Mr. Justice Harlan,
after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinión of the court.
One of the propositions advanced by counsel for the company is this: That it appears from the plaintiff’s case, and by his evidence, that he voluntarily armed • himself, and taking the law into his own hands,, joined an illegal assembly for the purpose, if necessary, of committing murder ; that, in- the course of the riot and- rout,.he received a wound at the hands of those, whom he had sought by violence to destroy; that, under such circumstances, the law will not permit him to recover for an alleged assault, but conclusively presumes' his assent thereto; nor will the law permit him to recover through the medium and by the aid of an illegal transaction, to which lie was a party, and which constitutes the foundation of-.his case.
The same proposition was stated in another form in argument : That the plaintiff engaged voluntarily, and not for his necessary self-defence, in a physical combat with others, and cannot, upon principle, maintain a civil action to recover damages for injuries received in such, combat at' the hands of his adversary, unless the latter beat him.excessively or.unreasonably ; this, upon the ground that, “ where two parties participate in' the commission of a criminal act, and one party suffers damages thereby, he is not entitled to indemnity or contribution from the other party.”
' These propositions have ho application in the present case. The evidence, taken together, furnishes no basis for the suggestion that the plaintiff voluntarily joined an illegal assembly for the purpose, if necessary, of committing murder, or any other criminal offence. Nor does it justify the assertion that- he voluntarily engaged in a physical combat with others. All that he did on the occasion of his being injured was by way of preparation to protect himself, and the property .of which he and his co-employes were in peaceable possession, against organized violence. It appears in proof.
as stated by the court below, that the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company was in the actual, peaceable possession of the road when the other company, by an armed body of men, organized and under the command of its chief officers, proceeded, in a violent manner, to drive the agents and servants of the former company from the posts to which they had been respectively assigned. It was a demonstration of force and violence, that disturbed the j)eace of the entire country along the line of the railway, and involved the safety and lives of many human beings. It is a plain cáse, on the proof, of a corporation taking the law into its own hands, and by force, and the commission, of a breach of the peace determining the question of the right to the possession of a public highway established primarily for the convenience of the people. The courts of the territory were open for the redress of any -wrongs that had been, or were being, committed against the defendant by the other company. If an appeal to the law, for the determination of the dispute as to right of possession, would have involved some delay, that was no reason for the employment of force — least of all, for the use of violent means under circumstances imperilling the peace of the community and the lives of citizens. To such delays all — whether individuals or corporations — must submit, whatever may be the temporary inconvenience resulting therefrom. ¥e need scarcely suggest 'that this duty, in a peculiar sense, rests upon corporations, which keep in their employment large bodies of men,- whose support depends upon their ready obedience of the orders of their superior officers, and who, being organized for the accomplishment of illegal purposes, may endanger the public peace, as well as the personal safety and the property of others besides those immediately concerned in their movements.
These principles, under somewhat different circumstances, Were recognized and enforced by this court at the present term. One Johnson was in the actual, peaceable possession of eighteen miles of a railroad built by him for a railroad company, and was running his own locomotives over it. He claimed the right to hold possession until he was paid for his
work. But the company, disputing his right to possession, ejected him by force and violence, lie brought his action of forcible entry and detainer. This court said that the party “so using force and acquiring possession may have the superior title, or may have the better right to the present possession, but the policy of the law in this class of cases is to prevent disturbances of the public peace, to forbid any person righting himself in a case of that kind by his own hand and by violence, and to require that the party who has in this manner obtained possession shall restoi’e it to the party from whom it has been so obtained; and then, when the parties are in
statü
quo, or in the same position as they were before the use of violence, the party out of possession must resort to legal means to obtain his possession, as he should have done in the first instance,”
Iron Mountain
&
Helena Railroad
v.
Johnson,
119 U. S. 608, 611. While this language was used in a case arising under a local statute, relating to actions of forcible entry and detainer, it is not without force in cases like this, where the peaceable possession of property is disturbed by such means as constitute a breach of the peace. If, in the employment of force and violence, personal injury arises therefrom to the person or persons thus in peaceable possession, the party using such unnecessary force and violence is liable in damages, without reference to the question of legal title or right of possession.
Reference was made in argument to those portions of the charge that refer to the liability of corporations for torts committed by their employes and servants.
In
Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad
v.
Quigley,
21 How. 202, this court held that a railroad corpoi’ation was responsible for the publication by them of a libel, in which the capacity and skill of a mechanic and builder of depots, bridges, station-houses, and other structures for railroad companies, were falsely and maliciously disparaged and undervalued. The publication, in that case, consisted in the preservation, in the permanent form of a book for distribution among the persons belonging to the corporation, of a report made by a committee of the company’s board of directors, in relation
to the administration and dealings of' the plaintiff as a superintendent of the road. The court, upon a full review of the authorities, held it to be the result of the cases, “ that for acts done by the agents of a corporation either
in contractu
or
in
delicto, in the course of its business, and of their employment, the corporation is responsible as an individual is responsible under similar circumstances.” In
State
v.
Morris & Essex
Railroad, 23 N. J. Law (2 Zabriskie) 369, it was well said that, “ if a corporation has itself no hands with which to strike,' it may employ the. hands of others; and it is now perfectly well'settled, contrary to the ancient authorities, that-a corporation is hable
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Mr. Justice Harlan,
after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinión of the court.
One of the propositions advanced by counsel for the company is this: That it appears from the plaintiff’s case, and by his evidence, that he voluntarily armed • himself, and taking the law into his own hands,, joined an illegal assembly for the purpose, if necessary, of committing murder ; that, in- the course of the riot and- rout,.he received a wound at the hands of those, whom he had sought by violence to destroy; that, under such circumstances, the law will not permit him to recover for an alleged assault, but conclusively presumes' his assent thereto; nor will the law permit him to recover through the medium and by the aid of an illegal transaction, to which lie was a party, and which constitutes the foundation of-.his case.
The same proposition was stated in another form in argument : That the plaintiff engaged voluntarily, and not for his necessary self-defence, in a physical combat with others, and cannot, upon principle, maintain a civil action to recover damages for injuries received in such, combat at' the hands of his adversary, unless the latter beat him.excessively or.unreasonably ; this, upon the ground that, “ where two parties participate in' the commission of a criminal act, and one party suffers damages thereby, he is not entitled to indemnity or contribution from the other party.”
' These propositions have ho application in the present case. The evidence, taken together, furnishes no basis for the suggestion that the plaintiff voluntarily joined an illegal assembly for the purpose, if necessary, of committing murder, or any other criminal offence. Nor does it justify the assertion that- he voluntarily engaged in a physical combat with others. All that he did on the occasion of his being injured was by way of preparation to protect himself, and the property .of which he and his co-employes were in peaceable possession, against organized violence. It appears in proof.
as stated by the court below, that the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company was in the actual, peaceable possession of the road when the other company, by an armed body of men, organized and under the command of its chief officers, proceeded, in a violent manner, to drive the agents and servants of the former company from the posts to which they had been respectively assigned. It was a demonstration of force and violence, that disturbed the j)eace of the entire country along the line of the railway, and involved the safety and lives of many human beings. It is a plain cáse, on the proof, of a corporation taking the law into its own hands, and by force, and the commission, of a breach of the peace determining the question of the right to the possession of a public highway established primarily for the convenience of the people. The courts of the territory were open for the redress of any -wrongs that had been, or were being, committed against the defendant by the other company. If an appeal to the law, for the determination of the dispute as to right of possession, would have involved some delay, that was no reason for the employment of force — least of all, for the use of violent means under circumstances imperilling the peace of the community and the lives of citizens. To such delays all — whether individuals or corporations — must submit, whatever may be the temporary inconvenience resulting therefrom. ¥e need scarcely suggest 'that this duty, in a peculiar sense, rests upon corporations, which keep in their employment large bodies of men,- whose support depends upon their ready obedience of the orders of their superior officers, and who, being organized for the accomplishment of illegal purposes, may endanger the public peace, as well as the personal safety and the property of others besides those immediately concerned in their movements.
These principles, under somewhat different circumstances, Were recognized and enforced by this court at the present term. One Johnson was in the actual, peaceable possession of eighteen miles of a railroad built by him for a railroad company, and was running his own locomotives over it. He claimed the right to hold possession until he was paid for his
work. But the company, disputing his right to possession, ejected him by force and violence, lie brought his action of forcible entry and detainer. This court said that the party “so using force and acquiring possession may have the superior title, or may have the better right to the present possession, but the policy of the law in this class of cases is to prevent disturbances of the public peace, to forbid any person righting himself in a case of that kind by his own hand and by violence, and to require that the party who has in this manner obtained possession shall restoi’e it to the party from whom it has been so obtained; and then, when the parties are in
statü
quo, or in the same position as they were before the use of violence, the party out of possession must resort to legal means to obtain his possession, as he should have done in the first instance,”
Iron Mountain
&
Helena Railroad
v.
Johnson,
119 U. S. 608, 611. While this language was used in a case arising under a local statute, relating to actions of forcible entry and detainer, it is not without force in cases like this, where the peaceable possession of property is disturbed by such means as constitute a breach of the peace. If, in the employment of force and violence, personal injury arises therefrom to the person or persons thus in peaceable possession, the party using such unnecessary force and violence is liable in damages, without reference to the question of legal title or right of possession.
Reference was made in argument to those portions of the charge that refer to the liability of corporations for torts committed by their employes and servants.
In
Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad
v.
Quigley,
21 How. 202, this court held that a railroad corpoi’ation was responsible for the publication by them of a libel, in which the capacity and skill of a mechanic and builder of depots, bridges, station-houses, and other structures for railroad companies, were falsely and maliciously disparaged and undervalued. The publication, in that case, consisted in the preservation, in the permanent form of a book for distribution among the persons belonging to the corporation, of a report made by a committee of the company’s board of directors, in relation
to the administration and dealings of' the plaintiff as a superintendent of the road. The court, upon a full review of the authorities, held it to be the result of the cases, “ that for acts done by the agents of a corporation either
in contractu
or
in
delicto, in the course of its business, and of their employment, the corporation is responsible as an individual is responsible under similar circumstances.” In
State
v.
Morris & Essex
Railroad, 23 N. J. Law (2 Zabriskie) 369, it was well said that, “ if a corporation has itself no hands with which to strike,' it may employ the. hands of others; and it is now perfectly well'settled, contrary to the ancient authorities, that-a corporation is hable
civiliter
for all torts committed by its servants or agents by authority of the corporation, express or implied.. . . ^ The result of the modern cases is, that a corporation is liable
cwiliter
for torts committed by its servants or agents precisely as a natural person'; and that it is liable as a natural person for the acts of its agents done by its authority, express or implied, though there be neither a written appointment under seal, nor a vote of' the corporation constituting the agency or authorizing the act.” See also
Salt Lake City
v.
Hollister,
118 U. S. 256, 260;
New Jersey Steamboat Company
v.
Brockett,
121 U. S. 637;
National Bank
v. Graham, 100 U. S. 699, 702. The instructions given to the jury were in harmony’ with these salutary principles. Whatever may be said of some, expressions in the charge, when detached from their context, the whole charge was as favorable to the defendant as it was entitled to demand under the evidence.
One of the.consequences of the wound received by the plaintiff at the hands of the defendant’s servants was the loss of the .power to have offspring — a loss resulting directly and próximately from the. nature of the' wound. Evidence of this fact was, therefore, admissible, although- the declaration does not, in terms, specify such loss, as one of the results of the wound. The court very properly instructed the jury that such impotency, if caused by the defendant’s wrong, might be considered in estimating any compensatory damages to which the plaintiff might be found, under all the evidence, to be entitled.
Wade v.
Leroy, 20 How. 34, 44.
The court also instructed the jury that they were not limited to compensatory • damages, but could give punitive or exemplary damages, if it was found that the defendant acted with ba'd intent, and in pursuance of an unlawful purpose to forcibly take possession of the railway occupied by the other company, and in so doing shot the plaintiff, causing him incurable and • permanent injury; always bearing in mind that the total damages could not exceed the sum claimed in the declaration. This instruction, the company contends, was erroneous. Its counsel argue that, while a master ma.y be - accountable to an injured party to the extent of compensatory damages for the wrongful acts of his servant — provided the servant is acting within the general scope of his employment in. committing the injury — even though the master may not have authorized or may have even forbidden the doing of the particular act complained of, yet he cannot be mulcted in exemplary damages' unless he directed the servant to .commit the special wrong'in question in such manner as to personally identify himself with the servant in the perpetration of the injurious act.
The right of the jury in some cases to award exemplary or punitive damages is no longer an open question in this court. In
Day.
v.
Woodworth,
13 How. 363, 371, which was an action of trespass for tearing down and destroying a mill-danl, this court said that in all actions of trespass, and all actions on the case for torts,
“
a jury may inflict what are called exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages, upon a defendant, having in view the enormity of his offence rather than the measure of compensation to the plaintiff; ” and that such exemplary dam-, ages were allowable “ in actions of trespass where the injury has been wanton or malicious, or gross and outrageous.” The general rule was recognized and enforced in
Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad Co.
v.
Quigley,
which, as we have seen, was an action to recover damages against a corporation for a libel; in the latter case, the court observing that the malice spoken of in the rule announced in
Day
v.
Wood-worth-was
not merely the doing of an unlawful or .injurious act, but the act complained of must have been conceived “ in the spirit of mischief or of criminal indifference to civil obli
gations.” See also
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway
v.
Arms,
91 U. S. 489, 492;
Missouri Pacific Railway
v.
Humes,
115 U. S. 512, 521; and
Barry
v.
Edmunds,
116 U. S. 550, 562, 563.
The court, in the present case, said nothing to the jury that was inconsistent with the principle as settled in these cases. The jury were expressly restricted to compensatory damages, unless they found from the evidence that the defendant acted with bad intent and' in pursuance of an unlawful purpose to employ force to dispossess the other company. The doctrine of punitive damages should certainly apply in a case like this, where a, corporation, by its controlling officers, wantonly disturbed the peace of the community, and by the use of violent means endangered the lives of citizens in order to maintain rights, for the vindication of which, if they existed, an appeal should have been made to the judicial tribunals of the country. That the defendant, within the meaning of the rule holding corporations responsible for the misconduct of their servants in the course of its business and of their employment, directed that to be done which was done, it is not to be doubted from the evidence, the whole of which is given in the bill of exceptions. Its governing officers were in the actual command and directing the movements of what one of the witnesses described as the “ Denver and Rio Grande forces,” which were avowedly organized for the purpose of driving the other company and its employes, by force, from the possession of the road in question.
Other questions -were discussed by counsel, but they do not, in our judgment, deserve consideration. Substantial justice has been done without violating any principle of law in the admission of evidence, or in the granting or refusing of instructions.
The judgment is affirmed.