TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-09-00532-CR
Derrick Wayne McDonald, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 264TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 63163, HONORABLE MARTHA J. TRUDO, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
A jury found Derrick Wayne McDonald guilty of aggravated robbery and
assessed sentence at 25 years in prison and a $10,000 fine. He contends that the trial court erred
(1) by proceeding with voir dire of the jury panel after the panelists heard that a defendant was going
to plead guilty, and (2) by failing to sua sponte make a written instruction as to the burden of proof
necessary for the jury to consider an extraneous offense in the punishment phase of trial.
Although appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, a summary of
the evidence will provide context for the issues on appeal. At the guilt-innocence phase of trial,
employees of a Sonic Drive-in testified that a man wearing a black mask, a black jacket or sweater-type hoodie, gloves, and dark shoes robbed them at their store. The man approached them with a
gun, removed their cell phones, and instructed an employee to empty the cash register. The
employee put the money into a bag and gave it to the man. The robber ordered the employees into
a bathroom and told them to stay there for twenty minutes. They did so, then called the police.
Other witnesses testified about the robbery of a nearby Dollar General Store shortly after the Sonic
robbery. The robber there was described as wearing a black jacket with a hood and a mask.
Witnesses of both robberies later identified a dark jacket with a hood, a mask, and gloves that were
consistent with what they recalled their respective robbers wearing.
Peace officers responding to the robbery calls also testified. An officer who heard
the police radio report of the Dollar General Store robbery went to the residential neighborhood
behind the store and observed a black male dressed in black entering a Suburban. Despite the
officer's attempt to stop the vehicle, a chase ensued. An officer interviewing witnesses at Sonic
joined the chase after hearing about it on the police radio. During the chase, the driver of the
Suburban discarded a black object. The Suburban crashed, and the chase continued on foot.
Appellant was arrested at the end of the chase. An officer who retraced the path of the chase found
a black jacket, gloves, and a black mask. A handgun and a money bag were found in the Suburban.
The amount of money in the bag was consistent with the amount of money missing from the Sonic.
Appellant testified and admitted committing the robberies. He testified that he was
not in his right mind when committing the robberies due to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder that
had gotten him discharged from the army, and his failure to take medications to control the effect
of PTSD and his manic/depressive disorder.
Appellant contends that the jury panel was irrevocably tainted during voir dire by
information indicating that appellant was considering pleading guilty. The prosecutor asked if the
panelists had any questions for him or wanted to bring anything to his attention. Two panelists
stated that they had heard court personnel mention during the general jury pool meeting that one of
the two cases set for that day was not going to trial because the defendant was going to plead guilty.
One of the panelists stated that he had heard several panelists speculate that they might be in the jury
pool for the case in which the defendant was going to plead guilty. He reported that one of the
panelists said, "Well, if he was considering pleading guilty, what does that tell you." The prosecutor
stated, "I appreciate you bringing that to our attention. What I can tell you was, this is the case where
the guy never intended on pleading guilty." The prosecutor went on to describe that, in the other
case set for trial that day, the defendant did plead guilty. The prosecutor added, "So that is the case
that this gentleman Juror Number 19 is referring to. Not this case. Okay. Anyone have any
questions about that?" The only response was a comment from another panelist who asserted that
the judge, not the clerk, had mentioned the possibility of a plea bargain. The court then summed up
the discussion as follows:
There were two cases I had in my court this week. And one of the other judges was
going to try my case and that defendant pled guilty this morning pursuant to a plea
bargain. And the jury was dismissed by another court while we were getting ready
to have you come in. So I will make sure that we clear that up with the other judges
as well as with the clerk's office. I appreciate your letting me know that because we
certainly don't need to waste juror's time and having somebody be tainted. But that,
certainly whatever you overheard, or you heard in the courtroom does not apply to
this defendant. That has not been the case here.
Appellant nonetheless contends that his jury panel was irrevocably tainted by this discussion, thereby
depriving him of his constitutional right to due process and a fair trial.
Due process requires a neutral and detached hearing body or officer. Brumit v. State,
206 S.W.3d 639, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Generally, a party must object to errors during trial
in order to preserve error. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; see Sharpe v. State, 648 S.W.2d 705, 706
(Tex. Crim. App. 1983). However, we can consider fundamental errors affecting substantial rights
although they were not brought to the attention of the court. See Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129, 132
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (plurality op.); see also Tex. R. Evid. 103(d). We must reverse for
constitutional error unless we find beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the
conviction or punishment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a). We must disregard any other error, defect,
irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Appellant has not shown that the court deprived him of due process by proceeding
with voir dire and trial after the panelists made statements in front of the entire panel regarding a
possible guilty plea. Appellant did not object to the continuation of voir dire, nor did he request that
the trial court inquire of the entire panel whether they understood that appellant did not attempt to
plead guilty. Further, appellant failed to ask this allegedly necessary question during his portion of
voir dire. Appellant did not seek to have the entire panel, or just the two venire members who raised
the issue, struck for cause. Appellant did not preserve this issue for review. More important, we
find no error in the continuation of voir dire. Two jury panelists raised a concern that the panel
might be tainted by the belief that appellant was seriously considering pleading guilty. Both the
prosecutor and the court plainly stated that, of the two cases set for trial that day, one of the
defendants considered pleading and actually did plead guilty, and that appellant did not intend to
plead guilty. When the prosecutor asked the panel if anyone had questions, no panelist spoke up.
There is no evidence in the record that, after the prosecutor's and the court's statements, any panelist
had any lingering doubt regarding whether this appellant considered pleading guilty. On this record,
we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the court did not deprive appellant of any due process
by proceeding with voir dire without further inquiry into the issue.
Appellant also has not shown that the court erred by failing to sua sponte instruct the
jury at the punishment phase that the State must show beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant
committed an extraneous offense before the jury could consider the offense. The code of criminal
procedure provides that evidence of an extraneous offense can be considered at punishment only if
the factfinder finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the offense. See Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2009). The trial court is required to instruct
the jury accordingly even if no instruction is requested. See Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 483
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The failure to provide the instruction is not constitutional error. Id. at 484.
Because appellant did not timely object to the absence of the instruction, we cannot reverse unless
the error is so egregious that the defendant was not given a fair and impartial trial. Id. at 484-85
(citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh'g)). The degree
of harm must be evaluated "in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including
contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole." Almanaza, 686 S.W.2d at 171 (quoted
in Huizar v. State, 29 S.W.3d 249, 251 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2000, pet. ref'd) (on remand
from Tex. Crim. App.)). Any harm suffered must be actual and not merely theoretical. See
Dickey v. State, 22 S.W.3d 490, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The State argues that, because the
Sonic robbery was followed almost immediately by the Dollar General robbery--so much so that
items linking appellant to the Sonic robbery were found when appellant was captured when being
pursued from the scene of the Dollar General robbery--the two robberies are essentially the same
occurrence and the Dollar General robbery is therefore not an extraneous offense. We need not
consider that theory because the record does not show that the error deprived appellant of a fair and
impartial trial.
Although our analysis is limited to whether the lack of the instruction at the
punishment phase affected the punishment, we can consider evidence from the guilt-innocence
phase. See Wright v. State, 212 S.W.3d 768, 776 (Tex. App.--Austin 2006, pet. ref'd). In this case,
the jury's assessment of the evidence regarding appellant's affirmative defense at the guilt-innocence
phase informs our consideration of whether the court's error in omitting the extraneous offense
instruction at the punishment phase warrants reversal. Appellant admitted on the stand at the guilt-innocence phase that he committed the actions underlying the charges. The only contested issue
regarding either the offense charged or the extraneous offense was whether appellant was able to
form the intent required to commit the offenses. Appellant's request for community supervision was
based on his assertion that he would comply with all rules and stay on his medications because he
was now aware of the consequences of going off of his medications.
Appellant testified that he was not in his right mind when he committed the robberies.
At the guilt-innocence phase, he testified repeatedly that he did not remember many aspects of the
robberies because he had stopped taking medications meant to combat PTSD and manic/depressive
disorder. He testified that a friend of his picked the robbery targets and provided him with the
clothing he wore during the robberies, including gloves, rubber-soled shoes, a black jacket with a
hood, and black fabric fashioned into a mask that could be secured over his face. He conceded that
rubber-soled shoes would probably be a good choice of footwear for a person in his right mind who
was planning a robbery. He said that his friend put the mask on him, provided him with the .45
caliber handgun, and loaded it. He also testified that she must have told him where to park and what
approach to take to commit the robberies. He testified that, while in his right mind, he did not have
the mentality to plan a robbery, even though he was trained in special forces in the army and had
recently obtained an associate's degree in criminal justice. He remembered waiting outside the Sonic
for thirty minutes for someone to come out the back door, but testified that he did not recall why he
did not simply walk into the Sonic and commit the robbery. He testified that he did not recall telling
a Sonic employee to be quiet or removing the employees' cell phones. He testified that he did not
recognize at the time that his conduct was wrong because of the absence of his medications.
There was other testimony at the guilt-innocence phase regarding the experience of
the robbery victims, the police pursuit and evidence gathering, and a forensic psychiatrist who
interviewed and evaluated appellant's sanity. The jury also heard testimony about the Dollar General
robbery which happened nearby and shortly after the Sonic robbery. The forensic psychiatrist
testified that "there was an overwhelming amount of evidence showing that [appellant] knew what
he was doing was wrong"--primarily the steps he took to conceal his illegal behavior. He wore a
mask and gloves to conceal his identity, and he put the victims in a locked room to prevent them
from notifying the police. The psychiatrist concluded that, at the time of the offense, appellant was
not suffering from a serious mental disease or defect. She opined that, although he might have
PTSD, his planning and conduct of the robberies was not caused by the disorder. She asserted that
someone with PTSD caused by combat would avoid being around guns, prisoners, and police. She
also testified that appellant told her his use of illegal drugs (marijuana and ecstasy) and
alcohol affected his memory of the robberies, but she concluded that he was lying to her about the
memory loss.
The jury was instructed at the guilt-innocence phase that it must find beyond a
reasonable doubt that he acted intentionally or knowingly when committing the Sonic robbery,
whether when threatening the Sonic employee or when using or exhibiting the deadly weapon. The
jury was also instructed at the guilt-innocence phase that "[i]t is an affirmative defense to the conduct
charged that, at the time of the conduct charged, the actor, as a result of severe mental disease or
defect, did not know that his conduct was wrong." The jury was also instructed at the guilt-innocence phase that it could not consider testimony regarding offenses other than the Sonic robbery
unless it believed beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the offenses. The jury was
not asked to and did not make a finding regarding the extraneous offense, but did convict appellant
of aggravated robbery. The jury, therefore, must have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted
knowingly or intentionally when threatening the employee or using or exhibiting the firearm. The
jury, therefore, must have rejected appellant's affirmative defense that his lack of medication made
him incapable of forming a culpable intent. Appellant admitted robbing both the Sonic and Dollar
General stores, but contended that the absence of medication altered his state of mind on the day of
both robberies. The evidence is such that a rational jury would have concluded that appellant's
ability to form a culpable intent was the same for the robberies of both stores. Because the Sonic
and Dollar General robberies were undisputedly close in time, and because there is no evidence
indicating that his state of mind or unmedicated state was different between the two robberies,
the jury must have also rejected appellant's excuse for the Dollar General robbery at the guilt-innocence phase.
The record does not provide any support for a conclusion that the absence of an
extraneous offense instruction at the punishment phase nevertheless deprived appellant of a fair and
impartial trial. The testimony at the punishment phase regarding the Dollar General robbery was
consistent with that at guilt-innocence, adding mostly the impact of the robberies on the victims and
appellant's expression of disagreement with, but acceptance of, his conviction for the Sonic robbery.
Because the jury was persuaded beyond a reasonable doubt at the guilt-innocence phase that
appellant had the requisite intent to commit the Sonic robbery, we find no reason to believe that the
jury would have ignored the testimony regarding the contemporaneous Dollar General robbery at the
punishment phase if it had been given the extraneous offense instruction. Instead, the evidence
supports finding that appellant's ability to form a culpable state of mind was the same regarding both
robberies. The absence of the extraneous offense instruction at the punishment phase did not deprive
appellant of a fair and impartial trial.
We affirm the judgment.
David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear, and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: October 28, 2010
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