RENDERED: FEBRUARY 26, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2019-CA-0877-MR
DENNIS HUTCHINSON APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JOHNNY RAY HARRIS, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-00153
THE ESTATE OF MILLARD CALEB SKEENS BY AND THROUGH ITS ADMINISTRATOR, STANLEY SKEENS APPELLEE
AND NO. 2019-CA-0878-MR
SGT. JAMIE FIELDS APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JOHNNY RAY HARRIS, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-00153
THE ESTATE OF MILLARD CALEB SKEENS BY AND THROUGH ITS ADMINISTRATOR, STANLEY SKEENS APPELLEE OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, KRAMER, AND MAZE, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: Dennis Hutchinson (“Hutchinson”) and Sgt. Jamie Fields
(“Fields”) appeal from the Floyd Circuit Court’s denial of their respective motions
for summary judgment. They claim error in the trial court’s not finding them
entitled to qualified official immunity for their actions in a high-speed pursuit of
Millard Caleb Skeens, who died from injuries in a single-vehicle motorcycle
accident shortly after the pursuit. We affirm.
Standards Governing Our Review
Usually, an order denying summary judgment is not immediately
appealable. Mattingly v. Mitchell, 425 S.W.3d 85, 91 (Ky. App. 2013). But there
is an exception to this general rule—an order denying summary judgment based on
a determination that a defendant is not entitled to qualified official immunity is
immediately appealable. Id. at 89.
Although the trial court did not specifically state in its order why it
denied summary judgment to both defendants, the defendants argued inter alia in
their summary judgment motions that they were entitled to qualified official
immunity. We consider only whether the trial court erred in not concluding the
-2- defendants were entitled to qualified official immunity and do not address any
other matters raised in the summary judgment motions. See id. at 86 (narrowing
the review of denial of summary judgment to consideration of qualified official
immunity issues alone: “Because the remaining portions of the circuit court’s
order are not subject to immediate appeal, we do not address those issues.”).
We review de novo the trial court’s determination that Hutchinson and
Fields were not entitled to qualified official immunity. Rowan County v. Sloas,
201 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Ky. 2006) (citation omitted) (“once the material facts are
resolved, whether a particular defendant is protected by official immunity is a
question of law, which we review de novo.”). See also Patton v. Bickford, 529
S.W.3d 717, 723 (Ky. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (“A
motion for summary judgment presents only questions of law and a determination
of whether a disputed material issue of fact exists. Our review is de novo, and we
afford no deference to the trial court’s decision.”).
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The evidence in the record included the depositions of Hutchinson and
Fields, in which they discussed their recollections and a transcript of the dispatch
recording about the pursuit. Hutchinson and Fields were also asked about their
familiarity and compliance with Kentucky State Police (KSP) policies or directives
about pursuits. The dispatch recording transcript and KSP pursuit policy in
-3- General Order OM-B-15 were attached as exhibits to their depositions. The Estate
of Millard Caleb Skeens submitted the affidavit of an experienced former KSP
official, who opined that Hutchinson and Fields failed to comply with KSP
directives in conducting the pursuit of Millard Caleb Skeens.
The Pursuit as Described in Dispatch Recording and Appellants’ Depositions
During the evening of July 31, 2017, Dennis Hutchinson was on
patrol for Kentucky Vehicle Enforcement, a division of the Kentucky State Police.
While on patrol, he observed two motorcycles traveling at high speeds. According
to Hutchinson’s deposition, radar showed one motorcycle to be traveling at 92
miles per hour and the other at 102 miles per hour. Hutchinson tried to pull over
both motorcycle drivers. The driver of the somewhat slower motorcycle pulled
over, but the driver of the faster motorcycle did not. Hutchinson followed the
faster motorcycle, rather than stopping to talk with the driver who had pulled over.
Dispatch and Hutchinson’s supervisor (Sgt. Jamie Fields) became
aware of the pursuit via radio communications from Hutchinson. Hutchinson
provided dispatch with information such as the southbound direction of travel and
there being no traffic in that direction except for him and the two motorcycles he
observed traveling at least 90 miles per hour. When the dispatcher asked him
about the reason for trying to stop someone other than the rate of speed,
-4- Hutchinson replied, “Got him at 101, he was passing cars in the median at Banner,
I passed the other motorcycle he pulled off there . . . .”
The dispatch recording recounted Hutchinson continuing to advise
dispatch about where he was traveling, noting passing landmarks such as a
memorial garden and a car dealership, and describing his observations of the
motorcycle. Fields informed Hutchinson he was on the way on the dispatch
recording. The dispatcher asked about Hutchinson’s speed, and Hutchinson
replied 90 miles per hour. And the dispatcher inquired whether Hutchinson still
had visibility. Hutchinson effectively affirmed, stating he was about three car
lengths behind the motorcycle.
After having previously twice noted a lack of traffic on the
southbound side, Hutchinson later noted he was “coming into a little traffic” as he
approached a certain area and stated he was “going to back off a little bit.” He
then indicated that the motorcycle driver was turning on a road called 979 on the
dispatch recording. According to his deposition testimony, Hutchinson turned off
his emergency lights after turning on 979, but he continued to follow the
motorcycle at a slower speed for awhile.
On the dispatch recording, Fields advised Hutchinson: “if you come
up on any traffic on 979 or if it gets to excessive speed just go ahead and
discontinue it.” After Fields and Hutchinson discussed their respective
-5- whereabouts on the dispatch recording, Hutchinson told dispatch he was “coming
in the curve here at 979. I had lost sight of him when I came in the curve there’s a
faring [sic] laying in the road im [sic] going to see if I can turn around see if he
might have wrecked.”
Unfortunately, the motorcycle driver had wrecked, and he died from
his injuries sometime shortly thereafter. He was identified as Millard Caleb
Skeens, and his estate later filed suit against Hutchinson and Fields. We will refer
to Skeens’ estate as simply “Skeens” hereinafter.
Fields admitted in his deposition testimony that the pursuit should
have been terminated under KSP policy once Skeens turned onto 979 based upon
979’s posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour, which Fields was unaware of the
night of the pursuit. Fields admitted policy would dictate telling Hutchinson to
terminate the pursuit immediately, not just telling him to terminate if he
encountered more traffic or if the speed became excessive.
Based on the dispatch recording transcript, Hutchinson never said he
was “terminating” the pursuit although he indicated he would “back off a little bit.”
But Hutchinson testified via deposition to advising Fields he was terminating the
pursuit when Fields called Hutchinson on his cell phone. Fields claimed to have
tried to tell Hutchinson to stop the pursuit on the cell phone call in his deposition,
but that Hutchinson said he had already terminated the pursuit but was still
-6- “attempting to locate” Skeens. Fields further admitted that he should not have
contacted Hutchinson via cell phone, but Fields indicated he had lost radio contact
with Hutchinson when he dropped the microphone. However, there was no
recording of any cell phone call between Hutchinson and Fields, nor did they come
forward with any record showing the cell phone call took place.
Trial Court’s Ruling on Appellants’ Summary Judgment Motions
Hutchinson and Fields each filed a motion for summary judgment.
Both asserted qualified official immunity as one basis for summary judgment. But
they also asserted other grounds, such as failure to establish various elements of a
negligence cause of action including duty, breach, and causation.
In its succinct order denying summary judgment for both defendants,
the trial court did not further explain the basis for its ruling but explicitly stated
that Fields could refile his motion for summary judgment once he came forward
with cell phone records about the “alleged cell phone call” to Hutchinson.
Unfortunately, we cannot ascertain the trial court’s reasoning as any transcripts or
video recordings of hearings were not included in the record on appeal, and
narrative statements were not prepared pursuant to Kentucky Rules of Civil
Procedure (CR) 75.13.
-7- ANALYSIS
Kentucky precedent clearly holds that an appellant is responsible for
“ensur[ing] that the record contains all of the materials necessary for an appellate
court to rule upon all the issues raised” and “we are required to assume that any
portion of the record not supplied to us supports the decision of the trial court.”
Clark v. Commonwealth, 223 S.W.3d 90, 102 (Ky. 2007) (citations omitted). See
also Brannock v. Brannock, 598 S.W.3d 91, 95 (Ky. App. 2019). Therefore, we
review the trial court’s denial of summary judgment for qualified official immunity
purposes under the somewhat limited record before us.
In considering the summary judgment motion, the trial court must
construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary
judgment (here, Skeens) and resolve all doubts in its favor. The trial court can
properly grant summary judgment only where “it would be impossible for the
respondent to produce evidence at the trial warranting a judgment in his favor.”
Mattingly, 425 S.W.3d at 89 (quoting Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center,
Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991)).
As we review whether the trial court properly denied the summary
judgment motion considering assertions of qualified official immunity, we heed the
parameters of qualified immunity set forth in Kentucky precedent with its
emphasis on the distinction between discretionary and ministerial acts:
-8- Under the qualified immunity doctrine, public officers and employees are shielded from liability for the negligent performance of discretionary acts in good faith and within the scope of their authority. Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 522 (Ky. 2001). The distinction between a discretionary act and a ministerial act is pivotal to the immunity determination. A discretionary act involves the exercise of discretion and judgment or personal deliberation. Id. A ministerial act is one that is “absolute, certain, and imperative, involving merely execution of a specific act arising from fixed and designated facts.” Id. The Yanero Court elaborated: “An act is not necessarily ‘discretionary’ just because the officer performing it has some discretion with respect to the means or method to be employed.” Id. Quoting Upchurch v. Clinton County, 330 S.W.2d 428, 430 (Ky. 1959), the Court emphasized “[t]hat a necessity may exist for the ascertainment of those facts does not operate to convert the act into one discretionary in nature.” Id. Because few acts are purely discretionary or purely ministerial, the courts must look for the “dominant nature of the act.” Haney v. Monsky, 311 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Ky. 2010).
Mattingly, 425 S.W.3d at 89-90. Applying this precedent in light of KSP pursuit
policies and our review of the evidence in the record, we conclude that the trial
court properly determined that Appellants were not entitled to summary judgment
on qualified official immunity grounds.
Relevant KSP directives about the initiation and termination of
pursuits are set forth in General Order OM-B-15, which defines a vehicle pursuit
as: “An active attempt by an officer in an authorized emergency vehicle to
apprehend a fleeing suspect who is actively attempting to elude the police.”
-9- (General Order OM-B-15 is attached as Exhibit K to the appellee’s brief and was
also attached as an Exhibit 1 to Fields’ deposition in the record.)
Regarding the initiation of a pursuit, the KSP policy states:
A. The decision to initiate pursuit/emergency response driving will be discretionary with each individual officer. The officer must weigh the need for immediate apprehension against the risk created to all others by the pursuit. The factors to be considered in initiating and continuing a pursuit or emergency response driving should include, but are not limited to the following:
1. Seriousness of the call or a violator’s offense (i.e. if the offender is allowed to flee, he would present a danger to human life or cause serious physical injury.) A charge of wanton endangerment arising from a vehicular pursuit shall not be the singular reason for continuing a pursuit;
2. Identity of the offender, if known, and the likelihood of apprehension;
3. Factors such as pursuit/emergency response speed, weather, roadway conditions, time of day, location of the pursuit/emergency response, and the condition and capabilities of the pursuit and pursued vehicles; and
4. Amount of vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
(OM-B-15, pp. 3-4 of 9.) Under this same policy, an officer’s responsibilities
during an ongoing pursuit include keeping his siren and emergency lights
operational, informing the post of the pursuit and certain required information, and
maintaining control and safe operation of the vehicle. (OM-B-15, pp. 4-5.)
-10- The policy further states: “Pursuits shall be terminated” under certain
listed conditions, including the pursuit entering “a commercial area, residential
area, school zone, or other roadway where the posted speed limit is less than 55
MPH, unless the pursuit is conducted for a violent felony offense or supervisory
approval has been granted[.]” Other listed reasons mandating termination include
an order to terminate the pursuit being issued by the supervisor monitoring the
pursuit, the offender’s general location becoming unknown, and an officer’s
reasonable belief that the dangers of continuing pursuit outweigh the need for
immediate apprehension in light of factors like vehicle performance capabilities,
road surfaces, and weather conditions. (OM-B-15, p. 6.)
Hutchinson and Fields argue in their joint appellant’s brief that they
were entitled to summary judgment on the ground of qualified official immunity,
asserting that Hutchinson’s acts were discretionary, that the dominant nature of
Fields’ acts was discretionary, and that Hutchinson did not negligently perform the
ministerial act of driving. But Skeens argues the trial court properly denied
summary judgment and that Appellants were not entitled to qualified official
immunity.
Skeens contends that Hutchinson and Fields failed to comply with
mandatory duties in the KSP pursuit policy, pointing to language requiring that
officers “shall” weigh various factors when deciding whether to initiate pursuit and
-11- that officers “shall” terminate pursuit under certain conditions including entering
an area with a posted speed limit of less than 55 miles per hour. So, Skeens argues
that their actions were ministerial, and they should not be accorded any type of
Hutchinson and Fields, on the other hand, point to language in the
policy stating that initiation of a pursuit is “discretionary” to argue that their
actions were discretionary, and they were therefore entitled to qualified official
immunity. They also contend that Hutchinson complied with any duty to terminate
the pursuit when turning onto 979, based on him slowing down and turning off his
emergency lights, and that Hutchinson advised his supervisor (Fields) that he
terminated the pursuit via a cell phone call. Skeens claims that the trial judge
stated in a hearing that he was denying the summary judgment because “backing
off” was not the same as “terminating” a pursuit. But no specific citation to a
recording or transcript was provided.
Reviewing the record before us, mindful of the trial court’s duty to
construe the evidence in the light most favorable to Skeens and to resolve all
doubts in Skeens’ favor, we see no error in the trial court’s denying summary
judgment to Hutchinson and Fields under the facts and circumstances here. Even
accepting that the decision to initiate a pursuit is discretionary as stated by the KSP
pursuit policy, there appears to be a nondiscretionary duty to keep emergency
-12- lights operational during a pursuit and a nondiscretionary duty to terminate a
pursuit under certain circumstances. For example, the policy states that the pursuit
“shall” be terminated when traveling in an area with a posted speed limit of less
than 55 miles per hour. Fields admitted in his deposition that the pursuit should
have been terminated immediately when turning onto 979 under the KSP policy
and that he should have directly ordered Hutchinson to terminate the pursuit. He
claimed to have tried to more clearly order Hutchinson to terminate the pursuit via
a cell phone call in which Hutchinson said he had already stopped the pursuit but
was still trying to locate the motorcyclist. But there were no recordings of this call,
and Appellants did not come forward with a record that the call even occurred.
Failure to comply with a clear duty not involving the exercise of
individual discretion is construed as a ministerial act under Kentucky law for
which an individual is not entitled to qualified official immunity. See Yanero, 65
S.W.3d at 529 (holding that coaches’ failure to enforce a known school rule
requiring that student athletes wear batting helmets during baseball practices was a
ministerial act and therefore coaches were not entitled to qualified official
immunity).
The evidence of record did not clearly establish that Hutchinson
terminated his pursuit when Skeens turned onto 979. Despite Hutchinson slowing
down somewhat and turning off his emergency lights, his continuing to follow
-13- Skeens could be considered continuing to pursue Skeens under the KSP definition
of pursuit: “An active attempt by an officer in an authorized emergency vehicle to
apprehend a fleeing suspect who is actively attempting to elude the police.” This is
further supported by a witness’s deposition testimony about being passed by the
motorcyclist on 979, quickly followed by being passed by Hutchinson’s vehicle.
Additionally, if Hutchinson did not terminate the pursuit after turning onto 979, his
turning off his emergency lights would appear to violate the portion of the pursuit
policy stating that emergency lights should remain operational during the pursuit.
In regard to Fields, he admitted in his deposition that he should have
ordered the pursuit immediately terminated when Hutchinson advised he was
turning onto 979. On the dispatch recording, Fields did not clearly advise
Hutchinson to terminate the pursuit but simply advised him to discontinue if he
came upon more traffic or if the speed became excessive—after Hutchinson had
already reported traveling at 90 miles per hour on the dispatch radio. As for the
unrecorded cell phone call mentioned in the deposition testimony of Hutchinson
and Fields (which the trial court referred to as an “alleged phone call”), the trial
court seemingly recognized that there may be a factual issue as to whether the call
happened at all. Even accepting Hutchinson’s and Fields’ accounts, Hutchinson’s
description of continuing his attempts to locate the motorcyclist suggests the
-14- pursuit was not completely terminated and that he did not effectively communicate
termination of the pursuit to his supervisor.
While we recognize that at least under certain circumstances whether
to initiate or continue a pursuit appears to be discretionary under the KSP policy,
there also appear to be clearly defined duties to do specific things (like keeping
emergency lights on during a pursuit and terminating on a road with a speed limit
under 55 miles per hour) which are not matters for the officer’s discretion. Thus,
the dominant nature of many of Hutchinson’s and Fields’ actions was ministerial.
Further, the record contains evidence showing they failed to comply with
essentially ministerial duties to terminate the pursuit immediately under certain
circumstances. Therefore, Hutchinson and Fields are not entitled to qualified
official immunity based on the record before us, and the trial court did not err in
denying them summary judgment on this ground.
Hutchinson and Fields cite authority which seemingly suggests that all
decisions to begin or terminate a pursuit are discretionary functions. See City of
Brooksville v. Warner, 533 S.W.3d 688, 694 (Ky. App. 2017) (“An officer has
discretion to decide whether to begin, continue, or end the emergency pursuit, but
not for the way he or she operates the police vehicle during the emergency
pursuit.”). But the decision to initiate or terminate the pursuit was not really the
primary issue in Warner, wherein a law enforcement vehicle had collided with a
-15- motorcyclist while engaged in a high-speed pursuit of another motorcyclist.
Instead, the law enforcement officer was held not entitled to qualified official
immunity for alleged negligent operation of his vehicle as the act of driving has
long been considered ministerial. Id. at 694-95.
More on point, Hutchinson and Fields cite an unpublished case
concluding therein that the law enforcement officers’ conduct and termination of a
pursuit were discretionary acts for which they had qualified official immunity. See
Plummer v. Lake, No. 2012-CA-001559-MR, 2014 WL 1513294 (Ky. App. Apr.
18, 2014) (unpublished). We recognize that this unpublished case is not binding
authority and do not rely on it for our holding, but we simply address it briefly in
response to Hutchinson’s and Fields’ joint brief relying upon it.1
Given its very different facts with essentially no indication that the
law enforcement officers failed to substantially comply with clear nondiscretionary
duties regarding pursuits arising from their departmental policies or other
applicable law, see id. at *7, Plummer does not support qualified official immunity
for the officers under the facts here.
1 We note that Hutchinson and Fields failed to fully comply with the requirements of Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 76.28(4)(c) regarding citation of unpublished opinions--for example, no copy of this unpublished opinion was attached to their brief. We admonish counsel to take greater care to comply with the requirements of CR 76.28 in appellate briefs in the future. With the exception of Plummer, we decline to address the numerous unpublished cases cited in their brief in violation of CR 76.28(4)(c).
-16- Rather, in light of the affidavit of an experienced former KSP official
that the officers clearly failed to comply with KSP policy, we hold that the instant
case is more factually akin to Mattingly—in which another law enforcement officer
observing the pursuit in progress declined to participate in the pursuit since he
viewed it as a clear violation of departmental policies closely resembling the KSP
policies at issue here. 425 S.W.3d at 87-88. We stated therein:
Whatever discretion Mattingly may have had in initiating and continuing a pursuit, it was limited by the Louisville Metro Police Department’s Standard Operating Procedures . . . [and] those procedures provide specific directives to its officers when initiating or engaging in a pursuit. The repeated use of the term “shall” establishes that compliance with its provisions involve “merely execution [or nonperformance] of a specific act arising from fixed and designated facts.”
Id. at 90 (quoting Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522). Noting that the officer’s failure to
comply with these specific departmental directives was undisputed, we affirmed
the trial court’s denial of summary judgment based on its determination that the
officer was not entitled to qualified official immunity. Id. at 90-91.
This case may not appear to be quite as clear-cut as Mattingly, in
which the officer was subjected to discipline for violating department standards in
conducting the pursuit. Id. at 87-88. But we hold that discretion to initiate or
continue pursuits was similarly limited by specific agency directives, which
established clear duties including a mandatory duty to terminate the pursuit under
-17- certain circumstances. And, as in Mattingly, another law enforcement officer (here
formerly with the same agency as Appellants) offered a clear opinion that the
pursuit did not comply with specific, clear directives under the law enforcement
agency’s pursuit policy.
Skeens offered the affidavit of retired KSP Major Lynn Cross, who
explained that the policy was intended to discourage and place clear restrictions on
pursuits. Perhaps one could quibble with some of Cross’s opinions (such as
describing driving over 90 miles per hour on public roads as a minor traffic
infraction or interpreting the policy to forbid pursuits through residential or
commercial areas where the posted speed limit may not have been under 55 miles
per hour). Nonetheless, this experienced officer’s clearly stated opinion that the
pursuit which occurred here should have never occurred or should have been
quickly terminated under KSP policies clearly weighs in favor of affirming the trial
court’s conclusion that Appellants are not entitled to summary judgment on the
grounds of qualified official immunity.
In addition to the KSP official’s affidavit, the dispatch recording and
deposition testimony of Hutchinson and Fields also support the trial court’s
conclusion that these officers are not entitled to qualified official immunity. The
pursuing officer noted passing commercial establishments on the dispatch
recording and traveling at speeds of about 90 miles per hour in a fruitless attempt
-18- to catch a motorcyclist traveling at excessive speeds. Then he continued to follow
the motorcyclist onto a curvier and less-traveled road with a posted speed limit of
less than 55 miles per hour. His supervisor did not clearly advise him to terminate
the pursuit on the dispatch recording, and no records were produced to substantiate
an allegation that the officer notified his supervisor of terminating the pursuit by
cell phone call. Furthermore, the supervisor admitted in his deposition testimony
that it was a violation of policy to call the officer on his cell phone. And though
the supervisor testified to thinking he was complying with departmental policies at
the time, he admitted in retrospect that there were some things he could have done
differently and specifically admitted that he should have ordered the pursuit
immediately terminated when advised it was proceeding onto 979.
In short, the trial court did not err in denying summary judgment on
the basis of qualified official immunity from our review of the evidence in the
record. Our holding is specifically limited to the facts and circumstances of this
particular case.
Any other arguments in the briefs which are not discussed herein are
determined to be without relevance or merit. Again, we express no opinion on any
other matter (including, but not limited to, causation of the decedent’s accident or
death), but we simply affirm the trial court’s determination that Hutchinson and
-19- Fields are not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of qualified official
immunity from our review of the record before us.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of the Floyd
Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Gregory Funfsinn Ron Diddle Cayla Combs Pikeville, Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky
Sean M. Whitt Scott W. Andrews Ashland, Kentucky
-20-