UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
No. 95-2005
STANLEY DIAZ-GANDIA,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
MARIA ROSA DAPENA-THOMPSON, ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Aida M. Delgado-Colon, U.S. Magistrate Judge]
Before
Torruella, Chief Judge,
Coffin, Senior Circuit Judge,
and Cyr, Circuit Judge.
Rafael A. Oliveras Lopez de Victoria for appellant.
Lorraine J. Riefkohl, Assistant Solicitor General, with whom
Carlos Lugo-Fiol, Solicitor General, and Jacqueline Novas-Debien,
Deputy Solicitor General, were on brief for appellees.
July 25, 1996
CYR, Circuit Judge. This appeal challenges a summary CYR, Circuit Judge.
judgment dismissing various claims brought under the Veteran's
Reemployment Rights Act of 1968 ("VRRA") against the Right to
Work Administration of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("RWA")
for allegedly denying plaintiff-appellant Stanley Xavier Diaz
Gandia ("Diaz") certain incidents and advantages of employment
solely by reason of his participation in the United States Army
Reserves. We vacate the district court judgment and remand for
further proceedings.
I I
BACKGROUND1 BACKGROUND
Appellant Diaz, who possesses a Bachelor's Degree in
Psychology and a Masters Degree in Vocational Counseling, was
hired by defendant-appellee RWA in August 1980, as an Occupa-
tional Counselor I in its Bayamon Regional Office. During the
next few years he was promoted and transferred several times
before attaining the classification of Personnel Relations
Counselor, equivalent to Occupational Counselor III, at the
Central Office in San Juan.
In September 1986 Diaz enlisted in the United States
Army and entered on active duty for approximately nine months,
receiving military leave pay from the RWA as required by Puerto
Rico law. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 25 2082. Following his honor-
1We view all competent evidence and attendant reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Diaz, the party resist- ing summary judgment. McCabe v. Life-Line Ambulance Serv., Inc.,
77 F.3d 540, 544 (1st Cir.), petition for cert. filed, 64 U.S.-
L.W. 3808 (U.S. May 29, 1996) (No. 95-1929).
able discharge in May 1987, he became an active reservist with
the 448th Engineer Battalion at Fort Buchanan, which meant that
he remained on paid military leave from the RWA until July 1987.
When Diaz reported for duty with the RWA at its Central
Office following his return from active duty with the Army
Reserves, he discovered that a person with inferior educational
qualifications and experience had been assigned to fill his
position. Nevertheless, as directed, Diaz reported for work as
an Occupational Counselor III in the San Juan Regional Office,
located in the same building, where for one month he was assigned
to a cubicle filled with boxes and office supplies but no desk or
chair. He complained to the Office of Reservist and Veteran's
Affairs, and, in March 1988, to the Board of Appeals of the
Commonwealth Personnel Administration System, all to no avail.
Approximately two months later, a complaint to the Employee's
Association resulted in his reassignment to the Central Office as
a Counselor in the Business Development Area.
In addition, Diaz was reprimanded unjustly by his
supervisors on two occasions upon his return from military leave.
First, he states that the Director of the San Juan Regional
Office, Aida Iris Castro Mundo, informed him that he wasted a lot
of time on military exercises. Following their meeting, Diaz
received a letter from Castro Mundo, dated April 15, 1988,
advising that he needed to improve his job performance in light
of the fact that he had: delayed assigning cases to other
counselors; refused to receive cases after 3:30 p.m.; frequently
absented himself from his workplace during office hours; failed
to complete cases on time; and either failed to perform, or
performed poorly, various other official responsibilities. Diaz
denies these accusations. Second, at his deposition Diaz testi-
fied that he had been reprimanded unfairly by another supervisor,
Jose Figueroa, for not being at his work station during the
middle of a day following his return from military training. He
explained his four-hour absence on that occasion as having been
devoted to making sure the RWA paid him for the time he was on
military leave. Diaz further states that he received no job
description until July 1994, despite a promise six years earlier
that he would receive one, and that his supervisors harassed him
by evaluating his work performance absent a job description.
No other negative job evaluation appears in Diaz'
personnel record. Nonetheless, and though in June 1988 he had
been designated a Counselor of Special Projects in the Central
Office as he requested, Diaz testified that Supervisor Fernando
Freses made him uncomfortable with jokes about the military and
its exercises, and that he so informed Freses. When asked on
deposition whether it was a joke, Diaz replied: "It was like a
joke, but I did not know what that would lead to. Because maybe
behind the words, well, there could be other intentions . . . ."
Diaz testified that his desk and belongings were
relocated four times before or during military leaves in 1991
alone, though there was no change in work duties. For example,
in July 1991, without warning and after submitting a request for
military leave, his desk was set apart from co-workers until he
complained to his supervisor. When he returned from military
leave the following month, however, his desk had been removed to
the Training Division on the same floor. Diaz was told by the
supervisor that this was a temporary measure, necessitated by a
remodeling project. But when he returned from leave again in
September 1991, after the remodeling had been completed, his desk
had been relocated again, this time to the Payment Division.
Once again he was told by his supervisor that the move was
temporary. Upon his return from military leave in November 1991,
his desk was located in the Learning Program Division, ostensibly
as an emergency measure related to space problems.
The remodeling plans for the Communal Development
Division included no work station for Diaz, even though work
stations were provided for two co-workers who had arrived after
Diaz.2 As a consequence, Diaz remained in the Learning Program
Division until the end of May 1992. Finally, unlike all his co-
workers in the Learning Program Division and in the Communal
Development Division, Diaz was not provided a telephone. Super-
visor Jose Figueroa explained to Diaz in March 1992: "Oh, you do
not have a telephone because the day the telephone company
operator came you were in [sic] one of these [sic] damn military
leaves of yours." In late March 1992, Diaz complained to his
2In October 1989, the Special Projects Area became the Communal Development Division.
supervisor that all his work duties had been reassigned to
others.
Around the same time, he complained of migraine head-
aches and the State Insurance Fund ordered home rest from April
10 to May 18, 1992. Upon returning from medical leave, Diaz was
given no work assignment for approximately two weeks. The
following month he was transferred to the Participant Services
Division in the Central Office, located on the tenth floor of the
same building. After protesting the transfer and requesting
administrative review, he reported as directed to the Participant
Services Division upon returning from another military leave and
was informed that there was no work for him to do. Approximately
one week later, having been given no work assignment, he com-
plained to the State Insurance Fund that he was experiencing
insomnia, headaches and neck and back pain. A private psychia-
trist prescribed two weeks' rest. Subsequently, another psychia-
trist evaluated Diaz, concluding that he suffered from dysthymia
with anxiety somatization.3
On August 6, 1992, having been assigned no work for
five consecutive weeks, during a ten-week period, Diaz received a
copy of a letter, dated July 24, 1992, from the manager of
Participant Services to the director of Occupational Orientation,
3Dysthymia: "any despondent mood or depressive tendency, often associated with hypochondriasis." Blakiston's Gould
Medical Dictionary 420 (4th ed. 1956). Somatization: "the
neurotic displacement of emotional conflicts onto the body, resulting in various physical symptoms or complaints . . . ." Id. at 1266.
advising that Diaz should be given work as an Occupational
Counselor, at an unspecified grade level. Only then was he given
work duties. In September 1992, he was instructed to "read" a
200-page statute in three days, but found the task too demanding
as he had been prescribed Prozac, then "something else with a
lithium base," and finally Xanac, by his psychiatrist. At Diaz'
request, the director of Occupational Orientation later reduced
the assignment to twenty-five pages per day. Diaz testified that
other incidents also made him "feel very bad because . . . all
this mess, of the Army Reserve and the drills, this was all going
to continue. And this was going to be a nightmare until I left
the Army or until I left this agency, this was going to contin-
ue."
On July 16, 1993, Diaz filed suit against defendants-
appellees Maria Rosa Dapena-Thompson and her successor, in their
respective official capacities as the RWA director, alleging that
he had been harassed, denigrated, and persecuted after returning
from military leave for required training and drills with his
reserve unit. He demanded damages for mental and emotional
suffering, as well as reclassification in accordance with RWA
rules and regulations. Shortly after filing the complaint, Diaz
was promoted to Occupational Counselor IV, the highest grade he
has ever attained.
In due course, defendants moved for summary judgment on
the ground, inter alia, that there was no trialworthy dispute
concerning whether defendants had discriminated against Diaz in
violation of the VRRA. Diaz seasonably interposed opposition to
the motion for summary judgment. Thereafter, the parties stipu-
lated to certain uncontested facts and consented to proceed to
final judgment before a magistrate judge in accordance with 28
U.S.C. 636(c)(1) and (3) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 73. Ultimately, the
magistrate judge entered summary judgment for both defendants.
II II
DISCUSSION4 DISCUSSION
The VRRA is to be liberally construed. Alabama Power
Co. v. Davis, 431 U.S. 581, 584 (1977); Bunnell v. New England
Teamsters & Trucking Indus. Pension Fund, 655 F.2d 451, 453 (1st
Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 908 (1982). VRRA 2021(b)(3)
provides in pertinent part that "[a]ny person [employed by a
State or political subdivision, or by a private employer,] shall
not be denied . . . retention in employment, or any promotion or
other incident or advantage of employment because of any obliga-
tion as a member of a Reserve component of the Armed Forces." 38
U.S.C. 2021(b)(3) (emphasis added).5 Its legislative history
4We review the summary judgment ruling de novo. McCabe, 77
F.3d at 544.
5Although Diaz cites to VRRA 2021(b)(1), which relates to veteran's reemployment rights, the magistrate judge appropriately
analyzed the claim under 2021(b)(3), which pertains to the rights of reservists. In turn, 2022 establishes a remedy against covered employers who fail to comply with 2021(b)(3):
If any employer, who is a private employer or
a State or political subdivision thereof,
fails or refuses to comply with the provi-
sions of section . . . [2021](b)(3) . . . of
this title, the district court . . . shall
have the power . . . to require such employer
likewise reflects that VRRA 2021(b)(3) "was enacted for the . .
. limited purpose of protecting the employee-reservist against
discriminations like discharge and demotion, motivated solely by
reserve status . . . [and] the temptation of employers to deny
them the same treatment afforded their co-workers without mili-
tary obligations." Monroe v. Standard Oil Co., 452 U.S. 549,
559-600 (1981) (emphasis added).
A. "Discriminations Like Discharge and Demotion" A. "Discriminations Like Discharge and Demotion
VRRA 2021(b)(3) is designed to deter discriminatory
employment actions "like discharge and demotion," id. at 559; see
also Carlson v. New Hampshire Dep't of Safety, 609 F.2d 1024,
1027 (1st Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 913 (1980), based
solely on the plaintiff-employee's reservist responsibilities.
Monroe, 452 U.S. at 559.6 Since Diaz was neither discharged,
to comply with such provisions and to compen-
sate such person for any loss of wages or
benefits suffered by reason of such employ-
er's unlawful action. Any such compensation shall be in addition to and shall not be deemed to diminish any of the benefits pro- vided for in such provisions. . . . No State statute of limitations shall apply to any proceedings under this chapter.
38 U.S.C. 2022 (emphasis added).
6On October 13, 1994, the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act ("USERRA"), 38 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.,
replaced the VRRA. Gummo v. Village of Depew, N.Y., 75 F.3d 98,
105 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 64 U.S.L.W. 3759, 3762 (U.S. May 13,
1996) (No. 95-1465). Although Diaz contends on appeal that USERRA 4311 retroactively applies to his discrimination claim, he failed to raise this contention in the district court through- out the entire 8-month period following USERRA's enactment. Consequently, we deem it waived. See Credit Francais Int'l, S.A.
v. Bio-Vita, Ltd., 78 F.3d 698, 709 (1st Cir. 1996).
see Nereida-Gonzalez v. Tirado-Delgado, 990 F.2d 701, 704 (1st
Cir. 1993), nor formally demoted, we first determine whether he
was subjected to a discriminatory employment action "like demo-
tion." See Monroe, 452 U.S. at 559-600. Secondly, we inquire
whether any such discriminatory employment action was "motivated
solely by [his] reserve status." Id. at 559.
VRRA 2021(b)(3) was enacted "to protect potential and
existing reservists from policies that deter employees from
joining the reserves." Boyle v. Burke, 925 F.2d 497, 502 (1st
Cir. 1991); see also Gummo v. Village of Depew, N.Y., 75 F.3d 98,
104 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 64 U.S.L.W. 3759, 3762 (U.S. May 13,
1996) (No. 95-1465). Although appellees contend that their
employment actions denied Diaz no "incident or advantage of
employment" within the meaning of VRRA 2021(b)(3), we think
there can be no question that discriminatory employment actions
"like demotion," including constructive demotion, based solely on
reservist participation, constitute the very sort of discrimina-
tory conduct the Congress sought to deter under 2021(b)(3).
We have held that a state trooper was denied an "inci-
dent or advantage of employment" by reason of his reservist
training and responsibilities when he was transferred from an
eight-hour weekday shift to a nine-hour shift which included
weekend duty. Carlson, 609 F.2d at 1027. There we noted that
"the [defendant-employer] would be free to transfer plaintiff at
any time, including while his reserve duties were in progress,
for reasons unrelated to his reserve obligations[,] but . . . not
. . . to [deny] him . . . a previously enjoyed incident or
advantage of employment" based on his reserve obligations. Id.
More to the present point, Carlson made clear that the shift
reassignment was a constructive demotion because it required
weekend work, as well as night work, and therefore constituted an
employment action which might deter a trooper from participating
in the military reserves. Id. The challenged reassignment,
based solely on reservist obligations, thus violated VRRA
2021(b)(3). Accordingly, the Carlson panel ordered the trooper
"restored to his former work assignment." See id. (citing VRRA
2022).
As an "outright demotion[] involve[s] reductions in pay
and official rank," Agosto-de-Feliciano v. Aponte-Roque, 889 F.2d
1209, 1218 n.8 (1st Cir. 1989) (en banc), a constructive reduc-
tion in pay or rank ("constructive demotion") would constitute an
employment action sufficiently "like demotion" to satisfy the
severity standard imposed by Monroe, 452 U.S. at 559. See Clark
v. Township of Falls, 890 F.2d 611, 618 (3d Cir. 1989) ("Actual
reduction in rank is effected by a change in job title. When the
. . . job title has not been altered . . , we must look to other
traditional indicia of change in rank to determine whether the
employee's rank constructively has been reduced."). Suggested
indicia for determining whether challenged employment actions
constitute a "constructive demotion" include duty assignments
normally given to lower level employees, substantial reductions
in work responsibilities, "termination of privileges of rank, and
whether the changes or restrictions are temporary." Id. For
example, the trooper in Carlson was not formally reduced in rank,
but nonetheless underwent a constructive reduction in rank as a
result of his assignment from an eight-hour weekday shift to a
nine-hour shift which included weekend duty. See Carlson, 609
F.2d at 1027. Thus, reassignment to a substantially less favor-
able work schedule deprived Carlson of a privilege of rank,
resulting in a constructive demotion because of his reservist
duties, in violation of VRRA 2021(b)(3).
The summary judgment record discloses that Diaz had
been subjected to adverse changes in work conditions as well,
upon return from active duty with the Army Reserves. First, he
lost substantial privileges of rank, in that he was assigned a
work station, with no desk or chair, in a cubicle filled with
boxes and office supplies. On four occasions in 1991 alone,
either before or during military leaves, his desk and belongings
were relocated apart from all his co-workers. In early 1992,
Diaz, alone among his co-workers, was provided with no telephone
whatsoever. Second, Diaz' job responsibilities had been reduced
to the point that by early 1992 all his work duties had been
assigned to others. Thus, for five consecutive weeks during this
period, Diaz was given no work duties at all. Cf. Agosto-de-
Feliciano, 889 F.2d at 1219 (holding that reduction in work
duties must extend beyond a "week or two" before it will be
considered sufficiently severe to be actionable in First Amend-
ment "political discrimination" context); compare Township of
Falls, 890 F.2d at 618 (holding that a partial reduction in
duties during six-week period constituted temporary reassignment
insufficient to support procedural due process claim under
Fourteenth Amendment). Third, Diaz was "left in limbo" as to his
actual rank, since he was without a job description for six years
and given no work responsibilities for weeks at a time. Once
work assignments resumed, moreover, Diaz was not informed as to
their grade level.
Viewing the competent evidence, and all reasonable
inferences therefrom, in the light most favorable to Diaz, we
conclude that he generated a trialworthy issue of material fact
as to whether the cumulative effect of these adverse employment
actions was enough "like demotion" to be actionable under VRRA
2021(b)(3). A reasonable trier of fact could find that Diaz was
subjected to adverse work-condition changes, extending over more
than five years and amounting to constructive reductions in rank,
that could deter continued participation in the military re-
serves. Thus, Diaz made out a prima facie case that he had been
denied "incident[s] or advantage[s] of employment" within the
meaning of VRRA 2021(b)(3).
B. "Motivated Solely By Reserve Status" B. "Motivated Solely By Reserve Status
The VRRA affords recourse for certain discriminatory
employment actions against employee-reservists taken "solely
because of their military obligations." Monroe, 452 U.S. at
565.7 As there is scant evidence that the alleged adverse
employment actions against Diaz were other than reservist-status
based, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence, if credit-
ed, to meet the second criterion under VRRA 2021(b)(3) as
well.8
Diaz proffered considerable circumstantial evidence
that the challenged actions were motivated by his reservist
obligations. For example, following his return from active
reserve duty in 1987, he was assigned to a cubicle filled with
boxes and office supplies, with no desk or chair. Again, in
1991, upon returning from reserve duty, he underwent repeated
relocations to work stations apart from all co-workers. After
returning from reserve training in 1992, he was assigned no work
responsibilities for five consecutive weeks. See also supra at
7Even though the Monroe Court (5-4) was sharply divided, the
Justices were as one on the central question presented here. All agreed, at a minimum, that VRRA 2021(b)(3) prohibits certain discriminatory employment actions motivated by the plaintiff-
employee's reservist status. Their disagreement concerned only whether reservists are entitled to preferential work-schedule
accommodations by reason of their military training responsibili- ties. Diaz, on the other hand, alleges discriminatory employment
actions based on his responsibilities as a reservist.
8Upon remand, the district court must determine whether any uncontroverted material facts are to be deemed established. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). We note that the exact burden allocation regimen appropriate for application to a VRRA claim at summary judgment has not been addressed by the parties or the district court. Furthermore, though Diaz now contends that USERRA 4311 applies retroactively to the present case, he made no such contention below, nor does he now contend that the USERRA pre- scribes the burden allocation regimen for these VRRA claims. Consequently, we decline to volunteer our views on these matters in the present vacuum. See Credit Francais Int'l., S.A., 78 F.3d
at 709.
pp. 12-13.
Diaz also proffered direct evidence of a reservist-
based discriminatory animus on the part of the RWA, including his
deposition testimony that Regional Director Castro-Mundo, in
demanding improved performance, criticized Diaz for wasting a lot
of time on official matters, including military exercises. Diaz
further states that Supervisor Figueroa informed him that the
reason Diaz had no telephone was that he was on "one of those
damn military leaves" when the telephone company representative
came.
Viewed in context, this evidence cannot be dismissed
simply as "stray remarks in the workplace . . . , statements by
nondecisionmakers, or statements by decisionmakers unrelated to
the decisional process itself," Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490
U.S. 228, 277 (1989) (O'Connor, J., concurring), particularly
since these statements are attributed to supervisors or office
directors with apparent authority to affect Diaz' work conditions
in a significant manner through work-station, work-condition,
equipment, and job assignments, as well as performance evalua-
tions. The statement attributed to Supervisor Figueroa, in
particular, could support a fair inference that the discriminato-
ry work conditions, viz., the total denial of a telephone and
work assignments, as well as repeated work-station changes, were
directly linked to Diaz' reservist status and responsibilities.
Furthermore, for their part defendants offer no expla-
nation for not providing Diaz with either a desk or a chair for
an entire month following his return from military leave in 1987.
As for the disparaging remarks made to Diaz by Supervisor Freses
in 1988, relating to the military and to Diaz' military exercises
in particular, the defendants merely point out that Diaz has
acknowledged that these remarks took the outward form of "jokes."
Thus, defendants tender no compelling basis upon which to con-
clude that a factfinder could not reasonably infer a discrimina-
tory reservist-based motivation from the direct and circumstan-
tial evidence proffered by Diaz.
Similarly, defendants offer no explanation for refusing
to assign Diaz work responsibilities for a total of five weeks
during a ten-week period following his return from military leave
in 1992, notwithstanding the fact that the manager of the Partic-
ipant Services Division, to which Diaz was assigned at the time,
advised the Director of the Occupational Orientation Division, in
writing, that "non-use of [Diaz] is not productive nor advisable
for the best welfare of the Occupational Orientation Division."
To this point, therefore, defendants have met Diaz' competent
direct and circumstantial evidence with neither evidence nor
explanation which would compel a reasonable trier of fact to find
that the challenged employment actions were not motivated solely
by Diaz' reservist obligations. Thus, summary judgment was
precluded on the present record.
C. Eleventh Amendment Immunity C. Eleventh Amendment Immunity
The Eleventh Amendment immunity defense to the claim
for damages fails as well. As this court held in Reopell v.
Massachusetts, 936 F.2d 12, 16 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S.
1004 (1991), Congress, acting pursuant to its War Powers, see
U.S. Const. art. I, 8, "removed the Eleventh Amendment bar to
damages actions brought under [the VRRA] . . . ." Since no
subsequent development has undermined Reopell, we remain bound by
it. Williams v. Ashland Eng'g Co., 45 F.3d 588, 592 (1st Cir.),
cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 51 (1995).9 Accordingly, defendants
9The recent decision in Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Flori-
da, 116 S. Ct. 1114 (1996), which overrules Pennsylvania v. Union
Gas Co., 491 U.S. 1 (1989), and holds that Congress lacks the
are not entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit for
compensatory damages under VRRA 2021(b)(3).
III III
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
We therefore hold that an employee-reservist may assert
a claim under VRRA 2021(b)(3) based on constructive demotion,
i.e., a discriminatory employment action, "like demotion," in the
nature of a constructive reduction in rank and motivated solely
by participation in the reserves. Furthermore, viewing the
competent evidence most favorably to Diaz, a reasonable trier of
fact could find that Diaz was constructively reduced in rank
based solely on his reservist participation and obligations.
Finally, we conclude that the Eleventh Amendment does not immu-
nize defendants from suit under VRRA 2021(b)(3). Accordingly,
the district court judgment is vacated and the case is remanded
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered. Costs to appellant. So ordered. Costs to appellant.
power to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment under the Commerce Clause, does not control the War Powers analysis. See CEH, Inc.
v. F/V Seafarer, 70 F.3d 694, 702 (1st Cir. 1995) ("[W]e are
hesitant to ascribe to the Court a holding that goes well beyond any issue discussed there.").