of good coal is worth more than one of bad coal; but these considerations do not involve any estimate or determination of the money value of the land, coal or improvements. Neither their cost nor value is involved at all. Their valuations are to be considered only when assessing them. The value of the lease is a separate and distinct thing, standing upon its own basis and to be determined by rules and elements peculiarly applicable to it. In fixing its value the personal property assessor cannot charge against it any value which the land assessor ought to have charged against the land or improvements, but erroneously failed so to charge, nor can he charge against it any value of tangible personal property which he himself ought to have charged against it but erroneously failed to charge. Could part of a farmer's live-stock value be charged against his household goods, because the live-stock is assessed too low? If such things could be done, what certainty would there be in anybody’s assessments?
If we could say, as possibly we may be able to do, the expenditures upon the land in making such improvements as belong to the land, excavations, embankments, entries, shafts, &c., is evidence of the value of the lease, because it is substantially the amount paid for the right of user, we have no evidence here which can be regarded as indicating, with any degree of certainty, how much money was expended by any of these companies for such purpose. I am inclined to [502]*502the opinion that it is a circumstance tending to show the value of the lease. In a sense it is the purchase price of the lease. On a sale of it, the lessee would exact reimbursement for that outlay. But we have no evidence here which enables us to see what was so expended, or exacted in the prices at which sales have been made, as re-imbursement for such outlays. In this view of the matter, it is immaterial that such improvements belong to the land and are taxed with it. If in exchange for a horse of the value of $100.00, a man should clear ten acres of his neighbor’s land, the horse would be taxable in his hands at $100.00, although $100.00 were added to the land for the improvement to it. The improvement made, adding value to the land, would be the purchase price of the horse. So if the permanent improvements of mineral lands in the shape of entries, shafts, &c., represent the purchase price of the lease, in whole or in part, the equivalent value in the lease would be taxable, and the cost óf such improvement would be a circumstance to be considered in estimating the market value of the leasehold. The same rule would probably apply to the cost of the other improvements, when they belong to the land owner and have been erected by the lessee. But even here it must be observed that the price paid for an article, be it a lease or any other, is not an infallible measure or test of its value, for it may be worth far more or less than it cost. Mines opened at great cost, sometimes prove to be absolutely worthless, while others costing comparatively little, have immense productive and pecuniary values.
It has been suggested that we must presume the valuations of improvements, entered in the land books, to be the true and actual values, such as the law required the assessors to charge on account thereof, and assume, therefore, that all that remains of the aggregate value of both improvements and leasehold, is properly chargeable against the leasehold. The effect of that would necessarily jumble and mix things that the law requires to be kept separate, in order to prevent uncertainty and injustice. I repeat that, in assessing the leasehold, the pecuniary value of the improvements is not to be considered at all. Their utilitarian value alone is to be considered in this connection. Their value is one thing and that of the leasehold another, and if you dump them all into [503]*503one aggregate value and then attempt to apportion, you adopt a method of valuation, forbidden, or, at least, not prescribed, by law, and thereby set aside the method which the law does prescribe. The test of taxable value in a leasehold is the true and actual market value thereof, just as in the case of a horse, cow, household goods and other tangible property. • Would it be right to go upon a man’s premises and guess at the aggregate value of all his tangible property and then attempt to apportion it out among the several articles? Certainly not. The value of each must be determined separately, and in determining the value of one, no attention can be given to the values of the others.
The evidence offered here does not afford any indication of the value of the leasehold, considered separately. It goes to the combined value of the leasehold and the tangible property, without any apportionment between the two kinds of property, and it, therefore, utterly fails to show that the assessments complained of have been arbitrarily made, or are so low as to amount to mere evasive and colorable assessments — or, in other words, no assessments in the true sense of the term, wherefore, the writs prayed for must be refused.
What I have said here is applicable to cases arising under the provisions of the assessment laws to which I-have referred. It is not applicable to the assessments of banks, trust companies and probably some other institutions. Furthermore, I have expressed only my own views concerning these cases. Two of my associates concur in the conclusion that the writs must be refused, but I am not to be understood as presenting the grounds upon which they base their action.
Writ Refused.