CLAY, J., delivered the judgment of the court and an opinion. ROGERS, J. (pp. 338-42), delivered a separate concurring opinion, in which COOK, J., joined.
OPINION
CLAY, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Tom Defoe, a minor by and through his parent and guardian, Plaintiff Phil Defoe, and Plaintiff Phil Defoe, individually, appeal an order entered by the district court granting summary judgment for Defendants Sid Spiva, Merl Krull, Greg Deal, V.L. Stonecipher, John Burrell, and the Anderson County, Tennessee School Board based upon this Court’s decision in Barr v. Lafon, 538 F.3d 554 (6th Cir.2008). On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court erroneously granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants based on the court’s conclusions that the evidence demonstrated that school officials banned displays of the Confederate flag based on a reasonable forecast that those displays would substantially disrupt or materially interfere with the school environment. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision.
To the extent that there are any differences between this opinion and the concurring opinion, the concurring opinion shall govern as stating the panel’s majority position.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The Anderson County school district encompasses seventeen schools, including two high schools, Anderson County High School (“ACHS”) and Clinton High School (“Clinton”), and one vocational school, Anderson County Career and Technical Center (“ACCTC”). ACCTC, which is located on the ACHS campus, draws students from both high schools. Plaintiff Tom Defoe attended both ACHS and ACCTC through at least December 2007. Plaintiff Phil Defoe is Tom Defoe’s father.
All Anderson County schools have a code of student conduct in effect that states “[ajpparel or appearance, which tends to draw attention to an individual rather than to a learning situation, must be avoided.” (Appellees’ Br. 11.) The policy further states that “[cjlothing and accessories such as backpacks, patches, jewelry, and notebooks must not display (1) racial or ethnic slurs/symbols, (2) gang affiliations, (3) vulgar, subversive, or sexually suggestive language or images; nor, should they promote products which students may not legally buy; such as alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs.” (Id.)
According to V.L. Stonecipher, Director of Anderson County schools, a racially tense environment has existed at Clinton High School since 1956 when the school was integrated.1 (Trial Tr. Vol. I 96-99.) Stonecipher has been employed by Anderson County schools since 1965 as a [327] teacher, principal, and administrator. He testified in the court below that during his tenure with the Anderson County school system, he has dealt with several instances of racial hatred such as the name-calling experienced by black students. Stonecipher stated that displays of the Confederate flag would be a distraction to any student offended by it and could result in some sort of dangerous disagreement resulting in conflict or violence.
John Burrell, Chairman of the Anderson County School Board, stated that the Board decided to ban anything it felt would be disruptive to students, and the Confederate flag fell into that category. Burrell stated that he would not consider lifting the ban as long as the flag was disruptive to any students in the school system. Specifically, Burrell said he “would be against removing the ban as long as we have a racially mixed group with some of those students who I think [the flag] would be offensive to.” (Trial Tr. Vol. I 49.) Burrell stated that after a student becomes offended, “the next step is a fight, a riot, that type of situation.” (Trial Tr. Vol. I 63.) Burrell also testified that if a child was sitting in class and something is offensive to him or her, that could affect the child’s learning.
Several racial incidents have occurred at both ACHS and ACCTC. Examples of such happenings are detailed below.
1. Anderson County High School
Greg Deal, the ACHS principal, testified that racial tension has existed in the community for years. (Trial Tr. Vol. II 117-19.) Deal recalled an incident that occurred in 2003 where a Hispanic male student had a verbal confrontation with a white female student in class about a paper on her desk and a white male student told the Hispanic student to shut up. After class and on the way to lunch, the same white male student called the Hispanic student a “sand nigger, dirty mexican.” (Id. at 122-23.) The Hispanic student went to his older brother and told him what happened. The student’s big brother subsequently got into a physical confrontation with the white male student. Also in 2003, two Hispanic students approached Deal complaining that they were being called “dirty niggers, sand niggers and dirty mexicans” and told that they need to leave ACHS when they walked down the “redneck hallway.”2 (Id. at 126.) Deal noted that when he went to talk to the self-proclaimed “rednecks,” some of them were wearing the Confederate flag.
In January 2005, there was a basketball game between ACHS and Clinton High School. Clinton had a biracial basketball player. Prior to the commencement of the game, ACHS students threw Oreo cookies onto the basketball court as the biracial player was completing warm-up drills. (Id. at 123.) Deal’s investigation into this incident revealed that the students threw the Oreo cookies at the player because one of his parents is black and one is white.3 (Id. at 123.)
[328] In August 2005, two black male students, one of whom had been displaced by Hurricane Katrina, enrolled at ACHS. Deal testified that, according to his recollection, a black student had not attended ACHS since 1990 or 1991. Two days after the two black male students enrolled, a large Confederate flag was draped in a school hallway. Deal testified that he had never seen a Confederate flag hanging in the hallway before, yet, two days after two black male students enrolled at the school, there was a Confederate flag hanging in the hallway. When Deal went over to remove the flag from the wall, he observed the “rednecks” or John Deere gang “laughing and snickering” as he took the flag down. (Id. at 109.) Deal considered the flag to be a message to the administration “that, hey, we don’t want these black young men enrolled in our school.” (Id.)
There was also an incident where a black student from Clinton High School attending a leadership class at ACHS was called a “nigger” by a group of white students. (Id. at 131.) In 2008, racially-charged graffiti was discovered in the school auditorium and in two areas of the high school football stadium. In the auditorium, a Swastika was found along with the terms “niggers” and “white power.” (Id. at 133.) On the football bleachers, graffiti included comments like “White 4 Life” and “I Hate Niggas, J/K AVM.”4 (Id. at 140.) In 2008, graffiti discovered on the track pole vault pit was determined to be the names of a black male student and a white female student along with “something about nigger-lover, white ghi, black boy, in my school” and a picture of a hangman’s noose (Id. at 142-43.) The two students whose names were written were dating at the time. Deal stated that he believed lifting the Confederate flag ban would disrupt the learning environment.
2. Anderson County Career and Technical Center
Until he retired, Sidney Spiva was the principal at ACCTC. Spiva recalled an incident at ACCTC when he confiscated a student’s shirt. Spiva testified that the student’s shirt bore an image of a skeleton in the same kind of robe worn by members of the Ku Klux Klan (“KKK”) and included an image of the Confederate flag. He stated that the student’s mother came down to the school and was upset that Spiva even commented to the student about his shirt.
Spiva testified that he believes the presence of the Confederate flag, even in a virtually all-white school, would likely disrupt the learning environment. Spiva also noted that recruiting minorities to ACCTC had been a struggle and that out of 400 or so students enrolled while he was the principal, only two or three were minorities. Spiva said that during interviews with potential minority recruits at Clinton, the students stated they did not want to attend ACCTC for reasons such as they “don’t want to go up there with those rednecks.” (Trial Tr. Vol. 1139.)
Tim Parrott, the current principal of ACCTC, also testified about several racial incidents that had occurred at ACCTC. The first incident was a parent complaint about a black male student being called a “nigger” on the school bus. (Parrott Dep. 67.) The second incident involved a black student who requested to change classes [329] and return to Clinton High School because he was afraid of a white student at ACHS. (Id. at 68.) The third incident involved three white male students who were singing a racial song about a black student on the school bus, one of whom had an image of the Confederate flag on his belt buckle. (Id. at 69.) There was also a fight on the bus arising from one student, in a text message, making a racial joke about a particular female student.
Merl Krull, the Assistant Principal at ACCTC, testified regarding a racial incident where a biracial female student was subjected to racist name-calling. Krull noted that the student “was very upset about what had happened in the classroom and wanted to call home.” (Trial Tr. Vol. II 12.) Krull testified that he believed lifting the Confederate flag ban might result in more incidents of students arguing about the display of the flag. David Land-rum, a welding instructor at ACCTC, also stated that lifting the Confederate flag ban would probably result in disruption to the learning environment.
Prior to becoming principal of ACCTC, Parrott was assistant vice principal at Clinton High School. Parrott recalled several episodes occurring during his tenure as vice president at Clinton High School, including multiple incidents of racially-charged graffiti that had to be painted over. Examples of such graffiti included KKK references, “I hate niggers,” and “Kill all the niggers.” (Trial Tr. Vol. Ill 15.) Parrott stated that he kept a can of spray paint in his office because if such graffiti was not removed from the walls immediately, there could have been a fight. Clinton High School administration once discovered graffiti in the girls’ restroom that said “I hate this nigger-hating school. I’m going to blow it up.” (Id.) There had even been a noose discovered in a student’s locker along with stickers displaying terms like “White Power” and “KKK.” (Id. at 17.)
On October 30, 2006, Tom Defoe wore a t-shirt to school bearing an image of the Confederate flag. School officials told Defoe he was in violation of the code of conduct and he was asked to either turn the shirt inside out or remove it. Defoe refused to comply so he was sent home. On November 6, 2006, Defoe wore a belt buckle to school that displayed an image of the Confederate flag. A school official informed Defoe he was in violation of the code of conduct and when Defoe refused to comply with the dress code, he was suspended. Prior to these two incidents, Defoe wore clothing depicting the Confederate battle flag on several occasions but complied when school officials requested he remove or cover the clothing.
B. Procedural History
On November 20, 2006, Plaintiffs commenced this action, alleging violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining order the same day. On May 16, 2007, the district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion. Plaintiffs also filed a motion to amend their complaint, which was denied.
On September 21, 2007, Plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied. Although the record does not make clear exactly when, at some point, Defendants also moved for summary judgment. Defendants’ motion was denied. Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of their summary judgment motion. Plaintiffs subsequently requested the recusal of the district court judge and moved once again to amend their complaint in order to add two additional parties.
Defendants filed a response to Plaintiffs’ motion to reconsider in which they argued that summary judgment should be granted [330] in favor of the individual Defendants based on qualified immunity. The district court denied both Plaintiffs’ and Defendants’ motions for reconsideration of their respective summary judgment motions. On January 7, 2008, the court granted Plaintiffs’ motion to amend. On January 9, 2008, Defendants filed an interlocutory appeal regarding the district court’s denial of their summary judgment motion asserting qualified immunity.
Defendants dismissed their appeal on March 26, 2008 and filed a motion for partial summary judgment on April 28, 2008, arguing that the individual defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. The court granted Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment in part and denied it in part, concluding that Stonecipher and Burrell, who were added after Defendant’s initial summary judgment motion, were entitled to qualified immunity in their individual capacities and, as it had previously concluded, the other Defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity.
From August 11, 2008 through August 15, 2008, a jury trial was held that ended in a mistrial because the jury was unable to reach an unanimous verdict. The district court subsequently requested that the parties file post-trial briefs in light of this Court’s decision in Barr v. Lafon, 538 F.3d 554 (6th Cir.2008). On August 11, 2009, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants and dismissed the action. Plaintiffs now appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
The Court reviews de novo a motion for summary judgment. Kleiber v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 485 F.3d 862, 868 (6th Cir.2007). Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(2). Where the record, viewed as a whole, “could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’ ” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). In considering a summary judgment motion, all inferences to be drawn from the facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. A judge’s role is not to weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses, or determine the truth of the matter. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
Once a summary judgment motion is properly made and supported, “an opposing party may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading; rather its response must — by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule — set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2); accord Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348. If the opposing party fails to respond in this manner, summary judgment should be entered against that party if appropriate. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2). The opposing party must present more than a “mere scintilla” of evidence; the evidence must be such that a reasonable jury could find for the non-movant. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
B. Analysis
1. Relevant Precedent
In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Supreme Court made clear that “First Amendment rights, applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, are available to teachers and stu[331] dents.” 393 U.S. 503, 506, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969). Indeed, it is well-established that students do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” Id. Nonetheless, school officials retain some “authority ... consistent with fundamental constitutional safeguards to prescribe and control conduct in the schools.” Id. at 507, 89 S.Ct. 733. “[T]he constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings,” and the Constitution does not compel “school officials to surrender control of the American public school system to public school students.” Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 682, 686, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986). Students’ First Amendment rights must be “applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment.” Tinker, 393 U.S. at 506, 89 S.Ct. 733.
In Tinker, the Court considered whether schools violated students’ First Amendment rights when they suspended students who wore black armbands to school as an expression of their opposition to the Vietnam War. The Court determined that “the wearing of armbands in the circumstances of this case was entirely divorced from actually or potentially disruptive conduct by those participating in it” and more “akin to ‘pure speech,’ ” which was entitled to comprehensive protection under the First Amendment. Id. at 505-06, 89 S.Ct. 733.
The Court noted the absence of any evidence that the suspended students’ protest interfered with the schools’ work or collided with the rights of other students to be secure and let alone. Id. at 508, 89 S.Ct. 733. Specifically, the Court noted that the wearing of the armbands did not “materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school.” Id. at 509, 89 S.Ct. 733 (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, concluded the Court, the schools’ actions appeared to have been motivated by “an urgent wish to avoid controversy which might result from the expression ... of opposition to this Nation’s part in the conflagration in Vietnam.” Id. at 510, 89 S.Ct. 733. Because there was no evidence that “school authorities had reason to anticipate that the wearing of the armbands would substantially interfere with the work of the school or impinge upon the rights of other students,” the Court reversed the appellate court’s affirmance of dismissal. Id. at 509, 89 S.Ct. 733.
In two subsequent cases, the Court clarified that schools did not always need to justify the regulation of student speech using the Tinker framework. In Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, a male student, while delivering a speech nominating another student for an elected student office, referred to the candidate using a graphic, sexually explicit metaphor. The Court considered whether the student’s public high school violated his First Amendment rights when it suspended him for violating the school’s rule prohibiting “the use of obscene, profane language or gestures.” 478 U.S. at 678, 106 S.Ct. 3159.
The Court concluded that the First Amendment did not preclude the school from punishing the student, noting that it is “a highly appropriate function of public school education to prohibit the use of vulgar and offensive terms in public discourse.” Id. at 683, 106 S.Ct. 3159. The Court referenced the “marked distinction between the political ‘message’ of the armbands in Tinker and the sexual content of [the student’s] speech” and the “obvious concern ... to protect children — especially in a captive audience — from exposure to sexually explicit, indecent, or lewd speech.” [332] Id. at 684, 106 S.Ct. 3159. Consequently, stated the Court, “[sjchools, as instruments of the state, may determine that the essential lessons of civil, mature conduct cannot be conveyed in a school that tolerates lewd, indecent, or offensive speech and conduct” such as that of the student. Id. at 683, 106 S.Ct. 3159.
In Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260, 108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592 (1988), the Supreme Court addressed whether a public high school violated students’ First Amendment rights by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in a school-sponsored activity. Staff members of a high school newspaper brought suit against the school district, alleging that the principal violated their First Amendment rights when he deleted two pages of the newspaper that contained students’ experiences regarding pregnancy and the effect of divorce on students. The Court noted that the question confronted in Tinker differed from the question currently before it, id. at 270-71, 108 S.Ct. 562, and concluded that “educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.” Id. at 273, 108 S.Ct. 562.
As this Court noted in Barr v. Lafon: The above trilogy of cases yields three principles: (1) under Fraser, a school may categorically prohibit vulgar, lewd, indecent, or plainly offensive student speech, Fraser, 478 U.S. at 683-85, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 92 L.Ed.2d 549; Hazelwood, 484 U.S. at 272 n. 4, 108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592; (2) under Hazelwood, a school has limited authority to censor school-sponsored student speech in a manner consistent with pedagogical concerns, 484 U.S. at 273, 108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592; and (3) the Tinker standard applies to all other student speech and allows regulation only when the school reasonably believes that the speech will substantially and materially interfere with schoolwork or discipline, 393 U.S. at 513, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731.
538 F.3d at 563-64 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, Tinker governs this case because by wearing clothing bearing images of the Confederate flag, Tom Defoe engaged in “pure speech,” which is protected by the First Amendment, and thus Fraser would not apply; and the speech was not sponsored by the school, which means Hazelwood does not apply. See id. at 564 (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the inquiry in this case focuses on whether the record demonstrates “any facts which might reasonably have led school authorities to forecast substantial disruption of or material interference with school activities.” Tinker, 393 U.S. at 514, 89 S.Ct. 733.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393, 127 S.Ct. 2618, 168 L.Ed.2d 290 (2007), does not alter our application of the Tinker standard. Indeed, the Court in Morse reiterated that “schools may regulate some speech ‘even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school.’” 551 U.S. at 405-06, 127 S.Ct. 2618. The Court also noted that “the rule of Tinker is not the only basis for restricting student speech.” Id. at 406, 127 S.Ct. 2618. As this Court has already recognized, however, the Morse holding was a narrow one, determining no more than that a public school may prohibit student expression at school or at school-sponsored events during school hours that can be [333] “reasonably viewed as promoting drug use.” Id. at 409-10, 127 S.Ct. 2618.5
2. Analysis under Tinker of the School District’s Ban on Displays of the Confederate Flag
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants based on this Court’s decision in Barr v. Lafon, 538 F.3d 554 (6th Cir.2008). In Barr, racial tensions at Blount County High School in Blount County, Tennessee prompted the principal to announce that displays of the Confederate flag were prohibited. Two students who subsequently wore t-shirts to school displaying the Confederate flag sued after being told to remove or cover-up the t-shirts or face suspension. The students alleged that the ban violated their free speech rights.
This Court upheld the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the school board on the basis that school officials reasonably forecast that displays of the Confederate flag would disrupt school work and discipline, and thus adhered to the Tinker standard. In reaching this conclusion, the Court pointed to evidence in the record regarding racial violence, threats, and tension. Specifically, the Court pointed to the following evidence: (1) a fight between an a black student and a white student; (2) a complaint filed with the Office of Civil Rights alleging that the school punished a black student more harshly than a white student following a racially-motivated altercation; (3) racist graffiti that included racial slurs and generalized threats against the lives of blacks; (4) “hit lists” of specific student names; (5) unspecified race-related fights; (6) a fear of racial violence that resulted in absenteeism among black students; and (7) a school “lockdown” implemented because of the deterioration of student discipline and the threat of race-related violence. 538 F.3d at 566-67. The Court concluded that these occurrences established that school officials reasonably forecast that displays of the Confederate flag would likely disrupt the school environment. Id. at 567.
Plaintiffs argue that the Confederate flag itself has not caused any disruption in the past at ACHS or ACCTC that would justify the ban. However, as this Court stated in Barr, such an argument “misapplies the Tinker standard” because “Tinker does not require disruption to have actually occurred.” 538 F.3d at 565 (quoting Lowery v. Euverard, 497 F.3d 584, 591, 593 (6th Cir.2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, the Court evaluates the circumstances to determine whether the school’s forecast of substantial disruption was reasonable. Id.
Under Tinker, “to justify prohibition of a particular expression of opinion,” a school district must be able to show only “that its action was caused by something more than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint,” but rather, “that the school au[334] thorities had reason to anticipate that the wearing of [the banned imagery] would substantially interfere with the work of the school or would impinge upon the rights of other students,” including the right “to be secure and to be let alone.”
Brogdon v. Lafon, 217 Fed.Appx. 518, 525 (6th Cir.2007) (citations omitted).
Plaintiffs also argue that the district court erred in granting summary judgment by “erroneously concluding] that ‘ACHS and ACCTC have recently experienced intense racial conflict’ ” and that such a conclusion could not have been made without the court improperly weighing evidence and failing to grant all reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor. (Appellant’s Br. 19.) More specifically, Plaintiffs argue that the evidence demonstrates that racial tension is low at both ACHS and ACCTC. We disagree.
The record contains uncontested evidence of racial violence, threats, and tensions at both ACHS and ACCTC. At ACHS, several incidents have occurred: two days after two black male students enrolled at ACHS, a large Confederate flag appeared draped in a school hallway; racial slurs such as “dirty niggers, sand niggers and dirty mexieans” were directed at Hispanic students; racially-charged graffiti including a Swastika and the words “niggers” and “white power,” and the comments “White 4 Life” and “I Hate Niggas, J/K AVM”; graffiti including the name of a racially mixed couple along with “something about nigger-lover, white girl, black boy, in my school” and a picture of a hangman’s noose; a black Clinton High School student involved in a leadership program at ACHS being called a “nigger” by a group of white ACHS students; Oreo cookies thrown onto the basketball court when a biracial Clinton High School basketball player attempted to warm-up before a basketball game; and a physical altercation between a Hispanic student and a white male student stemming from the white student’s reference to the Hispanic student’s brother as a “sand nigger, dirty mexican.”
There is also uncontested evidence pertaining to incidents and the racial climate at ACCTC: a complaint from a black student’s parent after the student was called a “nigger” on the school bus; a black student changing classes and transferring to Clinton High School based on his fear of a white student; incidents that occurred on ACCTC school buses stemming from racial epithets such as “nigger” and white students singing racial songs; a physical altercation resulting from a racial joke; a biracial female student being subjected to racist name-calling such that she “wanted to call home”; and difficulty recruiting minorities to ACCTC because potential minority recruits do not want to attend ACCTC due to racial tensions.
In addition, there is evidence of racial violence, threats, and tension at Clinton High School such as: racial graffiti including KKK references, and comments such as “I hate niggers,” “Kill all the niggers,” and “I hate this nigger-hating school. I’m going to blow it up”; the discovery of a noose in a student’s locker along with stickers like “White Power,” “KKK,” and other racially-charged statements; and various unspecified race-related physical altercations.
Although some of the incidents of racial violence, threats, and tension present in Barr are not present here, uncontested evidence in this case clearly indicates racial violence, threats, and tension in Anderson County schools. Indeed, unlike in Tinker, Plaintiffs’ free speech rights “eolli[de] with the rights of other students to be secure and to be let alone,” Tinker, 393 U.S. at 508, 89 S.Ct. 733, and this is [335] not a situation where the prohibited speech “was entirely divorced from actually or potentially disruptive conduct by those participating in it.” Id. at 505, 89 5.Ct. 733. In Tinker, the speech at issue communicated negative feelings about the Vietnam War whereas the speech at issue in this case communicates a message of hatred toward members of the student body population and, therefore, this case presents a situation “involving] substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others ... [which is] not immunized by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech.” Id. at 513, 89 S.Ct. 733.
“Even without evidence that Confederate flag displays had been the direct cause of past disruptions, school officials reasonably could surmise that such displays posed a substantial risk of provoking problems in the incendiary atmosphere then existing.” Brogdon, 217 Fed.Appx. at 523. Accordingly, even if a student’s display of the Confederate flag has not actually disrupted the learning environment, “the district court nonetheless could conclude that displays of the confederate flag would be likely to lead to unrest in the future. Such a determination is not erroneous as either a factual finding or a legal conclusion.” Id. at 524. Indeed, Tinker does not require that displays of the Confederate flag in fact cause substantial disruption or interference, but rather that school officials reasonably forecasted that such displays could cause substantial disruption or materially interfere with the learning environment. Tinker, 393 U.S. at 514, 89 S.Ct. 733.
Our holding today that school officials in this case reasonably forecast that permitting displays of the Confederate flag would substantially disrupt or materially interfere with the school environment accords with precedent not only from our own circuit, but from our sister circuits as well. See A.M. ex rel. McAllum v. Cash, 585 F.3d 214, 223 (5th Cir.2009) (concluding that the “racially inflammatory meaning associated with the Confederate flag and the evidence of racial tension at [the high school] established] that [school officials] reasonably forecast that [displays of the Confederate flag] might cause substantial disruption of school activities”); B.W.A. v. Farmington R-7 Sch. Dist., 554 F.3d 734, 741 (2009) (upholding a school district’s ban on clothing depicting the Confederate flag based on evidence of “likely racially-motivated violence, racial tension, and other altercations directly related to adverse race relations in the community and the school”); West v. Derby Unified Sch. Dist. No. 260, 206 F.3d 1358, 1366-67 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 825, 121 S.Ct. 71, 148 L.Ed.2d 35 (2000) (upholding a school district’s clothing ban based on past racial incidents and a history of racial tension in the school district); Melton v. Young, 465 F.2d 1332, (6th Cir.1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 951, 93 S.Ct. 1926, 36 L.Ed.2d 414 (1973) (upholding a school’s code of conduct based on continued racial tension and physical altercations tied to displays of the Confederate flag).6
[336] Because the evidence establishes that the Tinker standard is met, we conclude that school officials reasonably forecast that permitting displays of the Confederate flag would result in substantial disruption of, or material interference with, the school environment. Such a conclusion is compelled by the racial violence, tension, and threats occurring in Anderson County schools as well as the fact that the Confederate flag is a “controversial racial and political symbol.” Castorina v. Madison Cnty. Sch. Bd„ 246 F.3d 536, 542 (6th Cir.2001); see Brogdon, 217 Fed.Appx. at 524 (noting the Castorina court’s implicit acknowledgment that the Confederate flag is a controversial and political symbol).
3. Alleged Viewpoint Discrimination
Plaintiffs also argue that the school district’s policy constitutes unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that by banning displays of the Confederate flag, Defendants are suppressing a particular viewpoint they find offensive and they want to avoid offending others.
“It is true that even where past racial incidents justify a ban, schools may not impose ‘a view-point specific ban on [some] racially divisive symbols and not others.’ ” Brogdon, 217 Fed.Appx. at 523 (quoting Castorina, 246 F.3d at 544). Indeed, “the prohibition of expression of one particular opinion, at least without evidence that it is necessary to avoid material and substantial interference with schoolwork or discipline, is not constitutionally permissible.” Tinker, 393 U.S. at 511, 89 S.Ct. 733.
However, there is no evidence to suggest viewpoint discrimination in this case. The code of conduct prohibits all “[e]lothing and accessories such as backpacks, patches, jewelry, and notebooks” that display “(1) racial or ethnic slurs/symbols, (2) gang affiliations, (3) vulgar, subversive, or sexually suggestive language or images” as well as any displays promoting “products ... students may not legally buy; such as alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs.”7 (Appellees’ Br. 11.)
[337] Plaintiffs tie no school officials to their claim of viewpoint discrimination, and testimony on this point shows that Malcolm X shirts are banned in Anderson County schools just as Confederate flag shirts are banned. At most, a couple of witnesses testified that various students “got away” with wearing Confederate flag clothing and there was limited testimony regarding one student wearing a flag with an image of the Mexican flag and someone wearing a Malcolm X shirt. There appears to be some ambiguity regarding whether school officials would act upon seeing a display of the Mexican flag but, unlike the Confederate flag and Malcolm X shirts, there is no district-wide ban on the Mexican flag’s display nor is there any indication that it has been disruptive to the educational process or that school officials have reasonably forecasted that it would be.
With regard to Plaintiffs’ assertion that displays of the Confederate flag are banned based on their offensiveness rather than a reasonable forecast of disruption, that school officials “determined the Confederate flag to be offensive to African-American and other students ... does not negate [their] reasonable belief that the flag was also disruptive and would cause substantial and material interference with schoolwork and school discipline.” Barr, 538 F.3d at 567. Accordingly, we hold that Plaintiffs’ viewpoint discrimination argument to be without merit.
4. Narrow Tailoring Argument
Plaintiffs further argue that the school district’s across-school ban is unconstitutional because speech restrictions must be narrowly tailored. Plaintiffs contend that because no principal or teacher can make exceptions to the ban based on the circumstances within individual schools and classrooms, the ban is unnecessarily broad and thus, violative of the Constitution.
Because the dress code’s distinction between the display of racially divisive symbols and racially inclusive symbols involves “expressive conduct within the protection of the First Amendment,” this provision of the dress code “must be [narrowly] tailored to serve a substantial governmental interest.” Police Dep’t of City of Chicago v. Mosley, 408 U.S. 92, 99, 92 S.Ct. 2286, 33 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972). In this case, the government’s interest is the school district’s objective of “educating] its students in a learning environment conducive to fostering both knowledge and democratic responsibility,” which is undoubtedly a substantial interest. Barr, 538 F.3d at 576.
In determining whether the dress code’s ban on displays of racially divisive symbols is narrowly tailored we inquire as to whether this ban satisfies the Tinker standard. See id. Plaintiffs point to no authority for the proposition that the school district is required to apply district policy on a school-by-school or classroom-by-classroom basis. Not only would the piecemeal approach suggested by Plaintiffs be unworkable, but this Court appears to have implicitly rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments that the narrow tailoring requirement prevents school districts from establishing and enforcing a district-wide dress code. See Barr, 538 F.3d at 556-57 (detailing the district-wide dress code); see also Brogdon, 217 Fed.Appx. 518, 526 (6th Cir.2007) (affirming the district court’s denial of a preliminary injunction in a case involving a district-wide dress code prohibiting attire that caused disruption to the educational process). Other circuits have similarly upheld district-wide bans on dis [338] plays of the Confederate flag. See B.W.A., 554 F.3d at 741 (upholding a school district’s ban on clothing depicting the Confederate flag); West, 206 F.3d at 1366-67 (same).
Tinker does not require an individualized analysis of each student’s clothing each day, but rather a reasonable forecast by school officials that displays of the Confederate flag would cause disruptions. See Lowery, 497 F.3d at 591-92 (holding that pursuant to Tinker school officials need not wait until a disruption actually occurs before regulating student speech). As we have previously stated, Anderson County school officials enforce the ban in a viewpoint-neutral manner and only banned those symbols they have reasonably forecasted will substantially disrupt or materially interfere with schoolwork and school discipline. Accordingly, we hold that the dress code’s provision banning displays of racially divisive symbols, and its application to the Confederate flag, is narrowly tailored to the state and school district’s substantial interest in educating students in the public school system.8
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants.9