Opinion of the Court by
Judge Barker.
Affirmed*
The appellants instituted this action against Walter Alves and his co-appellees, alleging that they are the owners and entitled to the possession of a farm in Hendlerson county, Ky., called the “Point Place; ’’ that the defendants are in the wrongful possession of this property, and unlawfully detaining it from the real owners, and they prayed for a judgment of the court that they were the owners and entitled to possession of the property. The • defendants (appellees) answered, denying the title of the plaintiffs (appellants), and alleging ownership in themselves, and pleaded a judgment wherein the property was sold at judicial sale and purchased by their remote vendor, in bar of appellants’ rights. They also pleaded the statute of limitations, and the issues were made up along these lines.
The first question in the case is whether or not tne [348]*348court had jurisdiction of the plaintiffs (appellants.) in the action above referred to, wherein the property was sold' at judicial sale. Without striving at absolute accuracy of detail it may be said that the grandfather of appellants, John H. Stanley, was in his life time the owner in fee simple of the ‘ ‘ Point Place, ’ ’ a farm of about 200- acres. . He was, in addition, the owner of a large estate consisting mainly of real property. In 1878 he died, leaving a will which was duly and legally admitted to probate. By his will he devised the “Point Place” to his daughter, Lucy A. Dennis, the mother of appellants, for life, with remainder to her children. After the death of John H. Stanley, his son, James M. Stanley, qualified as executor of his will, and brought an action for the settlement of the estate of his testator, and for the payment of his debts and the distribution of his estate among his devisees. The estate was largely in debt, owing some $20,000. The personal property amounted to a good deal less, say something like $10,000. The petition alleged the insufficiency of the personal property to pay off the debts, and prayed for a sale of so much of the real property as was necessary to discharge the indebtedness. The appellants, who. were infants of tender years, and were the remaindermen after the death of their mother, Lucy A. Dennis, were not made parties defendant to the original petition, but afterwards an amended' petition was filed, alleging their interest, and that they were necessary parties to the litigation. Process was then awarded by the court, although the record' does not show that summons was ever issued or served upon the infants. The record was necessarily large, and there were many other pleadings and cross-actions filed, setting up claims against the estate. Subsequently a judgment was. rendered' decreeing a [349]*349sale of “Point Place” by the commissioner of the court, and in pursuan.ee of this judgment it was sold along with some of the other real property, and was purchased by the executor, James M. Stanley, for the sum of $7,365, which was paid into court and used for the purpose of extinguishing the indebtedness of the testator, a part of which was a mortgage debt due Mirs. F. Stratman for $3,000, which was a lien upon the “Point Place.” As Lucy A. Dennis and her children, to whom this farm was- devised, in this proceeding lost the whole devise by the- payment of the debts, of the testator, she subsequently filed an answer and made it a cross-petition against the other devisees of her father, praying that the property unsold in the action be redistributed and that she be made equal with the other devisees as- far as that was possible. This was done, and 131 acres of land was set apart to her and her children, upon the same condition as the original devise — to her for life, and remainder to her children, the appellants. This, property was after-wards sold at the suit of the guardian of the children in part for their maintenance, and in part to secure them a home in Henderson, Ky. One thousand six hundred dollars of the proceeds of the sale of the 131 acres was invested in the house and lot in Henderson, upon the same condition as the original devise to the mother for life, and remainder to the children. Pour hundred dollars was paid over to each of the children in money. The balance was presumably expended in their education and maintenance. After the, death of their mother, the life tenant, this action was instituted, as before stated, against the appellees, to recover the “Point Place.” The appellees, it is admitted, have the same title to< the property that wás acquired by James M. Stanley, the purchaser at the [350]*350judicial sale, from whom they have derived it by regular devolution of title.
So the question recurs: Was the judgment in the case by the executor to settle the estate of John M. Stanley void as to the infant defendants (appellants) ? This question turns upon the presumption which will be indulged in favor of the judgment of a court of general jurisdiction when collaterally attacked. It is admitted that the record is silent as to whether or not process was ever issued on the cross-petition, or, if issued, whether served upon the infant defendants. Por the appellees it' is insisted that, although the record is silent upon this crucial point, every presumption will be indulged in favor of the validity of the judgment; and, unless it is affirmatively shown that the infant defendants were not properly before the court, their rights were concluded by the judgment had, and the purchaser at judicial sale acquired their title to the land. To decide this question it is only necessary to ascertain the correct principle of law governing it.
In the case of Segal v. Reisert, 107 S. W. 747, 32 Ky. Law Rep. 901, 128 Ky. 117, we had occasion to examine the principle involved here with great particularity, and to review at considerable length the authorities' bearing upon it, and after this review it is said in the opinion: “It would seem from- these authorities that, where a collateral attack is made upon a judgment of a court of general jurisdiction, it is not sufficient to simply allege the absence of a jurisdictional fact; but it must be alleged that the record affirmatively shows' the absence of the jurisdictional fact. This the answer in the case before us fails to do. and for aught that appears here the record in the case in which the property was sold may affirmatively show that the married [351]*351women were privily examined as required by section 495, Civ. Code Prac.; and if it does, or it would seem even if it were silent upon tbe question, it must be conclusively presumed in favor of the judgment that the privy examination was had. ’ ’
In the case of Maysville & B. S. R. R. Co. v. Ball, etc., 108 Ky. 241, 56 S. W. 188, 21 K. L. R. 1693, a collateral attack was made on a judgment upon the ground that it was void for want of service of process on the defendant Upon this question the court said: “The attack on the judgment is not direct, but collateral. It is a well-settled rule that domestic judgments rendered in a court of general jurisdiction cannot be collaterally attacked unless the want of jurisdiction appears upon the record.- Therefore no evidence is admissible except that which is furnished by the record of the action wherein the judgment was rendered. Of course the rule is otherwise when a direct attack is made upon a judgment. The answer that the defendant was not served with process, and did not appear in the action, etc., is insufficient, because it also should have alleged that the record shows such to be the case.
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge Barker.
Affirmed*
The appellants instituted this action against Walter Alves and his co-appellees, alleging that they are the owners and entitled to the possession of a farm in Hendlerson county, Ky., called the “Point Place; ’’ that the defendants are in the wrongful possession of this property, and unlawfully detaining it from the real owners, and they prayed for a judgment of the court that they were the owners and entitled to possession of the property. The • defendants (appellees) answered, denying the title of the plaintiffs (appellants), and alleging ownership in themselves, and pleaded a judgment wherein the property was sold at judicial sale and purchased by their remote vendor, in bar of appellants’ rights. They also pleaded the statute of limitations, and the issues were made up along these lines.
The first question in the case is whether or not tne [348]*348court had jurisdiction of the plaintiffs (appellants.) in the action above referred to, wherein the property was sold' at judicial sale. Without striving at absolute accuracy of detail it may be said that the grandfather of appellants, John H. Stanley, was in his life time the owner in fee simple of the ‘ ‘ Point Place, ’ ’ a farm of about 200- acres. . He was, in addition, the owner of a large estate consisting mainly of real property. In 1878 he died, leaving a will which was duly and legally admitted to probate. By his will he devised the “Point Place” to his daughter, Lucy A. Dennis, the mother of appellants, for life, with remainder to her children. After the death of John H. Stanley, his son, James M. Stanley, qualified as executor of his will, and brought an action for the settlement of the estate of his testator, and for the payment of his debts and the distribution of his estate among his devisees. The estate was largely in debt, owing some $20,000. The personal property amounted to a good deal less, say something like $10,000. The petition alleged the insufficiency of the personal property to pay off the debts, and prayed for a sale of so much of the real property as was necessary to discharge the indebtedness. The appellants, who. were infants of tender years, and were the remaindermen after the death of their mother, Lucy A. Dennis, were not made parties defendant to the original petition, but afterwards an amended' petition was filed, alleging their interest, and that they were necessary parties to the litigation. Process was then awarded by the court, although the record' does not show that summons was ever issued or served upon the infants. The record was necessarily large, and there were many other pleadings and cross-actions filed, setting up claims against the estate. Subsequently a judgment was. rendered' decreeing a [349]*349sale of “Point Place” by the commissioner of the court, and in pursuan.ee of this judgment it was sold along with some of the other real property, and was purchased by the executor, James M. Stanley, for the sum of $7,365, which was paid into court and used for the purpose of extinguishing the indebtedness of the testator, a part of which was a mortgage debt due Mirs. F. Stratman for $3,000, which was a lien upon the “Point Place.” As Lucy A. Dennis and her children, to whom this farm was- devised, in this proceeding lost the whole devise by the- payment of the debts, of the testator, she subsequently filed an answer and made it a cross-petition against the other devisees of her father, praying that the property unsold in the action be redistributed and that she be made equal with the other devisees as- far as that was possible. This was done, and 131 acres of land was set apart to her and her children, upon the same condition as the original devise — to her for life, and remainder to her children, the appellants. This, property was after-wards sold at the suit of the guardian of the children in part for their maintenance, and in part to secure them a home in Henderson, Ky. One thousand six hundred dollars of the proceeds of the sale of the 131 acres was invested in the house and lot in Henderson, upon the same condition as the original devise to the mother for life, and remainder to the children. Pour hundred dollars was paid over to each of the children in money. The balance was presumably expended in their education and maintenance. After the, death of their mother, the life tenant, this action was instituted, as before stated, against the appellees, to recover the “Point Place.” The appellees, it is admitted, have the same title to< the property that wás acquired by James M. Stanley, the purchaser at the [350]*350judicial sale, from whom they have derived it by regular devolution of title.
So the question recurs: Was the judgment in the case by the executor to settle the estate of John M. Stanley void as to the infant defendants (appellants) ? This question turns upon the presumption which will be indulged in favor of the judgment of a court of general jurisdiction when collaterally attacked. It is admitted that the record is silent as to whether or not process was ever issued on the cross-petition, or, if issued, whether served upon the infant defendants. Por the appellees it' is insisted that, although the record is silent upon this crucial point, every presumption will be indulged in favor of the validity of the judgment; and, unless it is affirmatively shown that the infant defendants were not properly before the court, their rights were concluded by the judgment had, and the purchaser at judicial sale acquired their title to the land. To decide this question it is only necessary to ascertain the correct principle of law governing it.
In the case of Segal v. Reisert, 107 S. W. 747, 32 Ky. Law Rep. 901, 128 Ky. 117, we had occasion to examine the principle involved here with great particularity, and to review at considerable length the authorities' bearing upon it, and after this review it is said in the opinion: “It would seem from- these authorities that, where a collateral attack is made upon a judgment of a court of general jurisdiction, it is not sufficient to simply allege the absence of a jurisdictional fact; but it must be alleged that the record affirmatively shows' the absence of the jurisdictional fact. This the answer in the case before us fails to do. and for aught that appears here the record in the case in which the property was sold may affirmatively show that the married [351]*351women were privily examined as required by section 495, Civ. Code Prac.; and if it does, or it would seem even if it were silent upon tbe question, it must be conclusively presumed in favor of the judgment that the privy examination was had. ’ ’
In the case of Maysville & B. S. R. R. Co. v. Ball, etc., 108 Ky. 241, 56 S. W. 188, 21 K. L. R. 1693, a collateral attack was made on a judgment upon the ground that it was void for want of service of process on the defendant Upon this question the court said: “The attack on the judgment is not direct, but collateral. It is a well-settled rule that domestic judgments rendered in a court of general jurisdiction cannot be collaterally attacked unless the want of jurisdiction appears upon the record.- Therefore no evidence is admissible except that which is furnished by the record of the action wherein the judgment was rendered. Of course the rule is otherwise when a direct attack is made upon a judgment. The answer that the defendant was not served with process, and did not appear in the action, etc., is insufficient, because it also should have alleged that the record shows such to be the case. In Van Fleet, on Collateral Attack (section 855) it is said: ‘An answer to an, action on a domestic judgment, where special pleading is required or attempted, must not only deny service and appearance, but must allege what the record shows, or fails to show, on these points. *. * * Hence an answer to an action on the record of any court must allege that it does not show any service or appearance, and, if the record is that of a superior court, it must allege that it affirmatively shows a want of service.’ I Black, Judgments, section 271, announces the same doctrine, wherein it is'said: ‘When a party seeks in a collateral action to impeach the judgment or decree of a court of [352]*352superior jurisdiction on the ground that he had no legal notice of the pendency of the action, it is necessary that he should allege in his pleading what, if anything, is shown by the record in relation to- the issue and service of process, because, unless the record itself shows that the court never acquired jurisdiction of him, it will be conclusively presumed that the jurisdiction did attach.’ ’
In the case of Jones, etc., v. Edwards, etc., 78 Ky. 6, the same question we have here arose, and it was said: “The mere absence of evidence in the record of Peter F. Smith’s executor against his devisees, etc., that two or three of his devisees had been summoned in the action is not sufficient to enable the appellees to make a successful collateral attack upon that record and shut it out as evidence in this case; and that it cannot be done has been substantially decided in the following adjudged cases: (Authorities omitted.)”
In Freeman on Judgments, section 124, it is said that: “Nothing' shall be intended to be out of the jurisdiction of a superior court but that which expressly appears to be so. Hence, though the existence of any jurisdictional fact may not be affirmed upon the record, it will be presumed, upon a collateral attack, that the court, if of general jurisdiction, has acted correctly and with due authority, and its judgment will be valid as though every fact necessary to jurisdiction affirmatively appeared. The decisions to this effect are very-numerous.” T'o the same effect are Miller v. Farmers’ Bank, etc., 75 S. W. 218, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 373; Northington v. Reed, 75 S. W. 206, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 354; Berry v. Foster, 58 S. W. 709, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 746.
The record in the case in which the judicial sale was had does not affirmatively show that the infant [353]*353defendants (appellants) were not summoned and properly before tbe court; the record on this question being merely silent. Therefore, under the foregoing authority, we must presume that the court would not have rendered a judgment of sale foreclosing the right of the infants unless they were properly before the court; and, this being true, tbe judgment was not void, although it may have been erroneous.
It therefore follows that, so far as anything to the contrary appears in the case before us, the court had jurisdiction to make the sale of “Point Place,” and that the purchaser acquired all the title in the land which the appellants then owned.
Judgment affirmed.