Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
Numerous errors are assigned, relating chiefly io the instructions of the court. The important questions discussed are, — Was the plaintiff a licensee or a trespasser? Was the plaintiff guilty of negligence that directly or proximately contributed to the injury? Was the defendant guilty of what plaintiff characterizes as gross or wilful negligence? or, speaking more accurately, was the conduct of defendant such as indicated a wilful or malicious intent to inflict injury?
We do not notice in detail the objections raised, but shall discuss and lay down the principles by which this controversy should be determined.
First: The negligent acts or mischief charged against defendant in the complaint as constituting the sole proximate cause of the injury, are that its servants did riot give any warning of the approach cf the train, and that its speed was greatly in excess of the limits prescribed in the town ordinance.
As we read the complaint these and these only are the particulars as to which defendant is said to have been remiss. The court, however, submitted this branch of the case upon the alleged negligence of the engineman in not seeing plaintiff upon the track or in failing to keep an outlook in front of his engine, as it was said to be his duty to do in the circumstances of this case. There was objection to this, and the court should have confined the case to the issues made by the pleadings.
Second: Under the facts of the case before us we do not consider it very important whether plaintiff was a trespasser or a licensee, though the latter may, as a general rule, be entitled to more consideration than the former. Still the court erred in instructing [34]*34the jury that, if the railroad track had been continuously,. commonly, and generally used for a number of years prior to the accident and was then used as a passage way by the general public, this was equivalent to an acquiescence by defendant therein and constituted' a license by the railway company that its track might be so used. The testimony is uncontradicted that the company repeatedly protested against this use, and did all that might reasonably be expected in such circumstances to warn the public against using the railroad property for their-own convenience. Instead of inducing or alluring people to enter upon its property or acquiescing in its use as a highway, the contrary is true, viz: that defendant repeatedly warned people against the same. It is difficult to conceive how it is possible for a license thus to be acquired.
But, though plaintiff was a trespasser, it does not necessarily follow that she cannot recover if the injury was wilfully or intentionally inflicted, as plaintiff in her pleading has tried to aver, and if the other essentials of such a cause of action are established. Evidently the plaintiff had this in mind when the complaint was drawn, for she does not content herself with charging that defendant was guilty of mere negligence, but she attempted, at least, to aver that' her injuries were occasioned by an intentional, wilful and deliberate act or omission of duty of defendant’s servant, and she must be held to proof of such act or omission. And so we must regard the complaint as stating a cause of action based not upon mere negligence, but upon an intentional, wilful act, or dereliction of duty on the part of defendant’s servant, characterized by recklessness or heedlessness as to the consequences of his act, or failure to act.
It may be that this cause of action is defectively stated, and we think it is; but both parties seem to [35]*35have proceeded' upon the assumption that something more than mere negligence of defendant was alleged. In passing we observe that an allegation that an act is wanton, reckless, and grossly negligent, is not equivalent to an allegation of a wilful or an intentional act.
Third: That plaintiff was guilty of negligence of a flagrant sort we have not the slightest doubt. She testifies- that before she stepped upon the railroad track she looked both ways, but did not see any train. The uncontradicted evidence is, and indeed' plaintiff so alleges in her complaint, that at the time she went upon the track the passenger train, the engine of which afterwards struck her and caused the injuries, was standing at the station about 600 feet to the east of Grand avenue where it intersects the railroad track. Thp view was wholly unobstructed, either by cars or natural objects. The complaint further says that from the moment the train pulled out from the station until the engine threw plaintiff from the track, the engineer could plainly see her for she' was constantly in full view. If this is so, and plaintiff is bound by it, then she certainly could have seen the train. It is true she says she did not see it. That, however, is her misfortune, not' defendant’s fault. The train was there, and if she did not see it, it was because she was heedless or careless or absent minded. If she had carefully looked, she would have seen the train. That, however, is not the only respect in which she was guilty of negligence. While the authorities differ as to whether mere walking between the rails of a railroad track is negligence per se, they are unanimous upon the proposition that the presence of a railroad track itself puts a reasonably careful person upon notice that danger is present; and when one deliberately walks along a railroad' track without properly making use either of his sense of hearing or [36]*36of sight to avert danger, he is guilty of negligence. The undisputed facts are that plaintiff stepped upon the railroad track at a time when the passenger train was 600 feet away to the westward, which she saw, or ought to have seen, and she deliberately turned her face eastward, and walked in. the center of the track with an umbrella raised and thrown across her shoulder without once looking back from the time she began her walk until she had traversed' a distance of 150 or 160 feet, and she did not, as she says, hear the noise of the approaching train. It must have made more or less noise because it stopped at the station for fifteen or twenty minutes, and in going eastward it was on an up-grade, and in the very nature of things the running of the train could not have been unattended with noise, and plaintiff’s attention was not distracted by noises from any other sources. Yet plaintiff says that the first intimation she had of its approach was at the very moment of collision, and' at once thereafter she became unconscious.
So we say that as a matter of law, under the uncontradicted testimony, plaintiff was guilty of negligence. It has been directly held in a number of cases that one does not do his full duty merely by looking or listening before going on to a railroad track, but it is his duty to keep a constant watch for the approach of a train or an engine while thereafter walking along it. I. C. R. R. Co. v. Godfrey, 71 Ill., 500, 508; Cleveland. C., C. & St. Louis Ry. Co. v. Tartt, 64 Fed. Rep., 823; Candelaria v. A., T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 6 New Mexico, 266, 279.
This court and our court of appeals have held that such acts as plaintiff admits constitute contributory negligence. Kennedy v. D. S. P. & P. Ry. Co., 10 Colo., 495; Denver &c., R. Co. v. Ryan, 17 Colo., 98-101; C. C. R. R. Co. v. Holmes, 5 Colo., 197; Davidson v, Tramway Co., 4 Colo. App., 283.
[37]
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Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
Numerous errors are assigned, relating chiefly io the instructions of the court. The important questions discussed are, — Was the plaintiff a licensee or a trespasser? Was the plaintiff guilty of negligence that directly or proximately contributed to the injury? Was the defendant guilty of what plaintiff characterizes as gross or wilful negligence? or, speaking more accurately, was the conduct of defendant such as indicated a wilful or malicious intent to inflict injury?
We do not notice in detail the objections raised, but shall discuss and lay down the principles by which this controversy should be determined.
First: The negligent acts or mischief charged against defendant in the complaint as constituting the sole proximate cause of the injury, are that its servants did riot give any warning of the approach cf the train, and that its speed was greatly in excess of the limits prescribed in the town ordinance.
As we read the complaint these and these only are the particulars as to which defendant is said to have been remiss. The court, however, submitted this branch of the case upon the alleged negligence of the engineman in not seeing plaintiff upon the track or in failing to keep an outlook in front of his engine, as it was said to be his duty to do in the circumstances of this case. There was objection to this, and the court should have confined the case to the issues made by the pleadings.
Second: Under the facts of the case before us we do not consider it very important whether plaintiff was a trespasser or a licensee, though the latter may, as a general rule, be entitled to more consideration than the former. Still the court erred in instructing [34]*34the jury that, if the railroad track had been continuously,. commonly, and generally used for a number of years prior to the accident and was then used as a passage way by the general public, this was equivalent to an acquiescence by defendant therein and constituted' a license by the railway company that its track might be so used. The testimony is uncontradicted that the company repeatedly protested against this use, and did all that might reasonably be expected in such circumstances to warn the public against using the railroad property for their-own convenience. Instead of inducing or alluring people to enter upon its property or acquiescing in its use as a highway, the contrary is true, viz: that defendant repeatedly warned people against the same. It is difficult to conceive how it is possible for a license thus to be acquired.
But, though plaintiff was a trespasser, it does not necessarily follow that she cannot recover if the injury was wilfully or intentionally inflicted, as plaintiff in her pleading has tried to aver, and if the other essentials of such a cause of action are established. Evidently the plaintiff had this in mind when the complaint was drawn, for she does not content herself with charging that defendant was guilty of mere negligence, but she attempted, at least, to aver that' her injuries were occasioned by an intentional, wilful and deliberate act or omission of duty of defendant’s servant, and she must be held to proof of such act or omission. And so we must regard the complaint as stating a cause of action based not upon mere negligence, but upon an intentional, wilful act, or dereliction of duty on the part of defendant’s servant, characterized by recklessness or heedlessness as to the consequences of his act, or failure to act.
It may be that this cause of action is defectively stated, and we think it is; but both parties seem to [35]*35have proceeded' upon the assumption that something more than mere negligence of defendant was alleged. In passing we observe that an allegation that an act is wanton, reckless, and grossly negligent, is not equivalent to an allegation of a wilful or an intentional act.
Third: That plaintiff was guilty of negligence of a flagrant sort we have not the slightest doubt. She testifies- that before she stepped upon the railroad track she looked both ways, but did not see any train. The uncontradicted evidence is, and indeed' plaintiff so alleges in her complaint, that at the time she went upon the track the passenger train, the engine of which afterwards struck her and caused the injuries, was standing at the station about 600 feet to the east of Grand avenue where it intersects the railroad track. Thp view was wholly unobstructed, either by cars or natural objects. The complaint further says that from the moment the train pulled out from the station until the engine threw plaintiff from the track, the engineer could plainly see her for she' was constantly in full view. If this is so, and plaintiff is bound by it, then she certainly could have seen the train. It is true she says she did not see it. That, however, is her misfortune, not' defendant’s fault. The train was there, and if she did not see it, it was because she was heedless or careless or absent minded. If she had carefully looked, she would have seen the train. That, however, is not the only respect in which she was guilty of negligence. While the authorities differ as to whether mere walking between the rails of a railroad track is negligence per se, they are unanimous upon the proposition that the presence of a railroad track itself puts a reasonably careful person upon notice that danger is present; and when one deliberately walks along a railroad' track without properly making use either of his sense of hearing or [36]*36of sight to avert danger, he is guilty of negligence. The undisputed facts are that plaintiff stepped upon the railroad track at a time when the passenger train was 600 feet away to the westward, which she saw, or ought to have seen, and she deliberately turned her face eastward, and walked in. the center of the track with an umbrella raised and thrown across her shoulder without once looking back from the time she began her walk until she had traversed' a distance of 150 or 160 feet, and she did not, as she says, hear the noise of the approaching train. It must have made more or less noise because it stopped at the station for fifteen or twenty minutes, and in going eastward it was on an up-grade, and in the very nature of things the running of the train could not have been unattended with noise, and plaintiff’s attention was not distracted by noises from any other sources. Yet plaintiff says that the first intimation she had of its approach was at the very moment of collision, and' at once thereafter she became unconscious.
So we say that as a matter of law, under the uncontradicted testimony, plaintiff was guilty of negligence. It has been directly held in a number of cases that one does not do his full duty merely by looking or listening before going on to a railroad track, but it is his duty to keep a constant watch for the approach of a train or an engine while thereafter walking along it. I. C. R. R. Co. v. Godfrey, 71 Ill., 500, 508; Cleveland. C., C. & St. Louis Ry. Co. v. Tartt, 64 Fed. Rep., 823; Candelaria v. A., T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 6 New Mexico, 266, 279.
This court and our court of appeals have held that such acts as plaintiff admits constitute contributory negligence. Kennedy v. D. S. P. & P. Ry. Co., 10 Colo., 495; Denver &c., R. Co. v. Ryan, 17 Colo., 98-101; C. C. R. R. Co. v. Holmes, 5 Colo., 197; Davidson v, Tramway Co., 4 Colo. App., 283.
[37]*37In actions grounded on negligence the general rule is that a plaintiff who is guilty of negligence which contributes to, or is a direct cause of, his injury, may not recover; and if the charge against defendant here was mere negligence, the court below, upon the admitted facts, ought to have directed a verdict in its favor. Were this not a case of an intentional or wilful act or omission, but merely one where, notwithstanding the negligence of the plaintiff the defendant was sought to be held responsible for the accident because it had a last clear opportunity of avoiding it, the question would be presented whether it was a fit occasion for the application of the doctrine of “last clear chance.” Learned courts differ in the reasons given for enforcing it, and much confusion has arisen in the attempt to fasten a liability upon, or give relief to, a defendant in such circumstances. An interesting article upon this question is found in Vol. 8, Case and Comment, for April, 1902. But we are not dealing with that kind of a case. Here the alleged grievance was an intentional infliction of injury, and we think by the great weight of authority, a plaintiff, though guilty of negligence, may still recover, if after the discovery of his peril defendant fails to exercise ordinary care to prevent the injury, if, in fact, such failure of defendant was its proximate or direct cause, and if, as said by this court in Railway Company v. Crisman, 19 Colo., 30 and 35, defendant was “also guilty of such conduct as implied an intent or willingness to cause the injury.” Denver B. P. R. T. Co. v. Dwyer, 20 Colo., 132; K. P. Ry. Co. v. Cranmer, 4 Colo., 524.
In the Crisman case the element of wilfulness seems to have been considered present; but there is some doubt about it as to the other two cases cited. However that may be, it is clear that the doctrine which we have announced applies to a case where [38]*38wilful or intentional injury is charged against a defendant. Yet it is to be always borne in mind that if plaintiff’s own negligence, — being in point of time either prior, concurrent with, or subsequent to, that of the defendant, — turns out to be the sole proximate or direct cause of the injury, she is not entitled to recover whatever the cause of action be. There was some evidence, which should have been submitted to the jury under appropriate instructions upon these various propositions. Beach on Contributory Negligence, §§ 54-57.
Assuming then that plaintiff was guilty of negligence, the pivotal question in the case is whether the accident might have been averted had' defendant,— after discovering plaintiff’s peril, or after her peril might have been discovered by the exercise of ordinary care and diligence, — used ordinary care to stop the train. In other words, was the conduct of the engineer in not stopping his train after he saw, or by the exercise of reasonable care and diligence might have seen, the plaintiff, such as tó show an utter and wanton indifference to the consequences of his act or omission to act and was such conduct the sole proximate and direct cause of the injury; or was plaintiff’s negligence, continuing down to the moment of the collision, the sole proximate cause. There are authorities which hold that the mere failure of an engineer to cause the bell attached to his engine to be rung, or the whistle to be sounded, is not of itself sufficient proof to establish a wilful intent to cause injury, and such decision we think is right. And it is proper to add that the authorities hold that where an engineer sees an adult walking on the track in front of an approaching train, and knows of no reason, like deafness or drunkenness or undue prostration that prevents him from acting, he is justified in pre[39]*39sinning that the pedestrian will step off before a collision occurs.
Fourth: Defendant’s counsel strenuously insists, however, that a railroad company is not bound to take any precautions for the safety of trespassers and that in no event may a trespasser recover from it for injuries inflicted while he is upon its private property, except at street crossings, unless it is guilty of a failure to exercise ordinary cafe after it actually discovers that the trespasser is in a position of peril. In other words, the contention is that even though by the exercise of ordinary care, the peril might have been discovered, yet, if as a matter of fact actual knowledge of the trespasser’s peril was not acquired by the company’s servants in time to enable them by ordinary care to avert the accident, no recovery can be had. Undoubtedly a large number of able courts have so decided; but this court, in the case of Denver, éc., Company v. Dwyer, supra, has at least foreshadowed a qualification of the-general rule contended for by defendant. The direct question, however, was not then presented as to whether recovery was limited to cases where actual knowledge is shown, but we think the better rule in applying the doctrine of last clear chance, or in cases of wilful act, is, as stated in 2 Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, § 484, that if a defendant fails to see what he -was bound to look for and ought to have seen, he is guilty of negligence. It is upon a somewhat similar principle that we have just held plaintiff guilty of negligence in not seeing the passenger train at the station when she says she looked for it. She ought to have seen it, and if she had exercised reasonable care, would have seen it; and the fact that she did not, will not relieve her from the results of her negligence. So, with respect to the defendant, though its engineman did not see plaintiff upon the track in time to avert the accident, still, if, [40]*40in the circumstances of this case, he ought to have seen her, and through some fault or neglect of his own did not, the result is the. same as if he had seen her and did not stop his train, if, with safety to his passengers, he could have done so after actually seeing her.
By an enforcement of the strict rule the judgment might be reversed with instructions to the trial court to dismiss the action, for it was not established by proof, or submitted by the court upon the charges of the specific misconduct which the plaintiff stated in her complaint, but rather upon the alleged wilful and wanton conduct of the engineer in not keeping a sufficient lookout for persons upon the track at this place. But both parties we think, by their conduct, have waived a strict compliance with the rules of pleading, and at least one, and possibly both, of them supposed that a cause of action based upon the wilful misconduct of defendant was pleaded.
The judgment must be reversed because of rulings by the trial court opposed to the principles herein laid down; but we shall not, as requested by defendant, order the action dismissed, but will permit the complaint to be amended, if the plaintiff sees fit, and remand the cause for a new trial, in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Reversed.