In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-18-00031-CV
DELLA R. PERRY, APPELLANT
V.
UNITED SERVICES AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Court at Law Coryell County, Texas Trial Court No. CCL-15-43932, Honorable John R. Lee, Presiding
December 7, 2018
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Appellant, Della R. Perry (Perry), appeals from a final judgment nunc pro tunc
entered in favor of United Services Automobile Association (USAA). The judgment
granted USAA’s traditional motion for summary judgment upon Perry’s contractual and
extra-contractual claims. Those claims arose from a loss covered under a homeowner’s
insurance policy issued by USAA. The latter did not deny coverage. Rather, a dispute
arose as to the extent of loss suffered. USAA initially issued Perry a check in the amount
of $5,153 to cover the loss. Nonetheless, Perry valued her loss and claim at about $33,000. Suits were filed before Perry opted to submit the loss to an appraisal. An
appraisal occurred in accordance with the terms of the policy and resulted in the issuance,
on September 18, 2015, of an appraisal award valuing the loss at $14,988.76. USAA
advised Perry on October 12, 2015, that it would pay the award, and two days later
forwarded to her a second check in the amount of $9,335.26. Said check reflected the
appraisal amount less the prior $5,153 payment and Perry’s deductible. Thereafter,
USAA filed its traditional motion for summary judgment contending that 1) “[b]ecause [it]
complied with the requirements of the contract [by paying the loss as appraised], it cannot
be found to be in ‘breach’ and Perry is estopped from asserting a breach of contract
claim,” and 2) the extra-contractual claims involving the duty of good faith and fair dealing,
fraud, the Texas Insurance Code, and the Deceptive Trade Practices Act fail because it
did not breach the insurance contract and Perry suffered no injury independent from the
insurance contract. The trial court granted the motion and entered the aforementioned
judgment. Through two issues, Perry now asserts that 1) the trial court violated the Texas
constitution by granting USAA’s summary judgment based on the payment of an appraisal
and 2) the trial court erred when it denied statutory claims. We consider the issues in
reverse order and, upon doing so, affirm.1
Issue Two – Statutory Claims
In her second issue, Perry contends that 1) the viability of her statutory claims was
dependent upon whether “she was entitled to benefits” under the insurance policy, 2) the
1 Because this appeal was transferred from the Tenth Court of Appeals, we are obligated to apply
its precedent when available in the event of a conflict between the precedents of that court and this Court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 Insurance Code allowed her to recover attorney’s fees, and 3) appraisal clauses in an
insurance policy do not preempt the Texas Insurance Code. We overrule the issue.
Perry is not urging that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on her
breached contract claim. Instead, she posits that the successful prosecution of extra-
contractual claims, like those involving the failure to promptly pay a claim arising under
Chapter 542 of the Insurance Code, are not dependent on a finding of breached contract.
We agree. Our Texas Supreme Court recently observed that “an insurer’s extra-
contractual liability is ‘distinct’ from its liability for benefits under the insurance policy.”
See USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 499 (Tex. 2018). Yet, the
court also reiterated in Menchaca that where an insured is entitled to policy benefits, “an
insurer’s statutory violation does not permit the insured to recover any damages beyond
policy benefits unless the violation causes an injury that is independent from the loss of
the benefits.” Id. at 500. Moreover, we recently interpreted this language as meaning
that “if there is no breach of contract, extra-contractual claims may still be pursued when
they are not predicated on the loss being covered under the policy.” Turner v. Peerless
Indem. Ins. Co., No. 07-17-00279-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 4036, at *12-13 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo June 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). When “benefits are paid per the
contract and the insurer perform[s] its contractual obligation (i.e., has not breached the
contract), an insured may . . . pursue extra-contractual causes of action but only when
they are not founded upon the loss or injury allegedly covered by the policy.” Id. In other
words, the loss or injury and, therefore, the claim “must be founded on an act that caused
injury independent of the policy claim.” Id. at *13. Indeed, the circumstances in Turner
are quite analogous to those at bar.
3 Like Perry, Turner sued his insurer for breached contract and statutory violations
due to its purported failure to pay the entire loss. Id. at *1. As did USAA here, Peerless
acknowledged that its insured was owed but disagreed with his estimate of the amount
owed. Id. So the appraisal clause within the policy was used to determine the amount of
the loss. Id. Peerless then paid Turner the appraised sum, less applicable deductions.
Id. Paying the appraised amount per the terms of the insurance contract effectively
satisfied Peerless’ contractual obligations to Turner thus vitiating his claim of breached
contract. As we observed, “the appraisal and its payment serve to resolve any dispute
regarding damages arising from the purported breach.” Id. at *6. Yet, we did not conclude
that because Turner had no claim for breached contract, he had no claims arising under
the Insurance Code. Instead, as explained above, we acknowledged that statutory claims
could exist so long as the injury or loss pursued was independent of the claim arising
under the policy. That called for us to determine if Turner’s statutory claims were truly
independent of his policy claim.
Turner had argued that “‘[i]f the claim is covered [under the policy] the insurer is
bound by its statutory duties, and when the insurer breaches those duties, the amount of
benefits the insured loses out on as a result is transformed into “legal damage” and . . .
the insured may elect to recover it under the bad faith statute.’” Id. at *13-14. The
substance of his argument was nothing more than suggesting that statutory claims may
be premised on lost policy benefits even though he had received via payment of the
appraisal award that for which he contracted, i.e., policy benefits. Id. at *14 (stating “[a]s
can be seen, his argument remains focused on the benefits recoverable under the policy,
which benefits have already been paid”). Yet, his injury could not be so predicated on
4 policy benefits he received; “[i]t must be independent of what he claims he lost ‘out on’
under the policy.” Id. Because it was not, we concluded that the trial court did not err in
granting summary judgment upon Turner’s statutory claims. Id.
Coincidentally, Perry seems to be making here an argument rather identical to that
proffered by Turner. She tells us that: 1) “what matters for purposes of causation under
the statute is whether the insured was entitled to receive benefits under the policy”; 2)
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-18-00031-CV
DELLA R. PERRY, APPELLANT
V.
UNITED SERVICES AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Court at Law Coryell County, Texas Trial Court No. CCL-15-43932, Honorable John R. Lee, Presiding
December 7, 2018
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Appellant, Della R. Perry (Perry), appeals from a final judgment nunc pro tunc
entered in favor of United Services Automobile Association (USAA). The judgment
granted USAA’s traditional motion for summary judgment upon Perry’s contractual and
extra-contractual claims. Those claims arose from a loss covered under a homeowner’s
insurance policy issued by USAA. The latter did not deny coverage. Rather, a dispute
arose as to the extent of loss suffered. USAA initially issued Perry a check in the amount
of $5,153 to cover the loss. Nonetheless, Perry valued her loss and claim at about $33,000. Suits were filed before Perry opted to submit the loss to an appraisal. An
appraisal occurred in accordance with the terms of the policy and resulted in the issuance,
on September 18, 2015, of an appraisal award valuing the loss at $14,988.76. USAA
advised Perry on October 12, 2015, that it would pay the award, and two days later
forwarded to her a second check in the amount of $9,335.26. Said check reflected the
appraisal amount less the prior $5,153 payment and Perry’s deductible. Thereafter,
USAA filed its traditional motion for summary judgment contending that 1) “[b]ecause [it]
complied with the requirements of the contract [by paying the loss as appraised], it cannot
be found to be in ‘breach’ and Perry is estopped from asserting a breach of contract
claim,” and 2) the extra-contractual claims involving the duty of good faith and fair dealing,
fraud, the Texas Insurance Code, and the Deceptive Trade Practices Act fail because it
did not breach the insurance contract and Perry suffered no injury independent from the
insurance contract. The trial court granted the motion and entered the aforementioned
judgment. Through two issues, Perry now asserts that 1) the trial court violated the Texas
constitution by granting USAA’s summary judgment based on the payment of an appraisal
and 2) the trial court erred when it denied statutory claims. We consider the issues in
reverse order and, upon doing so, affirm.1
Issue Two – Statutory Claims
In her second issue, Perry contends that 1) the viability of her statutory claims was
dependent upon whether “she was entitled to benefits” under the insurance policy, 2) the
1 Because this appeal was transferred from the Tenth Court of Appeals, we are obligated to apply
its precedent when available in the event of a conflict between the precedents of that court and this Court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 Insurance Code allowed her to recover attorney’s fees, and 3) appraisal clauses in an
insurance policy do not preempt the Texas Insurance Code. We overrule the issue.
Perry is not urging that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on her
breached contract claim. Instead, she posits that the successful prosecution of extra-
contractual claims, like those involving the failure to promptly pay a claim arising under
Chapter 542 of the Insurance Code, are not dependent on a finding of breached contract.
We agree. Our Texas Supreme Court recently observed that “an insurer’s extra-
contractual liability is ‘distinct’ from its liability for benefits under the insurance policy.”
See USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 499 (Tex. 2018). Yet, the
court also reiterated in Menchaca that where an insured is entitled to policy benefits, “an
insurer’s statutory violation does not permit the insured to recover any damages beyond
policy benefits unless the violation causes an injury that is independent from the loss of
the benefits.” Id. at 500. Moreover, we recently interpreted this language as meaning
that “if there is no breach of contract, extra-contractual claims may still be pursued when
they are not predicated on the loss being covered under the policy.” Turner v. Peerless
Indem. Ins. Co., No. 07-17-00279-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 4036, at *12-13 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo June 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). When “benefits are paid per the
contract and the insurer perform[s] its contractual obligation (i.e., has not breached the
contract), an insured may . . . pursue extra-contractual causes of action but only when
they are not founded upon the loss or injury allegedly covered by the policy.” Id. In other
words, the loss or injury and, therefore, the claim “must be founded on an act that caused
injury independent of the policy claim.” Id. at *13. Indeed, the circumstances in Turner
are quite analogous to those at bar.
3 Like Perry, Turner sued his insurer for breached contract and statutory violations
due to its purported failure to pay the entire loss. Id. at *1. As did USAA here, Peerless
acknowledged that its insured was owed but disagreed with his estimate of the amount
owed. Id. So the appraisal clause within the policy was used to determine the amount of
the loss. Id. Peerless then paid Turner the appraised sum, less applicable deductions.
Id. Paying the appraised amount per the terms of the insurance contract effectively
satisfied Peerless’ contractual obligations to Turner thus vitiating his claim of breached
contract. As we observed, “the appraisal and its payment serve to resolve any dispute
regarding damages arising from the purported breach.” Id. at *6. Yet, we did not conclude
that because Turner had no claim for breached contract, he had no claims arising under
the Insurance Code. Instead, as explained above, we acknowledged that statutory claims
could exist so long as the injury or loss pursued was independent of the claim arising
under the policy. That called for us to determine if Turner’s statutory claims were truly
independent of his policy claim.
Turner had argued that “‘[i]f the claim is covered [under the policy] the insurer is
bound by its statutory duties, and when the insurer breaches those duties, the amount of
benefits the insured loses out on as a result is transformed into “legal damage” and . . .
the insured may elect to recover it under the bad faith statute.’” Id. at *13-14. The
substance of his argument was nothing more than suggesting that statutory claims may
be premised on lost policy benefits even though he had received via payment of the
appraisal award that for which he contracted, i.e., policy benefits. Id. at *14 (stating “[a]s
can be seen, his argument remains focused on the benefits recoverable under the policy,
which benefits have already been paid”). Yet, his injury could not be so predicated on
4 policy benefits he received; “[i]t must be independent of what he claims he lost ‘out on’
under the policy.” Id. Because it was not, we concluded that the trial court did not err in
granting summary judgment upon Turner’s statutory claims. Id.
Coincidentally, Perry seems to be making here an argument rather identical to that
proffered by Turner. She tells us that: 1) “what matters for purposes of causation under
the statute is whether the insured was entitled to receive benefits under the policy”; 2)
“the absence of a ‘breach’ [of contract] is not dispositive of the issue of whether an insured
has valid claims against an insurer for violations of the Texas Insurance Code and/or
DTPA”; 3) “[t]he focus is not on whether the insurer ‘breached’ the contract”; 4) “the focus
is, and always should have been on whether the insured was ‘entitled to benefits’ under
the policy”; and 5) “[i]f the insured alleges and has evidence that the insured was entitled
to benefits under the policy, and the insurer’s statutory violations caused appellant to lose
those benefits, the insured can recover for those statutory violations.” These propositions
do nothing more than suggest that lost policy benefits may give rise to statutory violations.
Assuming arguendo that this may be true if those benefits were actually lost because the
insurer failed to perform its contractual obligations (i.e., breached the insurance policy), it
is not when the insurer performs them. In that circumstance, the insured received the
benefits afforded her under the policy. To the extent Perry seeks other damages via her
statutory claims, those damages must arise from an injury distinct from the policy benefits
to which she was entitled and received. And, the only purported independent injury to
which she now refers on appeal arises from the alleged failure of USAA to accept or reject
her insurance claim within the time periods specified by statute.
5 The statute in question is euphemistically known as the “Prompt Payment of
Claims Act” and found in Chapter 542 of the of the Insurance Code.2 Yet, authority holds
that the full and timely payment of an appraisal award under the policy bars an insured
from recovering penalties under that Act, as a matter of law. Marchbanks v. Liberty Ins.
Corp., __ S.W.3d __, __, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 6692, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] Aug. 23, 2018, pet. filed); Zhu v. First Cmty. Ins. Co., 543 S.W.3d 428, 437 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. filed); Garcia v. State Farm Lloyds, 514 S.W.3d
257, 275 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. denied); Mainali Corp. v. Covington
Specialty Ins. Co., 872 F.3d 255, 258-59 (5th Cir. 2017); accord Amine v. Liberty Lloyds
of Tex. Ins. Co., No. 01-06-00396-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 6280, at *12-15 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 9, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining why payment of
an appraisal award bars prompt payment claims).3 This is so because recovery upon a
prompt payment claim is dependent upon the insured obtaining judgment establishing
that the insurer was liable upon the claim. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Bonner, 51 S.W.3d
289, 291 (Tex. 2001) (involving the predecessor to Chapter 54 and stating that to recover
2Per § 542.056 of the Code, the insurer generally must “notify a claimant in writing of the acceptance or rejection of a claim not later than the 15th business day after the date the insurer receives all items, statements, and forms required by the insurer to secure final proof of loss.” TEX. INS. CODE ANN. § 542.056(a) (West 2009). If it cannot accept or reject within the specified time, it “shall notify the claimant of the reasons that the insurer needs additional time” and ultimately “accept or reject the claim not later than the 45th day after the date the insurer notifies a claimant under this subsection.” Id. § 542.056(d). If the insurer “notifies the claimant under § 542.056 that it will pay a claim or part of a claim, it shall pay the claim not later than the fifth business day after the date notice is made. Id. § 542.057(a). Finally, if the insurer, after receiving all items, statements, and forms reasonably requested and required under § 542.055, delays payment of the claim for a period exceeding the period specified by other applicable statutes or, if other statutes do not specify a period, for more than 60 days, it shall pay damages and other items as provided by § 542.060. Id. § 542.058(a).
3The holding in Garcia was reaffirmed most recently in Lazos v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 04-17-
00286-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 669 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 24, 2018, pet. filed) (mem. op.), and Ortiz v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 04-17-00252-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 10395 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 8, 2017, pet. filed) (mem. op.).
6 upon a prompt payment claim, the insured must establish 1) a claim under the policy, 2)
the insurer is liable for the claim, and 3) the insurer failed to comply with the statutory time
periods); Marchbanks, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 6692, at *9 (noting that the insured cannot
recover as a matter of law unless it establishes that the insurer was liable for a claim).
Here, the claim submitted by Perry and unpaid by USAA approximated $33,000.
Yet, the appraisal procedure valued her claim at $14,988.76. Furthermore, Perry and
USAA contractually agreed to abide by that valuation of the loss via the appraisal clause
of the insurance policy. See Hall v. Germania Farm Mut. Ins. Ass’n, No. 07-16-00304-
CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 9654, at *8-9 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 13, 2017, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (recognizing that an appraisal award made pursuant to the provisions of an
insurance contract is binding and enforceable and that tendering the full amount owed
pursuant to the conditions of an appraisal clause is all that is required to estop the insured
from raising a breach of contract claim). Having paid that award, USAA, as a matter of
law, cannot be found liable for the $33,000 claim of Perry. Nor can it be found liable for
neglecting to timely pay the claim for which the parties contractually agreed it would be
liable.4 Thus, the second element of a prompt pay claim, as identified by the Supreme
Court in Bonner, cannot be satisfied. So, USAA could not have violated the Prompt
Payment Act, which means, in turn, Perry suffered no independent injury relating to or
compensable under the Prompt Payment Act.5
4Perry does not contend on appeal that USAA failed to timely pay the appraisal award.
5Contrary to Perry’s suggestion, the appraisal clause is not preempting application of the Prompt
Payment Act. It simply provides a contractually agreed upon means of determining the claim actually payable. Once determined, the insured is obligated to pay it. If paid in a timely manner, the policy underlying the Prompt Payment Act (i.e., timely payment of a claim) is satisfied.
7 Simply put, the sum and substance of Perry’s extra-contractual claims are founded
upon her belief that USAA failed to afford her the benefits of the policy. It did afford her
those benefits by paying the appraisal. Unless some independent injury arising apart
from the policy and benefits afforded therein exists, she has no basis for pursuing extra-
contractual claims against USAA. And, because the sole purported independent injury of
which she now complains (i.e., compliance with the time periods of the Prompt Payment
Act) was not an injury, she had no viable extra-contractual claim.
One last argument of Perry necessitates our attention. It concerns her suggestion
that she should be able to recover attorney’s fees under various provisions of the
Insurance Code because she hired an attorney to collect from USAA. To the extent that
the Insurance Code provisions in question permit the recovery of fees, such fees are
dependent upon the insured prevailing in an action against the insurer or proving its
liability for a claim. See TEX. INS. CODE ANN. § 541.152(a)(1) (West Supp. 2018) (stating
that a plaintiff who prevails in an action under this subchapter may obtain actual damages,
court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees); see also id. § 542.060(a)
(stating that “if an insurer that is liable for a claim under an insurance policy is not in
compliance with this subchapter, the insurer is liable to pay the holder of the policy or the
beneficiary making the claim . . . reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees”). Perry did
not prevail in her action against USAA or otherwise prove the insurer was liable for her
claim. Thus, USAA need not pay her attorney’s fees.
We overrule issue two.
8 Issue One – Usurpation of Constitutional Authority
We next consider issue one. Through it, Perry contends that:
the trial court held that the insurer’s contractual appraisal clause contained in an adhesion contract governed the appellant’s claims against the insurer for unfair and deceptive acts and practices in the insurer’s handling of appellant’s insurance claim. In making this ruling, the trial court expressly held that the insurer’s payment of an appraisal award issued as a result of a procedure the insurer created and incorporated into its insurance policy precluded appellant from pursuing its claims under the Texas Insurance Code enacted by the Texas Legislature. The trial court’s ruling renders the Texas Insurance Code irrelevant and void as it applies to property insurance claims in which the parties have invoked the privately created appraisal process contained in adhesion insurance contracts drafted by insurance companies. By its ruling, the trial court effectively enacted a new law, blessed a procedure created by insurance companies, that governs insurance claims and regulates trade practices in the business of insurance apart from the Texas Insurance Code. The trial court’s ruling constitutes a judiciary’s body’s unconstitutional exercise of legislative power.
To the foregoing, we say the following. Constitutional complaints must be raised
below or they are not preserved for appellate review. See, e.g., In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d
707, 711 (Tex. 2003). Furthermore, we are precluded from reversing a summary
judgment on grounds that were not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion,
answer, or other response. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); McCollum v. Parker, No. 07-17-
00186-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 1677, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 6, 2018, pet.
denied) (mem. op.). Perry does not cite, nor did we find, any place in the appellate record
whereat she broached her constitutionally based argument to the trial court. Thus, it was
not preserved as a basis for reversing the trial court’s summary judgment, and, therefore,
we overrule the issue.
We overrule Perry’s issues and affirm the summary judgment of the trial court.
Brian Quinn Chief Justice