YOUNG, J.
At issue in this public labor law dispute between plaintiff Detroit Fire Fighters Association and defendant city of Detroit is whether the circuit court properly issued a preliminary injunction to prevent the implementation of defendant’s proposed layoff and restructuring plan where plaintiff contends that the plan violates the “status quo” provision of 1969 PA 312 (Act 312), MCL 423.243, by, among other things, jeopardizing the safety of the remaining firefighters. We conclude that the injunction was erroneously entered.
Where a party seeks a preliminary injunction to prevent an alleged status quo violation, a two-step process is required. First, the moving party must satisfy the traditional four-part test that is prerequisite for issuance of any preliminary injunction. Second, if the [22]*22conditions of the preliminary injunction test are met and the injunction is granted, the circuit court must promptly resolve the merits of the status quo claim. Pursuant to MCR 3.310(A)(5), if a preliminary injunction is granted, a “trial of the action on the merits must be held within 6 months after the injunction is granted, unless good cause is shown or the parties stipulate to a longer period.”
The status quo provision of Act 312 prevents either party from altering, without consent, “existing wages, hours, or other conditions of employment,” which concern mandatory subjects of bargaining, while Act 312 arbitration is pending. The status quo provision does not prevent parties from exercising their contractual rights if they do not alter an existing wage, hour, or other condition of employment. In this case, it is defendant’s implementation of its restructuring and layoff plan that is at issue. Plaintiff claims that it is a change in “existing . . . conditions of employment” because it will jeopardize firefighter safety, which our precedent treats as a “condition of employment” and a mandatory subject of bargaining. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that it has the contractual right to lay off firefighters. Thus, in order for the status quo provision to be violated in this case, it must be determined that the restructuring and layoff plan actually alters a condition of employment, namely firefighter safety.
The question is what standard a circuit court must apply in order for it to determine that an employer’s challenged action actually violates the status quo provision by altering this condition of employment. The Court of Appeals in Oak Park Pub Safety Officers Ass’n v Oak Park1 recently adopted the standard that a staffing proposal must be “inextricably intertwined with safety” to be a mandatory subject of bargaining. [23]*23We adopt this standard for circuit court review of the type of status quo violation claim presented here. A circuit court must conclude that the employer’s challenged plan is so “inextricably intertwined with safety” that its implementation would impermissibly alter the status quo by altering this “condition” of employment. The circuit court must make thorough factual findings supporting such a conclusion.
Here, not only did the circuit court fail to resolve the safety claim on the merits, it entered what amounted to a permanent injunction without applying the traditional injunctive standards. Thus, we hold that the circuit court erroneously granted injunctive relief and the Court of Appeals erroneously affirmed that decision.
Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals, vacate the preliminary injunction entered by the circuit court, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff is the exclusive bargaining representative of eligible Detroit Fire Department (DFD) employees. Defendant is the employer. Both are parties to a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that took effect in 1998 and expired on June 30, 2001. Until a new agreement is forged in the Act 312 arbitration, the parties continue to operate under the old CBA. That CBA states in pertinent part at Article 2.D that
[t]he City reserves the right to lay off personnel for lack of work or funds; or for the occurrence of conditions beyond the control of the Department; or when such continuation of work would be wasteful and unproductive .... [24]*24[w]ages, hours and conditions of employment legally in effect on the effective date of this agreement, shall, except as improved herein, be maintained during the term of this Agreement.
[23]*23In Article 14, the parties agreed that
[24]*24It is not the intent of this Article to restrict, interfere with, prevent or hinder the City from carrying out its duties and responsibilities to the public well being, by way of illustration, but not limitation, those rights, duties and responsibilities enumerated in Article 2 and the Purpose and Intent clause hereof, subject to the City’s obligations under PERA [public employment relations act] and other laws.
After the CBA expired in 2001, the parties were unable to agree to a new contract. In December 2002, plaintiff invoked compulsory arbitration under Act 312 to create a successor agreement. Act 312 is meant to provide an “alternate, expeditious, effective, and binding” arbitration process.2 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, Act 312 requires the arbitrator to call a hearing within 15 days of being appointed,3 conclude the hearing within 30 days of its commencement,4 and issue a written opinion within 30 days of the conclusion of the hearing.5 Here, the parties waived the time limitations that Act 312 imposes on the arbitration process. As a result, the “expeditious” Act 312 arbitration process is still pending after more than five years.
Defendant experienced serious budget shortfalls during the ongoing Act 312 arbitration. These difficult [25]*25financial circumstances affected the operations of the DFD, leading defendant to implement a restructuring plan and a round of layoffs, effective July 1, 2005. Unfortunately, the budget problems persisted, and defendant announced, in September 2005, an additional plan to restructure the DFD. Under this plan, defendant proposed to lay off 65 firefighters, demote 10 battalion chiefs, and reduce the number of battalions from eight to five. The plan reassigned the battalion chiefs duties at “garden variety fires” to the senior officer at the scene, and deactivated five engine and ladder companies.
Plaintiff filed suit in the Wayne Circuit Court on September 12, 2005, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to stop the September 2005 reorganization plan from going into effect while the Act 312 arbitration was pending. Plaintiff argued that unilateral implementation of the restructuring plan violated the status quo provision of Act 312 because it required unilateral alteration of minimum staffing, job duties, seniority, parity, and emergency medical service requirements, all of which affected both firefighter safety and mandatory subjects of bargaining.
The circuit court held hearings beginning in late September, and granted plaintiffs request for a preliminary injunction on October 17, 2005. The court found that there were issues of fact concerning whether the layoffs would have an impact on the safety of the firefighters — a mandatory subject of bargaining under this Court’s decision in
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YOUNG, J.
At issue in this public labor law dispute between plaintiff Detroit Fire Fighters Association and defendant city of Detroit is whether the circuit court properly issued a preliminary injunction to prevent the implementation of defendant’s proposed layoff and restructuring plan where plaintiff contends that the plan violates the “status quo” provision of 1969 PA 312 (Act 312), MCL 423.243, by, among other things, jeopardizing the safety of the remaining firefighters. We conclude that the injunction was erroneously entered.
Where a party seeks a preliminary injunction to prevent an alleged status quo violation, a two-step process is required. First, the moving party must satisfy the traditional four-part test that is prerequisite for issuance of any preliminary injunction. Second, if the [22]*22conditions of the preliminary injunction test are met and the injunction is granted, the circuit court must promptly resolve the merits of the status quo claim. Pursuant to MCR 3.310(A)(5), if a preliminary injunction is granted, a “trial of the action on the merits must be held within 6 months after the injunction is granted, unless good cause is shown or the parties stipulate to a longer period.”
The status quo provision of Act 312 prevents either party from altering, without consent, “existing wages, hours, or other conditions of employment,” which concern mandatory subjects of bargaining, while Act 312 arbitration is pending. The status quo provision does not prevent parties from exercising their contractual rights if they do not alter an existing wage, hour, or other condition of employment. In this case, it is defendant’s implementation of its restructuring and layoff plan that is at issue. Plaintiff claims that it is a change in “existing . . . conditions of employment” because it will jeopardize firefighter safety, which our precedent treats as a “condition of employment” and a mandatory subject of bargaining. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that it has the contractual right to lay off firefighters. Thus, in order for the status quo provision to be violated in this case, it must be determined that the restructuring and layoff plan actually alters a condition of employment, namely firefighter safety.
The question is what standard a circuit court must apply in order for it to determine that an employer’s challenged action actually violates the status quo provision by altering this condition of employment. The Court of Appeals in Oak Park Pub Safety Officers Ass’n v Oak Park1 recently adopted the standard that a staffing proposal must be “inextricably intertwined with safety” to be a mandatory subject of bargaining. [23]*23We adopt this standard for circuit court review of the type of status quo violation claim presented here. A circuit court must conclude that the employer’s challenged plan is so “inextricably intertwined with safety” that its implementation would impermissibly alter the status quo by altering this “condition” of employment. The circuit court must make thorough factual findings supporting such a conclusion.
Here, not only did the circuit court fail to resolve the safety claim on the merits, it entered what amounted to a permanent injunction without applying the traditional injunctive standards. Thus, we hold that the circuit court erroneously granted injunctive relief and the Court of Appeals erroneously affirmed that decision.
Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals, vacate the preliminary injunction entered by the circuit court, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff is the exclusive bargaining representative of eligible Detroit Fire Department (DFD) employees. Defendant is the employer. Both are parties to a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that took effect in 1998 and expired on June 30, 2001. Until a new agreement is forged in the Act 312 arbitration, the parties continue to operate under the old CBA. That CBA states in pertinent part at Article 2.D that
[t]he City reserves the right to lay off personnel for lack of work or funds; or for the occurrence of conditions beyond the control of the Department; or when such continuation of work would be wasteful and unproductive .... [24]*24[w]ages, hours and conditions of employment legally in effect on the effective date of this agreement, shall, except as improved herein, be maintained during the term of this Agreement.
[23]*23In Article 14, the parties agreed that
[24]*24It is not the intent of this Article to restrict, interfere with, prevent or hinder the City from carrying out its duties and responsibilities to the public well being, by way of illustration, but not limitation, those rights, duties and responsibilities enumerated in Article 2 and the Purpose and Intent clause hereof, subject to the City’s obligations under PERA [public employment relations act] and other laws.
After the CBA expired in 2001, the parties were unable to agree to a new contract. In December 2002, plaintiff invoked compulsory arbitration under Act 312 to create a successor agreement. Act 312 is meant to provide an “alternate, expeditious, effective, and binding” arbitration process.2 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, Act 312 requires the arbitrator to call a hearing within 15 days of being appointed,3 conclude the hearing within 30 days of its commencement,4 and issue a written opinion within 30 days of the conclusion of the hearing.5 Here, the parties waived the time limitations that Act 312 imposes on the arbitration process. As a result, the “expeditious” Act 312 arbitration process is still pending after more than five years.
Defendant experienced serious budget shortfalls during the ongoing Act 312 arbitration. These difficult [25]*25financial circumstances affected the operations of the DFD, leading defendant to implement a restructuring plan and a round of layoffs, effective July 1, 2005. Unfortunately, the budget problems persisted, and defendant announced, in September 2005, an additional plan to restructure the DFD. Under this plan, defendant proposed to lay off 65 firefighters, demote 10 battalion chiefs, and reduce the number of battalions from eight to five. The plan reassigned the battalion chiefs duties at “garden variety fires” to the senior officer at the scene, and deactivated five engine and ladder companies.
Plaintiff filed suit in the Wayne Circuit Court on September 12, 2005, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to stop the September 2005 reorganization plan from going into effect while the Act 312 arbitration was pending. Plaintiff argued that unilateral implementation of the restructuring plan violated the status quo provision of Act 312 because it required unilateral alteration of minimum staffing, job duties, seniority, parity, and emergency medical service requirements, all of which affected both firefighter safety and mandatory subjects of bargaining.
The circuit court held hearings beginning in late September, and granted plaintiffs request for a preliminary injunction on October 17, 2005. The court found that there were issues of fact concerning whether the layoffs would have an impact on the safety of the firefighters — a mandatory subject of bargaining under this Court’s decision in Local 1277, Metropolitan Council No. 23, AFSCME, AFL-CIO v City of Center Line6 (Center Line II).
[26]*26The circuit judge sent the case to the assigned Act 312 arbitrator, Michael E Long, to decide the safety issue and render his decision by October 27, 2005, at which time the circuit judge would determine if the preliminary injunction would remain in place. Although he held hearings, the arbitrator responded to the circuit court in an October 27, 2005, opinion stating that he was “not able to make any well reasoned determination as to the resolution of this dispute.” Arbitrator Long indicated that he lacked jurisdiction to decide the safety issue, observing that “[t]he normal channels were not followed regarding reference of the matter to [Act] 312 arbitration.” He sent the case back to the circuit court and recommended that the circuit court order the parties to mediation while keeping the injunction in place until the mediation process concluded.
The circuit court again granted a preliminary injunction in an October 31, 2005, order following another hearing. At this hearing the court reviewed its earlier statements and conceded:
I do want to say for the record after reading the transcript of the previous hearing of the 17th, that I felt that my choice of words was inapt because it sounded like I was making a determination that there was an impact. That is not my place to do that.
However, the circuit judge clarified, “I find that there’s a serious question of fact as to whether or not [the restructuring plan] would have an impact on fire fighters’ safety, or indeed upon working conditions or working hours.” Relying on Center Line II and Detroit Police Officers Ass’n v Detroit,7 the court found that the reorganization and layoff plan “may implicate mandatory provisions of collective bargaining, namely the [27]*27impact on [sic] the Plan on the hours and conditions of employment (including the safety) of the members of the plaintiff.” The preliminary injunction order enjoined defendant from eliminating the battalion chiefs, ehminating the firefighting companies, and laying off the firefighters. It also ordered the parties to take all necessary steps to have the matter brought before an Act 312 panel to determine the factual questions surrounding the safely issues. The order maintained the injunction until the issuance of a final and binding Act 312 award.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court in a published decision.8 Observing that the parties had a duty under PERA to collectively bargain about mandatory subjects of bargaining and that layoff decisions are not mandatory subjects, the panel relied on this Court’s decision in Center Line II to hold that “where, as here, proposed layoffs and restructuring may impact the safety of working conditions for firefighters, those proposals are mandatory subjects of bargaining.”9 The panel agreed with the circuit court’s finding that “the evidence established ‘serious issues of fact’ as to whether the proposed changes would impact safety, working conditions and working hours,” and as a result “the proposed changes were subjects of mandatory bargaining, and defendant could not therefore make these unilateral alterations while the parties are engaged in compulsory arbitration.”10 It disagreed with defendant’s argument that injunctive relief was inappropriate because the terms of the CBA permitted defendant to carry out the restructuring plan.
[28]*28Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal with this Court. This Court granted leave to appeal.11 Following oral arguments, this Court ordered supplemental briefing,12 and subsequently ordered reargument.13
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court reviews a trial court’s grant or denial of a temporary injunction for abuse of discretion.14 There is an abuse of discretion when the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.15 A question of statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo.16 Finally, issues of contract interpretation are also questions of law reviewed de novo.17
ANALYSIS
Public labor relations in Michigan are governed by PERA. One of PERA’s primary purposes “is to resolve [29]*29labor-management strife through collective bargaining.”18 Under PERA a public labor union may not strike when disagreements arise in the collective bargaining process.19 Because public sector labor unions in Michigan lack the right to strike, they lack a significant tool to leverage their bargaining position.
By its own terms, Act 312 is “supplementary” to PERA, which was enacted over 20 years earlier.20 Act 312 was intended, in the specific context of police and firefighter unions, to redress the imbalance in bargaining power created by the prohibition of strikes, and to preclude the possibility of an illegal strike by these unions that provide vital public services, namely police and fire protection. As Justice COLEMAN observed:
When policemen engage in a strike, the community becomes immediately endangered by the withdrawal of their services. Likewise, our case law has often focused on the fact that fire fighters have a distinct and crucial employment relationship with a public employer.[21]
[30]*30Thus,
[u]nder Act 312, if the public employer and the police offers’ or fire fighters’ bargaining unit have not reached an agreement concerning a mandatory subject of bargaining, and mediation proves unsuccessful, either party may initiate binding arbitration in order to avert a strike.[22]
The status quo provision of Act 312 states that
[d]uring the pendency of proceedings before the arbitration panel, existing wages, hours and other conditions of employment shall not be changed by action of either party without the consent of the other but a party may so consent without prejudice to his rights or position under this act.[23]
Recalling the delicate balance of bargaining power our labor statutes seek to preserve in police and firefighter labor disputes, this provision was intended to prevent either party from gaining unfair leverage during the pendency of Act 312 interest arbitration.
Under the status quo provision, neither party without consent can alter “existing wages, hours, and other conditions of employment” while Act 312 arbitration is pending. We observed in Center Line II that safety is a condition of employment and, as such, a mandatory subject of bargaining.24 Consequently, the status quo [31]*31provision prohibits changes to an existing condition of employment such as safety during the pendency of Act 312 arbitration.
Of chief importance in a case involving an alleged status quo violation is whether an employer’s restructuring and layoff plan alters a condition of employment such as safety. The Court of Appeals recently held in Oak Park that where a union seeks to compel Act 312 arbitration with respect to staffing decisions, it must demonstrate that those decisions are “inextricably intertwined with safety” to constitute a mandatory subject of bargaining.25 If it does not, then the employer cannot be compelled to arbitrate the staffing decision under Act 312. The Oak Park panel rejected as “unten[32]*32able” the union’s proposed alternative standard that “as long as a staffing decision arguably affects, concerns, or relates to safety — whether the effect be minimal, insignificant, or unjustifiable — the issue of staffing is a condition of employment that is subject to mandatory arbitration.”26 It reasoned:
The standards implemented by the hearing referee and MERC in this case are consistent with the requirement that only those matters that have a significant impact on conditions of employment are subject to mandatory bargaining. The impact of a staffing decision on working conditions, including safety, must be proven to be significant, not merely to arguably exist. ... To adopt the union’s position would be tantamount to requiring that most, if not all, minimum staffing proposals — particularly with regard to [public safety officers], police officers, firefighters, and others engaged in high-risk professions — be subject to mandatory bargaining, given that a reduction in the number of these employees will arguably have some — albeit minimal— impact on safety. Such a conclusion would have the effect of invading the city’s prerogative to determine the size and scope of its business, including the services it will provide. We decline to reach such a conclusion.[27]
Although Oak Park addressed a different legal issue and not the status quo issue presented here, we find the logic and standard endorsed by Oak Park compelling in this context.28 A hasty or tentative finding that a [33]*33restructuring and layoff plan violates the status quo would “invad[e] the city’s prerogative to determine the size and scope of its business, including the services it will provide,”29 just as surely as if every employer’s staffing decision that merely arguably affected safety conditions were subject to mandatory bargaining. Thus, whether a layoff and restructuring plan jeopardizes employee safety requires a careful examination of the plan details and a finding that the plan is “inextricably intertwined with safety” such that it would have a “significant impact” on safety.30
The central problem with the circuit court’s decision in this case, and by extension the Court of Appeals decision to affirm it, is that it only found that defendant’s layoff and restructuring plan “may” implicate a mandatory subject of bargaining and that this case “raised questions of fact” about firefighter safety. After issuing the preliminary injunction, the circuit court never conclusively determined that the plan unlawfully altered the status quo. Indeed, the circuit court expressly stated that it was not deciding the merits of plaintiffs claim. And, when the circuit court attempted to induce Arbitrator Long to resolve the safety dispute, he declined to do so.
Given the magnitude of a decision to restrain an employer’s exercise of a management prerogative, this level of uncertainty in a circuit court ruling is untenable. By its terms, this injunction was to remain in place until the conclusion of Act 312 arbitration, but a determination on the merits would never have been made. On a practical level, what was termed by the circuit court a “preliminary injunction” became a de facto permanent injunction, without resolving the mer[34]*34its of the alleged status quo violation. Moreover, the injunction was issued where the traditional elements required for injunctive relief had not been established. Specifically, although the circuit court found that there were “issues of fact” regarding the safety issue, it did not find that there was a likelihood of success on the merits in this regard, nor did the court conclude that the firefighters would suffer irreparable harm.
Where a party seeks a preliminary injunction to prevent an alleged status quo violation as in this case, the party must satisfy a two-step process. First, it bears the burden of proving that the traditional four elements favor the issuance of a preliminary injunction. The trial court must evaluate whether (1) the moving party made the required demonstration of irreparable harm, (2) the harm to the applicant absent such an injunction outweighs the harm it would cause to the adverse party, (3) the moving party showed that it is likely to prevail on the merits, and (4) there will be harm to the public interest if an injunction is issued.31
Second, if a trial court determines that the standards for a preliminary injunction have been met and chooses [35]*35to issue an injunction, it must promptly decide the merits of the status quo claim. MCR 3.310(A) governs preliminary injunctions. Subsection 5 requires that “[i]f a preliminary injunction is granted . . . [t]he trial of the action on the merits must be held within 6 months after the injunction is granted, unless good cause is shown or the parties stipulate to a longer period.”32
Therefore, on remand, the circuit court must engage in this two-step inquiry. First, it must determine whether plaintiff has satisfied the traditional four-part test for a preliminary injunction, particularly that plaintiff has demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits that the plan is “inextricably intertwined with safety” and made a showing of irreparable harm. Second, if the circuit court issues a preliminary injunction, there must be a determination on the merits that the challenged employer action is “inextricably intertwined with safety” as that standard was articulated in Oak Park. It must do more than conclude that the challenged employer action arguably affects safety. To that end, any decision by the circuit court that the employer action is “inextricably intertwined with safety” must be conclusive and supported by specific, detailed findings of fact.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the circuit court erred when it issued the preliminary injunction preventing the implementation of the restructuring plan. The circuit court issued what amounted to a permanent injunction where the underlying merits of the alleged status quo violation [36]*36would never be resolved, contrary to the requirements of MCR 3.310(A)(5). We further hold that, when a safety claim is alleged, an employer’s challenged action alters the status quo during the pendency of an Act 312 arbitration only if the action is so “inextricably intertwined with safety” that the action would alter a “condition of employment.”
We reverse the Court of Appeals judgment, vacate the preliminary injunction entered by the circuit court, and remand the case to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Taylor, C.J., and Weaver, Corrigan, and Markman, JJ., concurred with YOUNG, J.
CAVANAGH, J. I concur in the result only.