Hile, C. J.
Jack DeToney was indicted by the grand jury of Tittle River County “of the crime of running a gambling house.” The indictment will be found in the statement of facts.
1. The first question raised is the sufficiency of the indictment. It is said that it contains two offenses, being those created in sections 1732 and 1735 of Kirby’s Digest. The court does not agree with the contention, and is of the opinion that it is a sufficient indictment under section 1735. It charges the offense therein described with sufficient certainty to enable the court to pronounce judgment on a conviction according to the -right of the case; and the only defects therein, if any, do not prejudice any of the substantial rights of the defendant; and, .under sections 2228, 2229 of Kirby’s Digest, these are the tests of the sufficiency of an indictment..
II. The next contention — and, in fact, the principal contention of the case — is that the testimony has failed to prove that the place where the crime was committed was in the State of Arkansas. The State proved these facts: That the defendant DeLoney owns a plantation on Red River, and has a saloon and gambling house on what is known as “The Island,” which is a body of land cut off by a change in the channel of the river, called the “Rochelle Cut-off;” the present channel being on the south side -of the island, -and the old channel being the north boundary of the island. This occurred about thirty years ago. There has been little caving of the banks since the island was formed. DeLoney built a house some forty yards north of the saloon, and built it on stilts over the old bed of the river, about twelve or fifteen feet from the old south bank, with a walk running out to it from the saloon. The bank at that place is ten or twelve feet high. The gambling house stands over what was the bed of the river prior to the cut-off. The question is, whether the middle of the channel of- Red River, or the south bank thereof, is the boundary line between Arkansas and Texas. If the south bank is the boundary line, the evidence of the State clearly shows that this house is situated north of the south bank of the river.
The Texas Court of Appeals, in the case of Spears v. State, 8 Tex. Ct. of App. 467, held that under the Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain, which fixed the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches, -or Red River, as one of the boundaries between the two nations, the jurisdiction of Texas extended to the middle of Red River. The reasoning is based on the theory that the treaty was silent as to which' bank of the stream should constitute the boundary, and that the general rule is that the designation of a river as a boundary, in the absence of further description, means the middle of the stream. This is the'correct general rule, as will be seen from an examination of the cases cited in said opinion. But it was incorrect in this particular instance because the language of the treaty, construed in the light of the negotiations leading to it and the subsequent action of the United States and of the States of Arkansas and Texas, shows that this construction was not intended, even if permissible from the language employed. The history of the negotiations leading up to the treaty between the United States and Spain may be found in United States v. Texas, 162 U. S. 1, this being one of the cases involving the controversy between the United States and the State of Texas over the jurisdiction of Greer County. It will be seen therefrom that negotiations pended for some time between the two governments, and one of the points of negotiation was as to the boundary line along the Sabine and Red and Arkansas rivers. Finally, Mr. Adams, Secretary of State, submitted ■a proposition to the Spanish minister covering this, among other points, proposing that the Sabine and Red and Arkansas rivers, and all islands in the same, wherever said rivers were the boundaries between the two governments, should belong to the United States, and the western bank of the Sabine, and the southern banks of the Red and Arkansas, throughout the courses there described, should be the limit of the jurisdiction of Spain. The Spanish minister required that “the boundary between the two countries shall be the middle of the rivers, and that the navigation of the said rivers shall be common to both countries.” Mr. Adams replied that the United States had always intended that “the property of the river should belong to them,” and he insisted on that point, “as an essential condition, as the means of avoiding all collision, and as a principle adopted henceforth by the United States in its treaties with its neighbors.” Fie agreed, however, “that the navigation of the said rivers to the sea shall be common to both people.” The Spanish minister assented to this, and the result was the treaty, the third clause of which contained the following: “The boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river to the 32c! degree of latitude; thence, by a line due north, to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Natchitoches, or Red River; then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward to the degree of longitude 100 west from London and 23 from Washington; then crossing the said Red River, and running thence, by a line due north to the river Arkansas. * * * All the islands in the Sabine, and the said Red and Arkansas rivers, throughout the course thus described, to belong to the United States.”
The fourth clause provided for commissioners to be appointed to fix with more precision the lines between the two nations. The treaty may be found in full in 8 Statutes at Large 252 et seq. By the treaty of 1828 between tfte United States and the United Mexican States (8 Stat. at L. 372), the same language was followed fixing the line between Mexico and the United States as was used in fixing 'the line between Spain and the United States, so far as the Red River was concerned.
The Republic of Texas, by an act passed in 1836, declared that the civil and political jurisdiction of that republic extended to the boundaries therein described, and accepted the boundary line with the United States in this particular as declared in the said treaty between Spain and the United States.
In 1845 Texas was admitted as a State into the Union by act of Congress, and was described as territory properly included in and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas, and one of the conditions of admission being that Texas should be formed subject to the adjustment by the United States of all disputes as to boundaries, etc.; and these conditions and all other conditions of the enabling act were accepted by Texas.
The act admitting Arkansas to the Union, passed June 16, 1836, described the boundaries of the State at this point as follows: “And from thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of the Red River by the lines described in the first article of the treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation of Indians, * * * and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest comer of the State of Louisiana.” Kirby’s Digest, p. 174. The Constitution of 1836 contains the same language describing the boundaries of the State.
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Hile, C. J.
Jack DeToney was indicted by the grand jury of Tittle River County “of the crime of running a gambling house.” The indictment will be found in the statement of facts.
1. The first question raised is the sufficiency of the indictment. It is said that it contains two offenses, being those created in sections 1732 and 1735 of Kirby’s Digest. The court does not agree with the contention, and is of the opinion that it is a sufficient indictment under section 1735. It charges the offense therein described with sufficient certainty to enable the court to pronounce judgment on a conviction according to the -right of the case; and the only defects therein, if any, do not prejudice any of the substantial rights of the defendant; and, .under sections 2228, 2229 of Kirby’s Digest, these are the tests of the sufficiency of an indictment..
II. The next contention — and, in fact, the principal contention of the case — is that the testimony has failed to prove that the place where the crime was committed was in the State of Arkansas. The State proved these facts: That the defendant DeLoney owns a plantation on Red River, and has a saloon and gambling house on what is known as “The Island,” which is a body of land cut off by a change in the channel of the river, called the “Rochelle Cut-off;” the present channel being on the south side -of the island, -and the old channel being the north boundary of the island. This occurred about thirty years ago. There has been little caving of the banks since the island was formed. DeLoney built a house some forty yards north of the saloon, and built it on stilts over the old bed of the river, about twelve or fifteen feet from the old south bank, with a walk running out to it from the saloon. The bank at that place is ten or twelve feet high. The gambling house stands over what was the bed of the river prior to the cut-off. The question is, whether the middle of the channel of- Red River, or the south bank thereof, is the boundary line between Arkansas and Texas. If the south bank is the boundary line, the evidence of the State clearly shows that this house is situated north of the south bank of the river.
The Texas Court of Appeals, in the case of Spears v. State, 8 Tex. Ct. of App. 467, held that under the Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain, which fixed the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches, -or Red River, as one of the boundaries between the two nations, the jurisdiction of Texas extended to the middle of Red River. The reasoning is based on the theory that the treaty was silent as to which' bank of the stream should constitute the boundary, and that the general rule is that the designation of a river as a boundary, in the absence of further description, means the middle of the stream. This is the'correct general rule, as will be seen from an examination of the cases cited in said opinion. But it was incorrect in this particular instance because the language of the treaty, construed in the light of the negotiations leading to it and the subsequent action of the United States and of the States of Arkansas and Texas, shows that this construction was not intended, even if permissible from the language employed. The history of the negotiations leading up to the treaty between the United States and Spain may be found in United States v. Texas, 162 U. S. 1, this being one of the cases involving the controversy between the United States and the State of Texas over the jurisdiction of Greer County. It will be seen therefrom that negotiations pended for some time between the two governments, and one of the points of negotiation was as to the boundary line along the Sabine and Red and Arkansas rivers. Finally, Mr. Adams, Secretary of State, submitted ■a proposition to the Spanish minister covering this, among other points, proposing that the Sabine and Red and Arkansas rivers, and all islands in the same, wherever said rivers were the boundaries between the two governments, should belong to the United States, and the western bank of the Sabine, and the southern banks of the Red and Arkansas, throughout the courses there described, should be the limit of the jurisdiction of Spain. The Spanish minister required that “the boundary between the two countries shall be the middle of the rivers, and that the navigation of the said rivers shall be common to both countries.” Mr. Adams replied that the United States had always intended that “the property of the river should belong to them,” and he insisted on that point, “as an essential condition, as the means of avoiding all collision, and as a principle adopted henceforth by the United States in its treaties with its neighbors.” Fie agreed, however, “that the navigation of the said rivers to the sea shall be common to both people.” The Spanish minister assented to this, and the result was the treaty, the third clause of which contained the following: “The boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river to the 32c! degree of latitude; thence, by a line due north, to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Natchitoches, or Red River; then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward to the degree of longitude 100 west from London and 23 from Washington; then crossing the said Red River, and running thence, by a line due north to the river Arkansas. * * * All the islands in the Sabine, and the said Red and Arkansas rivers, throughout the course thus described, to belong to the United States.”
The fourth clause provided for commissioners to be appointed to fix with more precision the lines between the two nations. The treaty may be found in full in 8 Statutes at Large 252 et seq. By the treaty of 1828 between tfte United States and the United Mexican States (8 Stat. at L. 372), the same language was followed fixing the line between Mexico and the United States as was used in fixing 'the line between Spain and the United States, so far as the Red River was concerned.
The Republic of Texas, by an act passed in 1836, declared that the civil and political jurisdiction of that republic extended to the boundaries therein described, and accepted the boundary line with the United States in this particular as declared in the said treaty between Spain and the United States.
In 1845 Texas was admitted as a State into the Union by act of Congress, and was described as territory properly included in and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas, and one of the conditions of admission being that Texas should be formed subject to the adjustment by the United States of all disputes as to boundaries, etc.; and these conditions and all other conditions of the enabling act were accepted by Texas.
The act admitting Arkansas to the Union, passed June 16, 1836, described the boundaries of the State at this point as follows: “And from thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of the Red River by the lines described in the first article of the treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation of Indians, * * * and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest comer of the State of Louisiana.” Kirby’s Digest, p. 174. The Constitution of 1836 contains the same language describing the boundaries of the State. All of the subsequent Constitutions contain the same language, except that the boundary of the State of Texas is substituted for the Mexican boundary line.
It is clear, from the act of Congress admitting- the State and the Constitutions of the State, that all of Red River at this point was intended to be included within this State; and the court might well stop at that point, for this is a settled principle: “A question like this respecting the boundaries of nations is, as has been truly said, more a political than a legal question; and, in its discussion, the courts of every country must respect the pronounced will of the legislature.” United States v. Texas, 143 U. S. 621. But, as the Texas Court of Appeals had reached the conclusion that the jurisdiction of that State extended to the thread of Red River, it has been thought best to point out wherein that court erred in applying the general rulfe which it did in reaching that conclusion.
These treaties between the United States and Spain, and between the United States and the Mexican States, and the acquiescence therein by the Republic of Texas and the State of Texas, demonstrate that the boundary line was the south bank of Red River, and not the thread of the stream; and this jurisdictional line was adopted when Arkansas was admitted into the Union, and is embedded in its Constitution.
The question is therefore narrowed to whether this gambling house was erected in the bed of Red River or upon the south bank of it. Appellant asked, and was given, an instruction to the effect that “a sudden cut-off or change in the channel of the river will not alter or change the line, but the south line of the old river will remain the same;” and this is unquestionably the settled doctrine upon that subject. Applying it here, the evidence shows that the cut-off was made by a sudden change of the channel, and not by reliction. A jurisdictional line changes with the gradual changes of the shore by accretion or reliction, but not where the change is suddenly made by an avulsion. Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U. S. 359; Nix v. Pfeifer, 73 Ark. 199. Therefore, the determining test under this evidence was the location of the south bank of Red River prior to the cut-off, and the case was properly tried on that theory, as shown by the instructions.
The court excluded evidence of surveys which was offered, whereby it was sought to prove the true boundary line between the States of Arkansas and Texas at this place; but they were predicated upon a former survey known as the Cullen McKinney Head.Right Survey, which was made prior to the admission of the State of Arkansas into the Union. It was not shown to be a survey authorized by either‘government, but was the survey of private property. This would not be admissible. 2 Enc. Ev. pp. 706 and 707 and notes.
Testimony was also rejected of a witness who was a flag staffman in a corps of surveyors employed by the “Dawes Commission” in the Indian Territory, which corps surveyed the line between said Territory and the States of Texas and Arkansas, and that by said line the place where the house in question was located was in Texas. The knowledge of this witness as to this survey, and the data upon which it was based, was purely hearsay. No governmental authority, certainly so far as Arkansas and Texas were concerned, was shown for this survey. Eor this reason it was inadmissible. 3 Wigmore on Evidence, 1665. It does not fall within the rule which permit surveyor’s oral testimony to be admitted. 2 Enc. of Ev. p. 713. Testimony as to the actual location of the house, as to whether it was north or south of the former bank of Red River, was admitted on each side, and this was proper; and this conflict has gone to the jury upon proper instructions. Evidence of ancient public boundaries may be shown by general reputation, by tradition, and by hearsay declarations of persons with knowledge, made before the controversy arose. 2 Enc. of Ev. p. 722. None of the rejected evidence was entitled to admission under this‘rule.
It is also insisted that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict, and fails to show that the appellant “knowingly permitted or suffered gaming to be carried on in said house with sufficient frequency to render him liable criminally for so doing.” The court is of opinion that the evidence is amply sufficient to justify the finding of the jury. It would serve no useful purpose to review the testimony here. Other questions have been presented and considered, but no error is found in the trial.
The judgment is affirmed.