IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
════════════
No.
02-0244
In The Interest of L.M.I. and J.A.I., minor
children
════════════════════════════════════════════════════
On Petition
for Review from the
Court of
Appeals for the Fourteenth District of Texas
Argued on February
5, 2003
Justice O’Neill delivered the Court’s
judgment, and the opinion of the Court as to Parts I, II, and IVA, in which
Justice Enoch, Justice Schneider, Justice
Smith, and Justice
Wainwright joined, and an opinion as to Part III and IVB, in which Justice Enoch, Justice Schneider, and Justice Smith joined.
Justice Wainwright delivered a
concurring opinion.
Justice Owen delivered a concurring and
dissenting opinion, joined by Chief
Justice Phillips as to all Parts, and joined by Justice Hecht and Justice Jefferson as to Part
III.
Justice
Hecht delivered a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Jefferson as to all parts, and
joined by Justice Owen as to Parts
I, IIA, IIIA, and IIIB.
Almost
four years ago, Ricardo Duenas and Luz Sylvestre Inocencio signed sworn
affidavits of voluntary relinquishment of their parental rights to
five-month-old twin boys. At the same time, they placed the boys in the care of
Miles and Monica Montegut, a couple who wanted to adopt them. The boys have
grown from infants to toddlers to pre-school age children in the Monteguts’ care
as this case has taken its excruciatingly slow course through our judicial
system. Duenas and Inocencio have been represented by counsel since the
beginning of their quest to set the affidavits aside. As today’s fractured
opinions illustrate, appellate review has been greatly hampered by the shifting,
indistinct focus of their complaints – although the case has been pending for
more than a year, we still disagree about what the complaints are and whether
they were preserved. In this context, adhering to our preservation rules isn’t a
mere technical nicety; the interests at stake are too important to relax rules
that serve a critical purpose. As we recently said, “[a]ppellate review of
potentially reversible error never presented to a trial court would undermine
the Legislature’s dual intent to ensure finality in these cases and expedite
their resolution.” In re B.L.D. and B.R.D., ____ S.W.3rd ___, ___ (Tex.
2003); see also Tex. Fam.
Code § 161.211(a) (prohibiting direct or collateral attack on order
terminating parental rights based on affidavit of relinquishment after six
months). Injecting any greater uncertainty and complexity into the process would
only serve to discourage potential adoptive parents, who are already turning to
simpler and less expensive foreign adoptions in record numbers. See
Genard C. Armas, Many U.S. Parents Look Abroad to Adopt, Census Bureau
Says, Miami Herald, Aug. 22,
2003, available at
http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/2003/08/22/news/nation/6591007.htm; United States Census bureau, United States
Department of Commerce, Adopted Children Stepchildren: 2000 11 (Aug.
2003).
Here,
after hearing evidence regarding the circumstances surrounding the affidavits’
execution and the boys’ best interests, the trial court ordered termination of
Duenas’s and Inocencio’s parental rights. The court of appeals affirmed. ___
S.W.3d ___. Duenas argues that the affidavit he signed was procured in a manner
that violated his right to due process because he neither speaks nor reads
English, and the affidavit was not translated into Spanish. We granted Duenas’s
petition for review to consider this constitutional issue, but on further review
we conclude that the issue was not preserved. We also granted Inocencio’s
petition for review to decide whether the order terminating her parental rights
should be set aside because her relinquishment affidavit was procured as the
result of fraud or undue influence. A majority of the Court concludes that the
record contains legally sufficient evidence to support termination of her
parental rights. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals’ judgment.
I
In
April 1999, fifteen-year-old Inocencio gave birth prematurely to twin boys,
L.M.I. and J.A.I., allegedly fathered by twenty-five-year-old Ricardo Duenas.
Duenas and Inocencio were not married or living together at the time. At some
point before the boys’ birth, Inocencio had become acquainted with Texas City
police detective Brian Goetschius, who had responded to a report that Inocencio
was working as a nude dancer at a sexually oriented business. Detective
Goetschius began offering Inocencio occasional advice, sometimes at her mother’s
behest. After learning of her pregnancy, Goetschius drove Inocencio to several
doctor’s appointments and helped her apply for governmental assistance. Five
months after the boys were born, Inocencio’s sister, Esther Gonzalez, contacted
the detective asking for help in placing the children for adoption. Eventually,
Goetschius and his wife, Dawnell, arranged for the children to be adopted by
Monica and Miles Montegut, Dawnell’s sister and brother-in-law.
On
September 24, 1999, Gonzalez went to her mother’s home, where Inocencio and the
boys lived, and told Inocencio that the Monteguts wanted to adopt the children.
Gonzalez, Inocencio, and their mother, Guillerma Pruitt, all testified that
Inocencio at first rejected the idea of allowing the adoption, but was
ultimately persuaded that it would be in the boys’ best interest. Gonzalez then
drove Inocencio, the twins, and Pruitt to pick up Duenas at the restaurant where
he worked. The group proceeded to the office of the Monteguts’ attorney, Mark
Ciavaglia, who had prepared irrevocable affidavits of relinquishment of parental
rights for Inocencio and Duenas to sign. Duenas, a Honduran citizen, testified
that he does not understand English, that none of the affidavit was translated
for him, and that he did not understand the affidavit’s import. Other witnesses
testified that Duenas appeared to understand Ciavaglia’s explanation of the
affidavit, and that significant portions of the affidavit were translated.
Ciavaglia then explained the affidavit to Inocencio, who testified that
Ciavaglia advised her not to sign if she had any reservations. Inocencio
initially refused to sign the affidavit, but changed her mind after the adoptive
parents agreed to send her pictures and information about the boys’ condition
twice a year. After both Inocencio and Duenas signed their respective
affidavits, they left the boys with Ciavaglia to be surrendered to the
Monteguts.
A
few days later, Inocencio had a change of heart and decided to pursue legal
action to regain custody of the children. On October 1, 1999, the Monteguts
filed their petition to terminate the parent/child relationship. The same day,
the trial court issued a temporary order giving the Monteguts custody of the
children. Three days later, Inocencio filed a motion to revoke her affidavit. On
November 17, 1999, Duenas filed his answer to the Monteguts’ petition and a
counter-petition for voluntary paternity. He also filed a motion to revoke his
affidavit of relinquishment.
On
November 23, 1999, the trial court held a hearing on the motions to revoke the
affidavits to determine whether the affidavits were executed involuntarily.
After hearing testimony from nine witnesses, the trial court found that the
affidavits were voluntarily executed. The court also found that Duenas was not
the children’s presumed father, and that the legal parent-child relationship did
not exist at the time Duenas signed his affidavit of relinquishment. The trial
court further found by clear and convincing evidence that it was in the
children’s best interest to terminate Duenas’s and Inocencio’s parental rights.
The court ordered Duenas’s and Inocencio’s rights terminated, and awarded the
Monteguts custody of the children. The court of appeals affirmed the trial
court’s decision. ___ S.W.3d ___.
II
Duenas’s
petition for review argues that “the order terminating [his] parental rights
should be set aside since [his] signature on the affidavit of relinquishment was
procured in a manner that violated [his] due process rights.” Upon further
review of the record, we conclude that Duenas failed to preserve this issue in
the trial court. His answer and counterpetition to the termination proceedings
cite no constitutional authority, and he did not raise the issue in any
post-judgment motion. In fact, the only reference to the constitution in the
entire record appears when Duenas’s attorney, in arguing for a continuance,
explained that she had only recently been hired after Duenas’s coworkers told
him that the termination “was probably not constitutional and not right.”
Duenas’s “Revocation of Affidavit” merely states that “[t]he Affidavit of
Relinquishment was not translated for me.” The trial court obviously did not
discern a due process challenge in Duenas's argument, because the court
specifically found that “RICARDO DUENAS present[sic] issues of fraud, duress,
and overreaching to the Court to deny that his Father's Affidavit of
Relinquishment of Parental Rights was signed voluntarily.” See Vela v.
Marywood, 17 S.W.3d 750, 760 (Tex. App. – Austin 2000, pet. denied, 53
S.W.3d 684 (Tex. 2000) (noting that at common law “the word ‘fraud’ refers to an
. . . omission, or concealment in breach of a legal duty . . . when the breach
causes injury to another or the taking of an undue and unconscientious
advantage”).
Duenas,
who was represented by counsel, sought no finding and raised no legal argument
before the trial court about a constitutional claim. Given that Duenas was
afforded an extensive evidentiary hearing on the voluntariness of his affidavit,
it was not apparent from the context that Duenas was attempting to raise a due
process challenge. Under our Rules of Appellate Procedure, a party must present
to the trial court a timely request, motion, or objection, state the specific
grounds therefor, and obtain a ruling. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. As noted above,
allowing appellate review of unpreserved error would undermine the Legislature’s
intent that cases terminating parental rights be expeditiously resolved, thus
“‘[p]romot[ing] the child’s interest in a final decision and thus placement in a
safe and stable home.’” In re B.L.D. and B.R.D., ___ S.W.3d at ___
(quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 304 (Tex. 2002)). Both we and the
United States Supreme Court have held that constitutional error was waived in
comparable circumstances. See Webb v. Webb, 451 U.S. 493, 496-97 (1981)
(holding that constitutional error was waived, even though petitioner repeatedly
used the phrase “full faith and credit,” because petitioner did not cite to the
federal Constitution or to any cases relying on the Full Faith and Credit Clause
of the federal Constitution); Tex. Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs.
v. Sherry, 46 S.W.3d 857, 860-61 (Tex. 2001) (holding that alleged
biological father who sought to establish paternity waived constitutional error,
though it was undisputed that father had received no notice or hearing on prior
paternity adjudication that created bar). Accordingly, we hold that the due
process argument Duenas raises here was not preserved below.
And
due process is the only argument that Duenas raises here. Nowhere does he
present the issue that Justice Hecht and Justice Owen pose, that there is not
clear and convincing evidence of a statutory ground for reversal. ___ S.W.3d at
___(Hecht, J. dissenting); ___
S.W.3d at ___ (Owen, J.,
dissenting). At oral argument, Duenas’s attorney expressly disavowed any
argument that his affidavit did not comply with the statute:
JUSTICE OWEN: Are you also making
a statutory argument that it doesn’t comply with the statute?
DUENAS’S ATTORNEY: As it relates
to him, I’ve not made any statutory argument.
OWEN:
Your only argument was due process?
CASEY:
Yes.
That concession was entirely
consistent with Duenas’s briefing, which states the issue presented is “Should
the order terminating RICARDO’s parental rights be set aside since RICARDO’s
signature on the affidavit of relinquishment of his parental rights was procured
in a manner that violated RICARDO’s due process rights?” Because the only issue
presented in Duenas’s petition for review was not preserved, we affirm the court
of appeals’ judgment as to Duenas.
III
Inocencio
argues that the order terminating her parental rights should be set aside
because it was procured in exchange for unenforceable promises and as the result
of illegal conduct by Detective Goetschius, his wife, and Esther Gonzalez.
Inocencio argues that the Monteguts’ promise to provide periodic information and
photographs of the boys was unenforceable as a matter of law, citing
Vela. Because the promise was unenforceable, she argues, the promise
fraudulently induced her to sign the affidavit of relinquishment.
Inocencio
filed no pleadings or post-trial motions in the trial court challenging the
enforceability of the Monteguts’ promise, even though she, like Duenas, was
represented by an attorney. The only documents Inocencio presented in the trial
court were her “Revocation of Affidavit,” and a handwritten letter attached to a
letter from the attorney who had been representing her mother in her effort to
be named the twins’ managing conservator in which Inocencio states that “[t]he
only reason [the boys] are not with us now is because of my sisters [sic]
threats and badgering.” Inocencio’s revocation states only that “[i]t is my
desire to revoke [the affidavit of relinquishment].” While there is evidence
that the promise of pictures and updates played a significant role in
Inocencio’s decision to sign the affidavit, her argument about the
enforceability of that promise was never raised or ruled upon. Inocencio thus
waived this challenge to the affidavit, and we express no opinion on it. See
In re Barr, 13 S.W.3d 525, 555 (Tex. Rev. Trib. 1998); Tarrant County
Water Control and Imp. Dist. Number One v. Fullwood, 963 S.W.2d 60, 72 (Tex.
1998).
Inocencio
also contends that Detective Goetschius, his wife, and Gonzalez acted as
adoption intermediaries without meeting the requirements of Chapter 42 of the
Human Resources Code; consequently, she argues, their actions amount to undue
influence in her decision to relinquish her parental rights. But like her
argument regarding the purported unenforceability of the Monteguts’ promises,
Inocencio never raised or secured a ruling on this theory in the trial court.
Accordingly, it too is waived.
IV
A.
A
brief response to the dissenting justices’ depiction of the record in this case
is warranted. Both dissents effectively second-guess the trial court’s
resolution of a factual dispute by relying on evidence that is either disputed,
or that the court could easily have rejected as not credible. Even under the
standard we articulated in In re J.F.C., this reweighing of the evidence
is improper. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). And in a
case like this, where so much turns on the witnesses’ credibility and state of
mind, appellate factfinding is particularly dangerous.
Neither
of the dissents, for example, credits evidence that Duenas understood English.
This is important, because the evidence is undisputed that Ciavaglia went over
the affidavit with Duenas in English, although he may have paraphrased parts of
it. For example, Gonzalez testified that Ciavaglia “went step by step and made
sure to – that [Duenas and Inocencio] understood what they were signing. . . .
Mark [Ciavaglia] explained it in detail. And Ricardo kept on, like he
acknowledged what was being said.” And Ciavaglia testified that he told Duenas
that “[t]his document is very – excuse me – very important. And that by signing
it, you’re acknowledging that you understand this document and you understand
the consequences of this document, and that you fully, finally, and forever give
up any parental rights to your children. And you also relinquish your right and
give up your right to change your mind.” Ciavaglia also testified that he went
“through the form and I was explaining it to [Duenas].”
And
Duenas’s testimony about his ability to understand English was inconsistent;
although he testified that he understood no English whatsoever, he soon
contradicted himself:
ATTORNEY AD LITEM: Mr. Duenas, I’m
a little confused as to how much English you understand. Let me go over some
testimony that I think you gave the court a little bit earlier.
When the lawyer told you in
English to sign here and initial here, did you tell the Court that you
understood that?
DUENAS: Yes, I did
understand.
Duenas also submitted a Statement
of Paternity in English and swore, in the attached verification, “that he has
read the foregoing Statement of Paternity.”
Other
witnesses testified that Duenas appeared to understand what was transpiring at
the affidavit signing:
Q: How did you receive the
information from Ricardo Duenas?
CIAVAGLIA: I asked him
verbally.
Q: And was he able to understand
what you asked him and relay the information?
CIAVAGLIA: He seemed to be. He
seemed to understand English and responded to questions.
Q: When you asked for his name,
did he respond with his name correct – give you a detail of his name, or did he
write it out? How did he do it?
CIAVAGLIA: He pronounced it, and I
just wrote it. As I wrote his last name, I spelled it out loud; and he
acknowledged that was correct.
And Gonzalez testified that after
Duenas signed the affidavit, she told him in English, “Thank you. What you are
doing is very courageous.” She then asked her mother to translate, but Duenas
interrupted and told the mother it was unnecessary. Moreover, there was evidence
that Duenas had been working four years for a chef who spoke only English.
Although Duenas testified that a coworker translated the chef’s directions, the
trial court may have found Duenas’s self-contradicted testimony that he
understood no English after four years in this environment not credible. The
trial court may also have found Duenas not credible because he testified that
none of the affidavit had been translated for him, when every other witness
testified that at least some portions of the affidavit were translated. In any
event, the trial court had the opportunity to observe Duenas’s responses and
demeanor; second-guessing the trial court’s factfinding in these circumstances
is unwarranted and ill-advised.
B.
Moreover,
the dissenters’ assumption that Duenas’s mere biological relationship with the
twins afforded him “rights, fundamental and constitutional in their magnitude”
is questionable. As we have noted, the trial court found that Duenas was not the
twins’ presumed father, and that Duenas had no legal relationship with the boys
at the time he signed the affidavit. Duenas, a twenty-five-year-old man, admits
that he fathered twin sons by a fifteen-year-old child who was incapable of
legally consenting to a sexual relationship. Duenas signed the affidavit
relinquishing his parental rights more than five months after the boys’ birth,
while he was living with another woman. Until he filed a counterpetition for
paternity in this case (five days before the scheduled termination hearing,
almost two months after signing the relinquishment affidavit, and more than
seven months after Inocencio gave birth to the twins), Duenas took no steps to
establish parental rights. Moreover, Duenas did not request a full translation
of the relinquishment affidavit, even though there was nothing to prevent him
from doing so and he knew that the proceedings would affect the boys’ future.
His failure to do so could be interpreted as disinterest. And there is evidence
that Duenas contributed little, if any, to the boys’ support and daily
care.
The record strongly
suggests that Inocencio’s mother had assumed almost complete responsibility for
the twins, and it is undisputed that she had moved to be named their managing
conservator. The boys were receiving public assistance through the WIC program,
and at one point there was an attempt to obtain child support from Duenas
through the attorney general’s office.
The
Supreme Court has made it abundantly clear that a man’s mere biological
relationship with a child is insufficient to confer a protected liberty interest
upon him. In Lehr v. Robertson, the Court explained:
The difference between the
developed parent-child relationship that was implicated in Stanley and
Caban, and the potential relationship involved in Quilloin [v.
Walcott, 434 U.S. 246 (1978)] and this case, is both clear and significant.
When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of
parenthood by “com[ing] forward to participate in the rearing of his child,” his
interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection
under the due process clause. At that point it may be said that he “act[s] as a
father toward his children.” But the mere existence of a biological link does
not merit equivalent constitutional protection. . . . “[T]he importance of the
familial relationship, to the individuals involved and to the society, stems
from the emotional attachments that derive from the intimacy of daily
association, and from the role it plays in ‘promot[ing] a way of life’ through
the instruction of children as well as from the fact of blood relationship.”
463 U.S. 248, 261 (1983)
(citations omitted) (emphasis added). In Lehr, the Court held that a
putative father who had never established a substantial relationship with his
child was not entitled to notice of adoption proceedings as a matter of due
process.
Id. at
265. This Court, too, has long recognized that any
constitutional interest a putative father may claim stems from his acceptance of
“the legal and moral commitment to the family,” not from a mere biological
relationship. In re K., 535 S.W.2d 168, 171 (Tex. 1976), cert.
denied, 429 U.S. 907 (1976); see also In re T.E.T., 603 S.W.2d 793,
795 (Tex. 1980), cert. denied sub nom., Oldag v. Catholic Charities of the
Diocese of Galveston-Houston, 450 U.S. 1025 (1981) (holding that statute
that imposed different requirements to establish parental rights on father than
on mother did not violate father’s right to equal protection under the law);
In re J.W.T., 872 S.W.2d 189, 195 (Tex. 1994) (noting that a father’s
constitutional “interest does not come into existence or is soon lost, however,
if the father is unable to demonstrate that he is fit and committed to the
responsibilities of parenthood [or if the father has not] ‘taken concrete
actions to grasp his opportunity to be a father’”) (quoting In re Adoption of
B.G.S., 556 So.2d 545, 550 (La. 1990)).
V
Because the theories on which
Duenas and Inocencio seek to reverse the court of appeals’
judgment were never presented in
the trial court, they were not preserved for our review. Accordingly, we affirm
the court of appeals’ judgment.
__________________________________________
Harriet O’Neill
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: September 18,
2003.