IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2010-CA-00925-SCT
D IA N A KIN SEY, O N BEH ALF O F TH E WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF TED WATKINS, DECEASED
v.
PANGBORN CORPORATION; ASH GROVE CEMENT COMPANY; PRECISION PACKAGING, INC.; CLARK SAND COMPANY, INC.; CLEMCO IN D U STR IE S C OR PO RA TIO N ; H A N SO N AGGREGATES, INC.; HUMBLE SAND & GRAVEL, INC.; PARMELEE INDUSTRIES, INC.; SOUTHERN SILICA OF LOUISIANA, INC.; MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COM PANY (M SA); EM PIRE ABRASIVE EQUIPMENT CORPORATION; PEARL SANDS, INC.; PEARL SPECIALTY SANDS, INC.; SPECIALTY SAND COMPANY; BOB SCHMIDT, INC.; SCHMIDT MANUFACTURING, INC.; LONE STAR INDUSTRIES, INC.; AND AMERICAN OPTICAL CORPORATION
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/17/2010 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROGER T. CLARK COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN TIMOTHY GIVENS TIMOTHY W. PORTER PATRICK C. MALOUF ROBERT ALLEN SMITH, JR. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: JENNIFER JONES SKIPPER FRED KRUTZ, III EDWIN S. GAULT, JR. MATTHEW ROBERT DOWD CHARLES R. WILBANKS, JR. KATHARINE MCKEE SURKIN RONALD G. PERESICH W. MARK EDWARDS RANDI PERESICH MUELLER GEORGE MARTIN STREET, JR. W. WRIGHT HILL, JR. JEFFREY PIERCE FULTZ HAL LORING ROACH, JR. KIMBERLY PAIGE MANGUM DAVID A. BARFIELD WALTER T. JOHNSON JOSEPH GEORGE BALADI ROBERT B. IRELAND, III WADE G. MANOR JAMES SCOTT ROGERS CLYDE LAVEL NICHOLS, III NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/03/2011 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND CHANDLER, JJ.
RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. The “Last Will and Testament” of Ted Watkins, dated December 6, 2000, named his
ex-stepdaughter, Diana Kinsey, to serve as the executrix of his estate and “will[ed],
devis[ed], . . . and bequeath[ed] all of [his] property” to her.1 Following Watkins’s death in
July 2003, Kinsey was formally appointed executrix of Watkins’s estate in October 2003.
1 In the event that Kinsey did not survive Watkins, the “Last Will and Testament” specified that all property would be “will[ed], give[n], devise[d] and bequeath[ed]” to Watkins’s four adult children.
2 In May 2004, Watkins’s estate was closed and Kinsey was discharged as executrix. In April
2007, Kinsey filed a wrongful-death action against various silica-related entities in the
Circuit Court of Harrison County, Mississippi, First Judicial District (“circuit court”). Upon
the defendants’ motions, the circuit court ruled that this action was barred by applicable
statutes of limitations or, alternatively, that Kinsey lacked standing to file the wrongful-death
action. The circuit court dismissed all defendants with prejudice.
FACTS
¶2. On October 4, 2002, Watkins was diagnosed with silicosis. On December 26, 2002,
a mass-tort, personal-injury suit against various silica-related entities, styled Rudolph
Spencer, et al. v. Pulmosan Safety Equipment, et al., was filed in the Circuit Court of
Humphreys County, Mississippi. The plaintiffs in that suit asserted claims of negligence,
gross negligence, strict products liability, breach of warranties, and conspiracy against the
defendants; alleged “silica-related injuries[;]” and sought recovery for “past, present, and
future losses, not only actual, economic losses such as lost wages and/or wage-earning
capacity and expenses of medical care, but also compensatory losses, such as loss of health,
physical pain, emotional upset, mental anguish, disfigurement, disability, and loss of
enjoyment of life . . . .” Among the twenty-five listed plaintiffs was “Ted Walkins [sic], .
. . an adult resident citizen of Mississippi.” (Emphasis added.)
3 ¶3. Watkins died on July 28, 2003.2 On October 29, 2003, an “Amended Complaint” was
filed in Spencer in which “Ted Walkins [sic], . . . an adult resident of Mississippi” remained
among the listed plaintiffs. (Emphasis added.) No suggestion of death was made 3 and no
wrongful-death claims were asserted. Thereafter, Spencer was removed to the United States
District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Corpus Christi Division, a silica multi-
district litigation court (“federal court”).
¶4. On October 30, 2003, the Chancery Court of Forrest County, Mississippi (“chancery
court”), entered an “Order Admitting Will to Probate and for Issuance of Letters
Testamentary.” The Order appointed Kinsey as the executrix of Watkins’s estate, pursuant
to Watkins’s “Last Will and Testament,” to perform the duties and obligations required by
that position. Kinsey, as the executrix of Watkins’s estate, never moved to be substituted as
a real party in interest in Spencer.4 On May 17, 2004, a “Judgment Approving First and
Final Account, Closing Estate, Discharging Executrix and For Other Relief” was entered by
the chancery court. (Emphasis added.) The Judgment ordered that Kinsey, as “the sole
devisee and legatee” of the estate, was “entitled to receive all property of whatever nature,
2 The “Certificate of Death” listed Watkins’s cause of death as respiratory failure, “[d]ue to or as a consequence of” small cell carcinoma of the lungs which metastasized into the brain and liver, itself “[d]ue to or as a consequence of” cigarette smoking. 3 A subsequently-filed “Silica MDL Plaintiff’s Sworn Fact Sheet” listed Ted Watkins as a plaintiff in the Spencer case, and the signature section provided that Watkins was deceased. Answers and Amended Answers filed in the present case by several defendants provided that “defendant admits that [Watkins] was at one time a plaintiff” in Spencer. 4 See Miss. Code Ann. § 91-7-237 (Rev. 2004) (“[w]hen either of the parties to any personal action shall die before final judgment, the executor or administrator of such deceased party may prosecute or defend such action, and the court shall render judgment for or against the executor or administrator.”).
4 whether presently in possession or to later accrue . . . .” This included “any asbestos-related
or other proceeds to be paid, currently or in the future, to or on behalf of” Watkins, which
were to be “free of any claim of creditors due to said proceeds’ exempt status . . . .” 5
¶5. Subsequently, the federal court entered an Order remanding Spencer to the Circuit
Court of Humphreys County due to lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. On January 30, 2006,
the Circuit Court of Humphreys County entered an “Agreed Order of Dismissal Without
Prejudice” in Spencer, which included the following defendants: Clemco Industries
Corporation; Clark Sand Company, Inc.; Hanson Aggregates, Inc.; Humble Sand & Gravel,
Inc.; Pangborn Corporation; Parmalee Industries, Inc.; Precision Packaging, Inc.; and
Southern Silica of Louisiana, Inc. (collectively, “Forman Perry Defendants”). (Emphasis
added.) On April 27, 2006, the Circuit Court of Humphreys County entered an “Agreed
Order of Dismissal Without Prejudice” in Spencer as to all claims against “each and every”
5 At the time of Watkins’s death, he had more than $35,000 in creditor claims.
5 remaining defendant, pursuant to Canadian National v. Smith, 926 So. 2d 839 (Miss. 2006).6
(Emphasis added.)
¶6. On April 27, 2007, Kinsey first filed a wrongful-death action in the circuit court. The
Complaint was styled Diana Kinsey, on behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Ted
Watkins, Deceased v. Pangborn Corporation, et al.7 The Complaint alleged “COMES
NOW, [Kinsey], on behalf of the wrongful death beneficiaries of Ted Watkins, deceased .
. . .” 8 The Complaint alleged that the April 27, 2006, Order of the Circuit Court of
Humphreys County was entered pursuant to Smith, and Kinsey argued that she was thereby
6 This Court has summarized Smith as holding that:
all claims previously filed en masse for silicosis damages that were not filed in the proper venue should be severed as misjoined pursuant to Janssen Pharmaceutica v. Armond, 866 So. 2d 1092 (Miss. 2004), which requires each claim joined in a single lawsuit to arise from a “distinct, litigable event.” Smith, 926 So. 2d at 845 (citing Armond, 866 So. 2d at 1099). The Smith Court stated that such a dismissal would be “as to a matter of form,” for purposes of the saving statute, Mississippi Code Section 15-1-69. Smith, 926 So. 2d at 845.
Clark Sand Co., Inc. v. Kelly, 60 So. 3d 149, 153 (Miss. 2011) (emphasis added). Section 15-1-69 “allows a plaintiff whose claim is dismissed for a ‘matter of form’ one year to refile his or her claim in an appropriate venue of his or her choice.” Id. at 153 n.3 (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003)) (emphasis added). 7 The defendants included the Forman Perry Defendants, among whom this Court includes Ash Grove Cement Company (“Ash Grove”). While Ash Grove was not a listed defendant in Spencer, Kinsey’s Complaint listed Ash Grove as “d/b/a Precision Packaging, Inc.,” who is a Forman Perry Defendant. The other defendants included Lone Star Industries, Inc.; Specialty Sand Company; American Optical Corporation; Empire Abrasive Equipment Corporation (“Empire Abrasive”); Mine Safety Appliances Company (“MSA”); Pearl Sands, Inc.; Pearl Specialty Sands, Inc.; Schmidt Manufacturing, Inc.; and Bob Schmidt, Inc. (collectively, “Other Defendants”). 8 Nowhere in Kinsey’s Complaint did she allege her relationship to Watkins.
6 granted “one (1) year . . . to re-file [Watkins’s] cause of action in a proper venue according
to new law in Mississippi[,]” and “[t]his case is being filed within th[at] one (1) year time
frame . . . .”
¶7. Between August 2007 and November 2007, various defendants filed their Answers
and Defenses. These pleadings contended, inter alia, that the claims asserted by Kinsey were
barred by applicable statutes of limitations and that Kinsey lacked standing to commence a
wrongful-death action.
¶8. On December 13, 2007, the circuit court entered an “Agreed Initial Discovery Order”
which provided, in pertinent part, that Kinsey would have sixty days to respond to the
defendants’ “Initial Master Set of Interrogatories and Requests for Production of Documents”
(“Master Set”). On December 18, 2007, the defendants propounded the Master Set to
Kinsey, with responses due February 18, 2008. After receiving no responses to the Master
Set, defendant MSA sent a letter to counsel for Kinsey which provided that those responses
were “extremely overdue” and requested that Kinsey “respond to this discovery immediately
to avoid involvement by the [c]ourt.” 9 Upon Kinsey’s failure to respond to that letter, MSA
filed a “Motion to Compel.” 10 Following hearing, the circuit court entered an “Order
Compelling Discovery Responses.” Kinsey’s subsequent responses pertinently revealed that
she was Watkins’s step-daughter and that Kinsey failed to list any wrongful-death
beneficiaries, including Watkins’s children identified in the “Last Will and Testament.”
9 The Forman Perry Defendants sent a similar letter to counsel for Kinsey. 10 Following Kinsey’s failure to respond to their letter, the Forman Perry Defendants filed a “Motion to Compel.”
7 ¶9. Thereafter, the Forman Perry Defendants and MSA filed separate “Motions for
Summary Judgment,” joined by Empire Abrasive, asserting that applicable statutes of
limitations barred Kinsey’s suit. According to the Forman Perry Defendants, “[a]ny
wrongful death claims would have expired three years from [July 28, 2003] or July 28,
2006.” As the present action was commenced on April 27, 2007, the defendants contended
that Kinsey had “missed the statute of limitations.” The defendants further asserted that “no
statutory ‘tolling’” existed because of the “Agreed Order of Dismissal Without Prejudice”
in Spencer. (Emphasis added.) Finally, the defendants maintained that Section 15-1-69 (the
“saving statute”) was inapplicable “[b]ecause Kinsey was not a party to” Spencer and this
is “a new action for a new cause by a new plaintiff.” 11 In response, Kinsey asserted that her
claims were protected under Section 15-1-69 or, alternatively, that the defendants’ delay in
asserting this affirmative defense constituted a waiver.
¶10. Following a hearing, the circuit court entered summary judgment, dismissing all
defendants with prejudice. The circuit court determined that “[t]here is no dispute that this
is a wrongful death action.” (Emphasis added.) The circuit court concluded, inter alia, that
the three-year statute of limitations barred this wrongful-death action because it “accrued on
July 28, 2003,” and Section 15-1-69 was inapplicable since the action “is not a re-filing of
11 The defendants also contended that Kinsey lacked standing “to bring a wrongful death action for Watkins” under Mississippi Code Section 11-7-13 because she was only his “ex-stepdaughter,” and that since “there was no estate open at the time of the commencement of this suit, Kinsey would have had no authority to bring an action on behalf of the estate of Watkins.” Kinsey responded that she had standing “to bring a survival action and wrongful death suit” because she was an “interested party” as “an heir under the will” whom “the [c]hancery [c]ourt determined . . . to be the sole devisee and legatee” of Watkins’s estate.
8 a previously avoided or defeated matter . . . , nor was it commenced by the prior plaintiff
(Watkins) or his executor for the same cause.” (Emphasis added.)
ISSUE
¶11. If the statute of limitations was not waived, and if the “saving statute” is inapplicable,
then the statute-of-limitations issue is case-dispositive. As such, this Court addresses only
whether this wrongful-death action was barred by the statute of limitations.
ANALYSIS
¶12. Preliminarily, we address the nature of this action, a wrongful-death case. This Court
has stated that Mississippi Code Section 11-7-13, Mississippi’s wrongful-death statute,
“encompasses all claims – including survival claims which could have been brought by the
decedent,[12 ] wrongful-death claims, estate claims, and other claims – resulting from a tort
which proximately caused a death.” Caves, 991 So. 2d at 150 (emphasis added). See also
Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 161 (citing Caves, 991 So. 2d at 148-49) (“[a]n action for wrongful
death includes the decedent’s ‘survival-type’ claims, such as claims for his or her personal
injury, property damage, and medical and funeral expenses, and the wrongful-death
claimants’ so-called ‘wrongful-death’ claims, such as loss of consortium, society, and
companionship.”) (emphasis added); Long v. McKinney, 897 So. 2d 160, 169 (Miss. 2004)
12 “One who brings a claim under the wrongful-death statute to recover only damages under circumstances which, ‘if death had not ensued, would have entitled the party injured or damaged thereby to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof,’ is actually bringing a survival claim . . . .” Caves v. Yarbrough, 991 So. 2d 142, 149 (Miss. 2008) (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Rev. 2004)) (emphasis added). “The survival action provided in the wrongful death statute is an extension of Mississippi’s survival statute, which allows personal actions of a decedent to be pursued after his or her death.” Caves, 991 So. 2d at 149 n.9 (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 91-7-233 (Rev. 2004)).
9 (“in wrongful death litigation, there are several kinds of damages which may be pursued, and
these damages are not due to the same claimants. For instance, the estate is entitled to
recover funeral costs and final medical expenses. The beneficiaries are entitled to recover
for their respective claims of loss of society and companionship. The wrongful death
beneficiaries are entitled to recover the present net cash value of the decedent’s continued
existence.”). Section 11-7-13 “requires that all such claims be brought in one suit . . . .”
Caves, 991 So. 2d at 149 (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Rev. 2004)) (emphasis added).
See also Burley v. Douglas, 26 So. 3d 1013, 1019 n.6 (Miss. 2009) (quoting In re Estate of
England, 846 So. 2d 1060, 1068 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003)) (“[w]hen the same wrongful conduct
causes both personal injury and death, at the instant of death, the recovery for the personal
injury is embraced by the ‘one suit’ for wrongful death and is not actionable by the estate
under the survival statute.”). A review of Kinsey’s April 2007 Complaint reflects that only
“survival-type” claims are presented. Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 161 (citing Caves, 991 So.
2d at 148-49). With that established, this Court considers whether the statute of limitations
barred Kinsey’s claims.
I. Whether this action was barred by the statute of limitations.
(A) Waiver
¶13. The waiver, vel non, of an affirmative defense is subject to an abuse-of-discretion
standard of review. See Jones v. Fluor Daniel Servs. Corp., 32 So. 3d 417, 421 (Miss.
2010).
¶14. In the Complaint, Kinsey failed to state her relationship to Watkins, to reveal that she
had been the executrix of Watkins’s estate, or to name Watkins’s estate as a plaintiff. In
10 Answers and Defenses, the defendants raised, inter alia, the affirmative defense of the statute
of limitations. Following the “Agreed Initial Discovery Order,” Kinsey failed to respond to
the Master Set when due, failed to respond to subsequent letter requests of the defendants,
failed to respond to the defendants’ “Motions to Compel,” and responded only after the
circuit court entered an “Order Compelling Discovery Responses.” Within two months after
receipt of the compelled responses, each defendant either filed or joined in a motion for
summary judgment.
¶15. This Court has stated that a “long delay” is not enough, “standing alone,” to constitute
waiver of an affirmative defense. MS Credit Center, Inc. v. Horton, 926 So. 2d 167, 180
(Miss. 2006)). Ordinarily, there must be “a substantial and unreasonable delay in pursuing
the right, coupled with active participation in the litigation process,” before waiver will be
found. Id. The Complaint was insufficient to decipher Kinsey’s status in relation to
Watkins. The only significant delay was caused by Kinsey failing to provide timely
responses to discovery. When Kinsey finally responded, following the circuit court’s “Order
Compelling Discovery Responses,” the defendants pursued this affirmative defense
forthwith. At that time, this mass-tort case was still in its early stages. No trial date had been
set and no witnesses had been deposed during the period of delay. Under the facts presented,
this Court concludes that the defendants did not waive their statute-of-limitations defense.
(B) Statute of limitations and the “saving statute”
¶16. “‘[T]he application of a statute of limitations is a question of law,’ which we review
de novo.” Caves, 991 So. 2d at 146 (quoting Sarris v. Smith, 782 So. 2d 721, 723 (Miss.
2001)).
11 ¶17. The applicable statute of limitations provides that “[a]ll actions for which no other
period of limitation is prescribed shall be commenced within three (3) years next after the
cause of such action accrued, and not after.” Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49(1) (Rev. 2003).
But in a wrongful-death suit, where multiple claims must be brought in one suit (see ¶ 12
supra), if “death is not an immediate result of the tort, the limitation periods for the various
kinds of claims may not begin to run at the same time.” Caves, 991 So. 2d at 150. For
instance, Watkins’s “survival-type” claims actually accrued on the date of discovery of the
injury. See Lincoln Elec. Co. v. McLemore, 54 So. 3d 833, 836 (Miss. 2010) (quoting Angle
v. Koppers, Inc., 42 So. 3d 1, 5 (Miss. 2010)) (“the plain language of Section 15-1-49
supports an interpretation ‘that the cause of action accrued upon discovery of the injury, not
discovery of the injury and its cause.’”) (emphasis in original).
¶18. The “survival-type” claims accrued upon Watkins’s diagnosis with silicosis on
October 4, 2002. Any “wrongful-death” claims accrued, at the latest, on the date of
Watkins’s death on July 28, 2003. See Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 161; Caves, 991 So. 2d at
148. Therefore, in the absence of tolling, the statute of limitations for “survival-type” claims
ran on October 4, 2005 (and for “wrongful-death” claims, on July 28, 2006). Spencer was
filed within the statute of limitations on December 26, 2002. However, no party was
substituted for the deceased Watkins. In Spencer, an “Agreed Order of Dismissal Without
Prejudice” was entered as to the Forman Perry Defendants on January 30, 2006, and as to
“each and every Defendant” on April 27, 2006. (Emphasis added.) “[T]he filing of a
complaint does not toll the statute of limitations when the plaintiff voluntarily dismisses the
suit.” McLemore, 54 So. 3d at 839 (quoting Koestler v. Miss. Baptist Health Sys., Inc., 45
12 So. 3d 280, 283 (Miss. 2010)). Based thereon, when Spencer was dismissed without
prejudice, “its pendency did not serve to toll the statute of limitations on . . . a wrongful-death
action for [Watkins’s] death.” Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 162. As no wrongful-death action
was filed until April 27, 2007, all “survival-type” claims, as against all defendants, were
time-barred, unless such “survival-type” claims were “for the same cause” as Watkins’s
Spencer claim. Id. (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003)). If that was the case,
then the dismissal of Spencer “as to a matter of form” implicated Section 15-1-69, the
“saving statute.” See Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 162 (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69
(Rev. 2003)). Section 15-1-69 provides a living plaintiff, “or ‘his executor or administrator’
in the event of his death, one year to refile his claim as a ‘new action for the same cause’ in
an appropriate venue.” Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 162 (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69).
¶19. In Clark Sand, this Court held that:
[Kelley] was not substituted as the party plaintiff in [the decedent’s mass-tort, personal-injury] claim [filed in federal court] after [the decedent] died but before [the federal suit] was dismissed. This action must be a new and independent wrongful-death action, brought by Kelley without the saving statute and separate and distinct from [the decedent’s] personal-injury claim in [federal court].
...
Kelley filed this suit far more than three years after [the decedent’s] diagnosis, so the “survival-type” claims included in Kelley’s action are time-barred.
Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 162 (emphasis added). When the present action was filed,
Watkins’s estate had been closed, and Kinsey had been discharged as executrix thereof, for
nearly three years. Kinsey’s Complaint was not filed by Kinsey as the executrix of
Watkins’s estate. See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (action under the “saving statute” is to be
13 filed by the decedent’s “executor or administrator . . . .”). The Complaint was styled Diana
Kinsey, on behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Ted Watkins, Deceased. It is
undisputed that Kinsey was never “substituted as the party plaintiff” in Spencer after
Watkins died, but before Spencer was dismissed. Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 162. Under such
circumstances, this Court concludes that the present suit was a “new and independent
wrongful-death action” to which Section 15-1-69 does not apply. Id. Therefore, this
wrongful-death suit is barred by the statute-of-limitations.
CONCLUSION
¶20. As Kinsey’s claims were barred by the statute of limitations, this Court affirms the
“Orders Granting Summary Judgment” entered by the Circuit Court of Harrison County,
Mississippi, First Judicial District, dismissing all defendants with prejudice.
¶21. AFFIRMED.
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR.