In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-18-00403-CR
DERRICK DAVENPORT, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2017-488,929, Honorable Drue Farmer, Presiding
July 30, 2019
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Appellant, Derrick Davenport, appeals his conviction for assault, with a finding of
family violence. Through two issues, he contends that 1) the trial court erred in admitting
into evidence a 9-1-1 recording in violation of his right to confront witnesses, and 2) article
42.013 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure is unconstitutional as it applies to him.
We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged with assaulting his girlfriend, Shelby, at her apartment. At
trial, the State introduced into evidence the 9-1-1 recording of Shelby’s call reporting the assault. The call was placed shortly after appellant completed the assault and left. In it,
she can be heard describing the attack and requesting medical assistance. That led to
the police and EMS being dispatched to the location.
Upon arriving at the scene, an officer noticed that Shelby was visibly upset and
crying. So too did he observe that she suffered from injuries, which injuries included a
knot behind her right ear, marks or scratches on her knees, and a tear to one of her
nostrils. The officer also described seeing some of Shelby’s hair on the floor. Pictures
capturing her facial injuries were eventually admitted into evidence at the trial along with
a medical report memorializing Shelby’s visit to the emergency room. Appearing within
the medical report was a description from Shelby of how she sustained her injuries; it
consisted of her stating that her boyfriend, appellant, had “punched” her with closed fists
“on her head and face.”
Surveillance video capturing activities outside of Shelby’s abode was also admitted
into evidence. It depicted: 1) she and appellant arguing; 2) appellant kicking or attempting
to kick her; and 3) appellant approaching the apartment, tampering with the surveillance
camera, and forcing his way into her home.
Issue One – 9-1-1 Recording
In his first issue, appellant contends that admission of the 9-1-1 recording denied
him his constitutional right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him, namely
Shelby. This is allegedly so because: 1) the recording was testimonial in nature; 2) Shelby
was unavailable to testify at trial; and 3) the emergency had passed by the time she
placed the 9-1-1 call. We overrule the issue.1
1Inaddressing the issue, we assume that admission of the recording was not rendered harmless because similar evidence describing how appellant beat her was admitted via the medical reports. See
2 The applicable standard of review when considering a claim like that at bar is de
novo. Wall v. State, 184 S.W.3d 730, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Next, the Confrontation
Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides a criminal defendant with the right to cross-
examine witnesses against him. Townsend v. State, No. 03-17-00495-CR, 2018 Tex.
App. LEXIS 6582, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 21, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (citing U.S. Const. amend. VI). As explained in Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), the Clause prevents
“‘core testimonial statements’” from being admitted when the declarant is unavailable to
testify and the defendant lacks a prior opportunity to cross examine the declarant. Wall,
184 S.W.3d at 734-35 (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 63, 67-68).
Next, the first step in determining if the admission of a 9-1-1 recording violates the
accused’s right to confront his accusers involves deciding whether the captured
statements are testimonial. See Patrick v. State, No. 05-18-00435-CR, 2018 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6562, at * 94 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 20, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (stating that “[t]he threshold inquiry for any alleged confrontation violation
involving the admission of a statement is whether the admitted statement is testimonial
or nontestimonial in nature”); accord Hernandez v. State, 562 S.W.3d 500, 504 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. dism’d). If non-testimonial, then its admission does
not violate the Clause. Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d 476, 485 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Generally, statements made by a witness to police during contact initiated by the
witness at the beginning of an investigation are not considered testimonial. Hernandez
Grenado v. State, No. 07-17-00148-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 8735, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 13, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that error in the admission of evidence is harmless when similar evidence was admitted elsewhere without objection).
3 v. State, 562 S.W.3d at 505. Nor are statements made during a 9-1-1 call placed primarily
to request help during an emergency; generally, they are non-testimonial. Rosenbusch
v. State, No. 03-18-00096-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 10862, at *3-4 (Tex. App.—Austin
Dec. 28, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Hernandez, 562
S.W.3d at 505. This remains true even though the statements are not describing events
in progress but rather events occurring in the immediate past and the statements are
necessary for the police to form an idea about the type of emergency involved. Guzman
v. State, No. 02-18-00332-CR, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 4278, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
May 23, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
At bar, we deal with circumstances like those in Hernandez v. State. There, the
call was made after the appellant had left the scene of the attack. One could hear the
caller’s voice “shaking” as she breathed “heavily” while identifying her attacker and
answering questions about the nature of the emergency and whether she needed
assistance. Hernandez, 562 S.W.3d at 505. Given those circumstances, the Hernandez
court found the statements were non-testimonial because they were “made under
circumstances indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation was to enable the
police to meet an ongoing emergency, rather than to establish or prove past events
potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” Id. at 507.
Here, Shelby made her 9-1-1 call shortly after the attack had ended and appellant
had left. She could be heard crying, upset, and in need of medical assistance. Indeed,
she advised the operator that she was “bleeding everywhere” and requested an
ambulance. Given this similarity to the circumstances in Hernandez, we too conclude
that the call at issue here and statements therein were primarily a cry for help in an
4 emergency and, therefore, non-testimonial. See, e.g., Santacruz v. State, 237 S.W.3d
822, 828 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d) (concluding that a domestic
abuse victim’s statements to 9-1-1 operator were non-testimonial even though they
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-18-00403-CR
DERRICK DAVENPORT, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2017-488,929, Honorable Drue Farmer, Presiding
July 30, 2019
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Appellant, Derrick Davenport, appeals his conviction for assault, with a finding of
family violence. Through two issues, he contends that 1) the trial court erred in admitting
into evidence a 9-1-1 recording in violation of his right to confront witnesses, and 2) article
42.013 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure is unconstitutional as it applies to him.
We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged with assaulting his girlfriend, Shelby, at her apartment. At
trial, the State introduced into evidence the 9-1-1 recording of Shelby’s call reporting the assault. The call was placed shortly after appellant completed the assault and left. In it,
she can be heard describing the attack and requesting medical assistance. That led to
the police and EMS being dispatched to the location.
Upon arriving at the scene, an officer noticed that Shelby was visibly upset and
crying. So too did he observe that she suffered from injuries, which injuries included a
knot behind her right ear, marks or scratches on her knees, and a tear to one of her
nostrils. The officer also described seeing some of Shelby’s hair on the floor. Pictures
capturing her facial injuries were eventually admitted into evidence at the trial along with
a medical report memorializing Shelby’s visit to the emergency room. Appearing within
the medical report was a description from Shelby of how she sustained her injuries; it
consisted of her stating that her boyfriend, appellant, had “punched” her with closed fists
“on her head and face.”
Surveillance video capturing activities outside of Shelby’s abode was also admitted
into evidence. It depicted: 1) she and appellant arguing; 2) appellant kicking or attempting
to kick her; and 3) appellant approaching the apartment, tampering with the surveillance
camera, and forcing his way into her home.
Issue One – 9-1-1 Recording
In his first issue, appellant contends that admission of the 9-1-1 recording denied
him his constitutional right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him, namely
Shelby. This is allegedly so because: 1) the recording was testimonial in nature; 2) Shelby
was unavailable to testify at trial; and 3) the emergency had passed by the time she
placed the 9-1-1 call. We overrule the issue.1
1Inaddressing the issue, we assume that admission of the recording was not rendered harmless because similar evidence describing how appellant beat her was admitted via the medical reports. See
2 The applicable standard of review when considering a claim like that at bar is de
novo. Wall v. State, 184 S.W.3d 730, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Next, the Confrontation
Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides a criminal defendant with the right to cross-
examine witnesses against him. Townsend v. State, No. 03-17-00495-CR, 2018 Tex.
App. LEXIS 6582, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 21, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (citing U.S. Const. amend. VI). As explained in Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), the Clause prevents
“‘core testimonial statements’” from being admitted when the declarant is unavailable to
testify and the defendant lacks a prior opportunity to cross examine the declarant. Wall,
184 S.W.3d at 734-35 (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 63, 67-68).
Next, the first step in determining if the admission of a 9-1-1 recording violates the
accused’s right to confront his accusers involves deciding whether the captured
statements are testimonial. See Patrick v. State, No. 05-18-00435-CR, 2018 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6562, at * 94 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 20, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (stating that “[t]he threshold inquiry for any alleged confrontation violation
involving the admission of a statement is whether the admitted statement is testimonial
or nontestimonial in nature”); accord Hernandez v. State, 562 S.W.3d 500, 504 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. dism’d). If non-testimonial, then its admission does
not violate the Clause. Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d 476, 485 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Generally, statements made by a witness to police during contact initiated by the
witness at the beginning of an investigation are not considered testimonial. Hernandez
Grenado v. State, No. 07-17-00148-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 8735, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 13, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that error in the admission of evidence is harmless when similar evidence was admitted elsewhere without objection).
3 v. State, 562 S.W.3d at 505. Nor are statements made during a 9-1-1 call placed primarily
to request help during an emergency; generally, they are non-testimonial. Rosenbusch
v. State, No. 03-18-00096-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 10862, at *3-4 (Tex. App.—Austin
Dec. 28, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Hernandez, 562
S.W.3d at 505. This remains true even though the statements are not describing events
in progress but rather events occurring in the immediate past and the statements are
necessary for the police to form an idea about the type of emergency involved. Guzman
v. State, No. 02-18-00332-CR, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 4278, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
May 23, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
At bar, we deal with circumstances like those in Hernandez v. State. There, the
call was made after the appellant had left the scene of the attack. One could hear the
caller’s voice “shaking” as she breathed “heavily” while identifying her attacker and
answering questions about the nature of the emergency and whether she needed
assistance. Hernandez, 562 S.W.3d at 505. Given those circumstances, the Hernandez
court found the statements were non-testimonial because they were “made under
circumstances indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation was to enable the
police to meet an ongoing emergency, rather than to establish or prove past events
potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” Id. at 507.
Here, Shelby made her 9-1-1 call shortly after the attack had ended and appellant
had left. She could be heard crying, upset, and in need of medical assistance. Indeed,
she advised the operator that she was “bleeding everywhere” and requested an
ambulance. Given this similarity to the circumstances in Hernandez, we too conclude
that the call at issue here and statements therein were primarily a cry for help in an
4 emergency and, therefore, non-testimonial. See, e.g., Santacruz v. State, 237 S.W.3d
822, 828 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d) (concluding that a domestic
abuse victim’s statements to 9-1-1 operator were non-testimonial even though they
described events that had occurred ten to fifteen minutes earlier). Being non-testimonial,
their admission did not deny appellant his right to confront Shelby.
Issue Two – Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 42.013 is unconstitutional on its face and as applied to appellant
Next, appellant contends that because a finding of family violence purportedly
exposes him to additional punishment, the question of whether he engaged in such was
a matter for the jury to decide rather than the trial court. Thus, the statute obligating the
trial court to make the finding allegedly is unconstitutional per Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S.
584, 122 S. Ct. 2428, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002), and its predecessor, Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). Furthermore, the
additional punishment, in his view, consisted of the “loss of the right to carry a firearm,
the inability to seek an order of nondisclosure for the offense, and enhanced classification
of the offense for future allegations.” We overrule the issue.
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held where a State makes an
increase in a defendant’s authorized punishment contingent on the finding of a fact, the
fact must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, irrespective of how the State
labels that fact. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 482-483, 120 S. Ct. at 2359. This proposition was
reaffirmed in Ring. Ring, 536 U.S. at 609, 122 S. Ct. at 2443 (involving the trial court
entering a finding upon which the death penalty was contingent and holding that since
“Arizona’s enumerated aggravating factors operate as ‘the functional equivalent of an
5 element of a greater offense,’ [under Apprendi] the Sixth Amendment requires that they
be found by a jury”).
Next, article 42.013 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure states that, “[i]n the
trial of an offense under Title 5 [Section 17.004 of the] Penal Code, if the court determines
that the offense involved family violence, as defined by Section 71.004 [of the] Family
Code, the court shall make an affirmative finding of that fact and enter the affirmative
finding in the judgment of the case. “ TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.013 (West
2018). Allowing the trial court here to make such a finding and thereby expose appellant
to the aforementioned penalties allegedly transgressed Apprendi and Ring, according to
appellant. Thus, the statute allegedly was unconstitutional as applied to appellant and
his situation.
A like argument was rejected by our Court of Criminal Appeals. See Butler v.
State, 189 S.W.3d 299, 302-03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In Butler, it noted that “[a]n
affirmative family-violence finding affects a defendant’s sentence only if the defendant
has previously been convicted of assault-family violence.” Id. at 302. Given the absence
of a prior family violence finding, Apprendi was not in play, according to the Butler court.
Id. at 303. Nor did it view Apprendi as being in play because the finding may result in
Butler being exposed to “additional community supervision conditions.” It held that
community supervision was not part of his sentence and, therefore, the conditions
imposed did not increase his punishment beyond the statutory maximum, per Apprendi.
Id. The same has been said regarding the effect such a finding may have on the right to
possess firearms. For instance, in Moliere v. State, 574 S.W.3d 21 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2018, pet. filed), the court observed that “[t]he loss of the right to possess
6 firearms for a stated length of time, however, is not part of the punishment for appellant’s
crime.” Id. at 26. Thus, a “restriction on weapons possession is a non-punitive
consequence of appellant’s conviction rather than a part of his sentence for Apprendi
purposes.” Id. at 27; accord Williams v. State, No. 05-10-00696-CR, 2011 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6214, at *8-12 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 10, 2011, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication) (holding the same).
At bar, there is no evidence of a prior family violence finding portending to increase
the maximum statutory sentence to which appellant was subject. Furthermore, the
punishment actually assessed, i.e., one year coupled with a $500 fine, did not exceed the
punishment assessable for the class A misdemeanor, like that in question. TEX. PENAL.
CODE ANN. § 12.21 (West 2019) (stating the range of punishment for a class A
misdemeanor as confinement in jail for a term not exceeding one year and a fine not
exceeding $4,000). And, as indicated in Butler, Apprendi is not triggered simply because
a second family violence finding may one day expose appellant to punishment greater
than that applicable to a class A misdemeanor. Should appellant commit acts exposing
himself to another family violence finding, then it may be time to decide whether Supreme
Court precedent requires submission of the issue to a jury.
As for “the inability to seek an order of nondisclosure for the offense,” appellant
failed to explain how that is either punishment, punitive, or a penalty within the scope of
Apprendi, Ring, or Butler. Nor did he cite us to authority intimating it is. Similarly missing
is citation to authority holding that a family violence finding prevents one from seeking “an
order of nondisclosure.” Without such effort on his part, that aspect of his argument is
inadequately briefed which, in turn, relieves us of the need to address it. Ramos v. State,
7 No. 07-17-00019-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 10035, at *4 n.2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct.
25, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that inadequately
briefed contentions are waived).
The trial court judgment is affirmed.
Per Curiam ‘
Do not publish.