DeFilippo v. County of Stanislaus

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: September 14, 2022
• Docket: 1:18-cv-00496
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GEORGIA DEFILIPPO, et al., No. 1:18-cv-00496-TLN-BAM 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER 14 COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 This matter is before the Court on two Motions to Dismiss: (1) Defendants County of 18 Stanislaus (“County”), Birgit Fladager, Marlissa Ferreira, David Harris, Kirk Bunch, Steve 19 Jacobson, and Cory Brown’s (collectively, “County Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 20 99); and (2) Defendants City of Modesto (“Modesto”) and Jon Evers’s (collectively, “City 21 Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 100).1 Plaintiffs Georgia DeFilippo and Christina 22 DeFilippo (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) oppose each motion. (ECF Nos. 105, 106.) Defendants 23 filed replies. (ECF Nos. 108, 109.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part 24 and DENIES in part Defendants’ motions. 25 /// 26

27 1 When the Court discusses County Defendants and City Defendants together, it will refer to them collectively as “Defendants.” 28 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On April 2, 2012, an individual named Korey Kauffman (“Kauffman”) was reported 3 missing. (ECF No. 96 at 9.) In August 2015, officers arrested a prominent criminal defense 4 attorney named Frank Carson (“Carson”) on suspicion that he was involved in an elaborate 5 murder to hire scheme that resulted in Kauffman’s murder. (Id. at 2.) Plaintiffs are Carson’s wife 6 and stepdaughter, who were also arrested and prosecuted on charges related to the murder. (Id.) 7 Plaintiffs’ claims are based on allegedly wrongful actions by Defendants in investigating, 8 arresting, and prosecuting Plaintiffs. (Id.) The charges against Plaintiffs were ultimately 9 dismissed after the preliminary hearing. (Id. at 3.) 10 Plaintiffs filed the instant action on April 10, 2018. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs filed the 11 operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on November 18, 2021, alleging various 42 12 U.S.C. § 1983 claims and state law claims. (ECF No. 96 at 46–56.) County Defendants filed a 13 motion to dismiss on January 7, 2022, and City Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on January 14 10, 2022. (ECF Nos. 99, 100.) 15 II. STANDARD OF LAW 16 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. 18 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain 19 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 20 Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in 21 federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 22 grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 23 citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal 24 discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose 25 of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 26 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 27 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 28 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 1 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 2 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 3 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 4 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 5 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 6 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 7 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 8 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 9 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 10 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 11 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, ‘[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 12 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Adams v. Johnson, 355, 13 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 14 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 15 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 16 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 17 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 18 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 19 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 20 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 21 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 22 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility 23 inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 24 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or 25 her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible” is the complaint properly dismissed. 26 Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted). 27 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 28 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 1 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 2 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 3 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 4 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 5 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 6 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its complaint.” 7 Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting 8 Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)). 9 III. ANALYSIS 10 County Defendants move to dismiss for the following reasons: (1) Plaintiffs’ claims 11 against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira that rely on conduct prior to April 10, 2016, are time- 12 barred; (2) Plaintiffs’ claims against Harris are time-barred; (3) Plaintiffs’ third and fifth claims 13 are time-barred; (4) Plaintiffs’ claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira in their roles as 14 administrators, supervisors, or investigators are time-barred; (5) official capacity suits are 15 redundant to the claims against the County; (6) Plaintiffs’ claims against Fladager, Harris, and 16 Ferreira in their roles as prosecutors should be dismissed; (7) Plaintiffs fail to state Fourth 17 Amendment claims for unlawful search and seizure based on judicial deception; (8) Plaintiffs lack 18 standing to bring retaliatory prosecution claims; (9) Plaintiffs fail to state Fourteenth Amendment 19 claims; (10) Plaintiffs fail to state Monell claims; (11) Plaintiffs fail to state claims under 20 California Civil Code § 52.1; (12) Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira are immune from liability for the 21 acts of others pursuant to California Government Code § 820.8; and (13) statements made by 22 district attorneys are privileged under California Civil Code § 47 and therefore cannot support 23 Plaintiffs’ defamation claims. (ECF No. 99-1.) 24 City Defendants move to dismiss for the following reasons: (1) the SAC constitutes a 25 shotgun pleading; (2) Plaintiffs fail to state malicious or retaliatory prosecution claims against 26 Evers; (3) Evers is entitled to qualified immunity; and (4) Plaintiffs’ state law claims fail as a 27 matter of law. (ECF No. 100.) 28 /// 1 The Court will address the parties’ arguments in turn. To the extent Defendants’ 2 arguments overlap, the Court addresses those arguments from both motions together. 3 A. Shotgun Pleading 4 City Defendants argue the Court should dismiss the SAC as an impermissible shotgun 5 pleading, as it did in its previous Order. (ECF No. 100 at 13.) 6 Rule 8 requires “each averment of a pleading to be simple, concise, and direct.” McHenry 7 v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177–78 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). To comply 8 with Rule 8, a complaint should clearly and fully set forth “who is being sued, for what relief, and 9 on what theory, with enough detail to guide discovery.” Id. at 1178. Shotgun pleading occurs 10 when: (1) one party pleads that multiple parties did an act, without identifying which party did 11 what specifically; or (2) when one party pleads multiple claims and does not identify which 12 specific facts are allocated to which claim. Hughey v. Camacho, No. 2:13-cv-02665-TLN-AC, 13 2014 WL 5473184, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2014). 14 In its previous Order, the Court dismissed the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) as a 15 shotgun pleading because Plaintiffs addressed Defendants collectively in nearly all the allegations 16 and claims. (ECF No. 41.) In contrast, the much-improved SAC adds considerable factual detail, 17 delineates the “wrongful acts” of each Defendant, and specifies what facts give rise to each claim. 18 (ECF No. 96.) Although the SAC could be clearer at times, it is no longer a shotgun pleading. 19 The Court thus DENIES City Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 8. 20 B. Timeliness of Claims Against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira Based on 21 Conduct Prior to April 10, 2016 22 County Defendants argue that claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira based on 23 conduct that occurred prior to April 10, 2016, are barred by California’s two-year statute of 24 limitations for personal injury actions. (ECF No. 99-1 at 11.) County Defendants also contend 25 tolling under California Government Code § 945.3 does not apply to Fladager, Harris, and 26 Ferreira because they are district attorneys, not peace officers.2 (Id. at 12 n.1.) In opposition, 27 2 Federal courts apply the forum state’s laws with respect to tolling of the statute of 28 limitations insofar as state law is not inconsistent with federal law. Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. 1 Plaintiffs argue their claims based on the 2015 arrest warrant did not accrue until the charges 2 against Plaintiffs were dismissed on April 10, 2017. (ECF No. 105 at 18.) Plaintiffs do not 3 address County Defendants’ arguments as to tolling under § 945.3. (See id.) In reply, County 4 Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ judicial deception claims accrued when the underlying affidavit was 5 reasonably available — in this case, August 2015. (ECF No. 109 at 2.) 6 County Defendants have not persuaded the Court that all of Plaintiffs’ claims based on 7 conduct prior to April 10, 2016 are necessarily time-barred. County Defendants offer only 8 conclusory arguments on this issue in their motion. (ECF No. 99-1 at 11–12.) For example, 9 County Defendants summarily argue that Plaintiffs’ judicial deception claims, claims that County 10 Defendants supervised or participated in the investigation, and Plaintiffs’ state law claims are 11 time-barred. (Id.) County Defendants do not cite case law as to accrual dates for each specific 12 claim in their motion. (See id.) In fact, the only case County Defendants cite in their reply is 13 Klein v. City of Beverly Hills, 856 F.3d 1276 (9th Cir. 2017), which supports the possibility that 14 Plaintiffs’ judicial deception claims are timely depending on when the underlying affidavit was 15 reasonably available. (ECF No. 109 at 2.) On the other hand, Plaintiffs’ briefing on this issue is 16 equally weak. For instance, Plaintiffs do not cite factual allegations or make clear arguments 17 about when each claim based on Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira’s conduct accrued. (See ECF No. 18 105 at 18.) Absent clear factual allegations from Plaintiffs about when each claim accrued and/or 19 any basis for tolling, the Court cannot say that Plaintiffs allege timely claims. 20 For these reasons, the Court GRANTS County Defendants’ motion with leave to amend as 21 to claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira based on conduct prior to April 10, 2016. 22 C. Timeliness of Claims Against Harris 23 County Defendants argue claims against Harris are time-barred because Plaintiffs did not 24 name Harris in this action or identify him in the complaint until the FAC was filed in May 2020 25

Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 1198 (9th Cir. 2014). California law statutorily tolls “[a]ny 26 applicable statute of limitations for filing and prosecuting” an action for “damages against a peace 27 officer . . . based upon conduct of the peace officer relating to the offense for which the accused is charged, including an act or omission in investigating or reporting the offense or arresting or 28 detaining the accused.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 945.3. 1 despite knowing of his existence for over three years. (ECF No. 99-1 at 12.) In opposition, 2 Plaintiffs argue the addition of Harris in place of a “Doe Defendant” relates back to the original 3 complaint, which was timely filed. (ECF No. 105 at 19.) 4 When a limitations period derives from state law, Rule 15(c)(1) requires district courts “to 5 consider both federal and state law and employ whichever affords the more permissive relation 6 back standard.” Butler, 766 F.3d at 1200–01 (“[A] plaintiff may be entitled to the benefit of state 7 law relation back rules if those are more generous than Rule 15(c).”). Because the Court 8 concludes relation back is appropriate under the federal rule, the Court need not and does not 9 address the California rule. For an amended complaint to relate back under Rule 15(c)(1)(C), “(1) 10 the basic claim must have arisen out of the conduct set forth in the original pleading; (2) the party 11 to be brought in must have received such notice that it will not be prejudiced in maintaining its 12 defense; (3) that party must or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning identity, the 13 action would have been brought against it.” Id. at 1202 (quoting Schiavone v. Fortune, 477 U.S. 14 21, 29 (1986)). 15 County Defendants only contest the third requirement (see ECF No. 99-1 at 13), that 16 Harris “knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against [him], but 17 for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(ii) (emphasis 18 added). As to this requirement, the Supreme Court has clarified the “relation back under Rule 19 15(c)(1)(C) depends on what the party to be added knew or should have known, not on the 20 amending party’s knowledge or its timeliness in seeking to amend the pleading.” Krupski v. 21 Costa Crociere S. p. A., 560 U.S. 538, 541 (2010). 22 Plaintiffs argue when they discovered Harris’s role in the investigation, they substituted 23 Harris for the Doe Defendants in the FAC. (ECF No. 105 at 19.) Plaintiffs further argue by 24 virtue of Harris’s position at the County there is sufficient “community of interest” such that he 25 had notice of the action and Harris has shared an attorney with the other Defendants since the 26 filing of the original complaint. (Id. at 20.) The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that this is sufficient 27 to show Harris knew or should have known the action would have been brought against him, but 28 for Plaintiffs’ mistake. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(ii); Krupski, 560 U.S. at 549 (“[A] 1 plaintiff might know that the prospective defendant exists but nonetheless harbor a 2 misunderstanding about his status or role in the events giving rise to the claim at issue, and she 3 may mistakenly choose to sue a different defendant based on that misimpression. That kind of 4 deliberate but mistaken choice does not foreclose a finding that Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii) has been 5 satisfied.”). 6 Accordingly, the Court DENIES County Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on the 7 timeliness of adding Harris as a Defendant. 8 D. Timeliness of Plaintiffs’ Third and Fifth Claims 9 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ retaliatory prosecution and Monell claims are time- 10 barred because they were not asserted until May 2020. (ECF No. 99-1 at 14.) In opposition, 11 Plaintiffs argue these claims relate back to facts in the original Complaint, which was filed on 12 April 10, 2018. (ECF No. 105 at 20.) 13 “An otherwise time-barred claim in an amended pleading is deemed timely if it relates 14 back to the date of a timely original pleading.” Asarco, LLC v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 765 F.3d 15 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014). Under Rule 15(c), an amended complaint relates back when it asserts 16 a claim “that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out — or attempted to be set 17 out — in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). 18 Plaintiffs argue the facts and circumstances alleged in the SAC are the same as the 19 original Complaint — namely, the malicious investigation and retaliatory prosecution of Plaintiffs 20 as part of the conspiracy to frame Carson for murder. (ECF No. 105 at 21.) The Court has 21 reviewed the original Complaint and agrees with Plaintiffs. In the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege 22 they were arrested and prosecuted despite a “clear lack of evidence against them” as part of a 23 conspiracy by County Defendants based on their disdain for Carson. (ECF No. 1 at 2, 6–13, 21.) 24 Plaintiffs’ allegations in the SAC are more detailed but essentially arise from the same conduct 25 alleged in the Complaint. As such, the Court concludes the relation back doctrine applies because 26 Claims Three and Five stem from the same conduct set out (or attempted to be set out) in the 27 original Complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). 28 /// 1 Thus, the Court DENIES County Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on the timeliness 2 of Claims Three and Five. 3 E. Timeliness of Plaintiffs’ Claims Against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira as 4 Administrators, Supervisors, or Investigators 5 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira as 6 administrators, supervisors, or investigators are time-barred because those claims are raised for 7 the first time in the SAC and do not relate to allegations in the FAC. (ECF No. 99-1 at 15.) In 8 opposition, Plaintiffs argue this theory of liability is based on the same facts pleaded in the 9 original Complaint. (ECF No. 105 at 22.) 10 The Court agrees with Plaintiffs and concludes the relation back doctrine applies because 11 these claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira arise from the same conduct alleged in the 12 original Complaint. For example, the Complaint alleges “Ferreira acted outside her role as a 13 prosecuting attorney by acting as an investigator.” (ECF No. 1 at 11.) The Complaint also 14 alleges that Fladager and Ferreira failed to provide adequate training and supervision of attorneys, 15 investigators, and deputies and failed to adequately discipline or retrain employees involved in 16 misconduct. (Id. at 4.) Although Plaintiffs did not allege their original claims as clearly, the 17 Court is persuaded that the claims in the SAC arise from the same conduct set out — or attempted 18 to be set out — in Complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). 19 As such, the Court DENIES County Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on the 20 timeliness of claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira as administrators, supervisors, or 21 investigators. 22 F. Official Capacity Suits 23 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ claims against Fladager, Harris, Ferreira, Bunch, 24 Jacobson, and Brown in their official capacities should be dismissed as duplicative of claims 25 against the County. (ECF No. 99-1 at 16.) Plaintiffs do not respond to this argument. 26 The Court agrees with County Defendants that suits against individuals in their official 27 capacity are redundant to claims against the County. It is appropriate to dismiss official capacity 28 suits as redundant when the municipality is also named as a defendant to the same claims arising 1 out of the same facts. Maldonado v. City of Ripon, No. 2:17-cv-00478-TLN-GGH, 2018 WL 2 5304820, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2018) (collecting cases). 3 Therefore, the Court GRANTS County Defendants’ motion on this basis and DISMISSES 4 the official capacity claims against individual County Defendants without leave to amend. 5 G. Claims Against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira as Prosecutors 6 County Defendants argue claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira in their roles as 7 prosecutors should be dismissed because they have Eleventh Amendment immunity and absolute 8 immunity. (ECF No. 99-1 at 16–18.) In opposition, Plaintiffs argue there is no Eleventh 9 Amendment immunity or absolute immunity for prosecutors acting as policymakers, supervisors, 10 or investigators. (ECF No. 105 at 23–24.) The Court will address each type of immunity in turn. 11 First, as to Eleventh Amendment immunity, the parties agree that state sovereign 12 immunity does not preclude claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira based on conduct that is 13 administrative in nature rather than prosecutorial. Compare Goldstein v. City of Long Beach, 715 14 F.3d 750, 759–60 (9th Cir. 2013)) (“[The] District Attorney represents the county when 15 establishing administrative policies and training related to the general operation of the district 16 attorney’s office.”), with Weiner v. San Diego Cnty., 210 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[A] 17 California district attorney is a state officer when deciding whether to prosecute an individual.”). 18 Plaintiffs argue their claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira do not stem from their 19 roles as prosecutors, but from their roles in setting local administrative policy and failing to 20 properly train or discipline investigators. (ECF No. 105 at 23.) In the SAC, Plaintiffs allege 21 Fladager, and Harris were policymakers who ratified and supervised their employees’ use of 22 fabricated evidence. (ECF No. 96 at ¶¶ 56–58.) Plaintiffs further allege Ferreira acted outside 23 her role as prosecutor by trying to intimidate a witness from participating in the preliminary 24 hearing, participating in witness interviews, and fabricating evidence. (Id. at ¶ 58.) To the extent 25 Plaintiffs’ claims do not challenge Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira’s conduct as prosecutors, 26 Eleventh Amendment immunity does not preclude such claims. 27 Second, as to absolute immunity, prosecutors are not entitled to absolute immunity for 28 claims related to administrative and investigatory conduct. Absolute prosecutorial immunity 1 applies only to conduct “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process.” 2 Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 486 (1991) (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 3 (1976)). In contrast, prosecutors “enjoy only qualified immunity, not absolute immunity, for 4 investigatory, administrative, or investigative functions.” Santana v. Cnty. of Yuba, No. 2:15-cv- 5 00794-KJM-EFB, 2016 WL 1268107, at *14 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016). 6 In the instant case, Plaintiffs assert their claims against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira are 7 based on allegations about how they acted outside their roles as prosecutors. (ECF No. 105 at 8 25.) To the extent Plaintiffs’ claims hinge on administrative and investigative misconduct and not 9 prosecutorial conduct “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process,” 10 absolute immunity does not apply. Burns, 500 U.S. at 48. 11 For these reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on Fladager, 12 Harris, and Ferreira’s immunity. 13 H. Unlawful Search and Seizure Based on Judicial Deception 14 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to adequately allege their judicial deception 15 claims. (ECF No. 99-1 at 89.) In opposition, Plaintiffs contend they have adequately stated their 16 claims based on detailed allegations about material omissions and false statements in Plaintiffs’ 17 arrest warrant. (ECF No. 105 at 25.) 18 “[G]overnment investigators may be liable for violating the Fourth Amendment when they 19 submit false and material information in a warrant affidavit.” Galbraith v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 20 307 F.3d 1119, 1126 (9th Cir. 2002). Under this authority, “a § 1983 plaintiff must show that the 21 investigator ‘made deliberately false statements or recklessly disregarded the truth in the 22 affidavit’ and that the falsifications were ‘material’ to the finding of probable cause.” Id. (quoting 23 Hervey v. Estes, 65 F.3d 784, 790 (9th Cir. 1995)). It is true that “a plaintiff cannot hold an 24 officer liable because of his membership in a group without a showing of individual participation 25 in the unlawful conduct.” Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 935 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Chuman v. 26 Wright, 76 F.3d 292, 294 (9th Cir. 1996)). However, “district courts construing the group 27 liability doctrine of Jones and Chuman have upheld [§] 1983 claims against groups of defendants 28 where the pleadings also include factual allegations sufficient to establish that individual 1 defendants were integral participants in the unlawful conduct.” Martinez v. City of W. 2 Sacramento, No. 2:16-cv-02566-TLN-EFB, 2019 WL 448282, at *16 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 5, 2019). 3 Although Plaintiffs’ allegations could be clearer, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs that the 4 allegations in the SAC support at the very least a reasonable inference that the individual 5 Defendants “made deliberately false statements or recklessly disregarded the truth in the affidavit 6 and that the falsifications were material to the finding of probable cause.” Galbraith, 307 F.3d at 7 1126. The SAC alleges approximately 15 specific material omissions and false or misleading 8 statements in the arrest warrant that led to Plaintiffs’ arrests.3 (ECF No. 96 at ¶ 49.) Further, 9 Plaintiffs allege facts specific to each Defendant sufficient to infer that each were integral 10 participants in the allegedly unlawful arrests. (Id. at ¶¶ 46, 56–62.) For example, the SAC 11 alleges Brown, the affiant, testified that the arrest warrant resulted from a “group consensus” 12 between himself, Fladager, Ferreira, Bunch, and Jacobson as to what charges to seek and what 13 facts to include in the warrant. (Id. at ¶ 46.) The SAC further alleges Defendants reviewed the 14 arrest warrant, knew it contained fabrications and omissions of exculpatory evidence, and 15 nonetheless ordered Brown to submit the warrant to a judge as part of a conspiracy to frame 16 Carson for murder. (Id.) The Court concludes these allegations are sufficient to state a claim. 17 Thus, the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss the judicial deception claims. 18 I. Malicious Prosecution 19 City Defendants argue there are no specific allegations tying Evers to the investigation 20 and prosecution of Plaintiffs. (ECF No. 100 at 15.) In opposition, Plaintiffs argue they 21 sufficiently allege facts showing Evers was an integral participant in the entire malicious 22 investigation. (ECF No. 106 at 20.) 23 To establish a cause of action for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must demonstrate the 24 prior action was: (1) initiated by or at the direction of the defendant and legally terminated in the

25 3 County Defendants make much of Plaintiffs’ use of the term “search warrant” rather than “arrest warrant” in paragraph 69 of the SAC. (ECF No. 99-1 at 19.) Plaintiffs respond that the 26 use of the term “search warrant” was a typographical error that should be obvious to Defendants 27 as paragraph 69 refers to paragraph 49, which includes detailed allegations about omissions and false statements in the arrest warrant. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs and will not address 28 Defendants’ arguments related to the mistaken usage of “search warrant” in paragraph 69. 1 plaintiff’s favor; (2) brought without probable cause; and (3) initiated with malice. Siebel v. 2 Mittlesteadt, 41 Cal. 4th 735, 740 (2007). A plaintiff must also show the defendant prosecuted 3 him “for the purpose of denying [him] equal protection or another specific constitutional right.” 4 Awabdy v. City of Adelanto, 368 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2004). 5 With respect to the first element, Plaintiffs point to several allegations in the SAC 6 regarding Evers’s role in the investigation that led to Plaintiffs’ criminal prosecution. (ECF No. 7 96 at ¶ 61.) For example, Plaintiffs allege Evers participated in approximately 400 interviews in 8 the investigation and was one of the primary persons involved in creating the fabricated statement 9 of Robert Woody (“Woody”) and in creating false statements to bolster Woody’s statement. (Id.) 10 Plaintiffs allege Woody’s false and coerced statement was the only evidence linking Carson — 11 and Plaintiffs by extension — to the murder of Kauffman. (Id. at ¶ 46.) Plaintiffs also allege 12 Evers participated in drafting the arrest warrant with fabricated/omitted material evidence that led 13 to Plaintiffs’ arrest. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege the criminal action terminated in their favor after the 14 charges were dismissed for lack of probable cause. (Id. at ¶¶ 1, 79.) With respect to the second 15 and third elements, Plaintiffs allege facts suggesting Defendants’ actions were not supported by 16 probable cause and were motivated by a malicious desire to convict Carson. (Id. at ¶ 60.) Lastly, 17 Plaintiffs assert Defendants acted to deny Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment rights. (Id. at ¶ 74.) 18 While Plaintiffs’ allegations could have been clearer, the Court concludes these allegations 19 provide at the very least a reasonable inference that Evers was an integral participant in the group 20 conduct and are sufficient to state a claim for malicious prosecution. Martinez, 2019 WL 448282, 21 at *16; see Usher v. City of L.A., 828 F.2d 556, 562 (9th Cir. 1987) (concluding the plaintiff 22 adequately stated a malicious prosecution claim based on allegations that “the defendants illegally 23 arrested him, contrived charges to justify the arrest, submitted false police reports, and initiated 24 his criminal prosecution in bad faith”). 25 As such, the Court DENIES City Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ malicious 26 prosecution claims. 27 /// 28 /// 1 J. Retaliatory Prosecution 2 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs lack standing to bring First Amendment retaliatory 3 prosecution claims and alternatively fail to state such claims. (ECF No. 99-1 at 20.) County 4 Defendants add that there is no Fourth Amendment right to be free from retaliatory prosecution. 5 (Id. at 21.) City Defendants also argue Plaintiffs fail to state claims for retaliatory prosecution 6 because there are no allegations that Evers personally participated in the alleged constitutional 7 violations. (ECF No. 100 at 14.) In opposition, Plaintiffs argue they have standing to bring First 8 Amendment claims based on their association with Carson. (ECF No. 105 at 28.) Plaintiffs do 9 not address County Defendants’ arguments as to the Fourth Amendment. 10 At the outset, the Court agrees there is no Fourth Amendment right to be free from 11 retaliatory prosecution. See Adams v. Kraft, No. 10-CV-00602-LHK, 2011 WL 846065, at *7 12 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 8, 2011) (dismissing Fourth Amendment retaliatory prosecution claim based on a 13 lack of authority that such a cause of action exists). Plaintiffs fail to provide any authority or 14 argument to convince the Court otherwise. Therefore, to the extent Plaintiffs’ retaliatory 15 prosecution claims are premised on the Fourth Amendment, those claims are DISMISSED 16 without leave to amend. 17 Turning to retaliatory prosecution claims under the First Amendment, such claims require 18 “that (1) [Plaintiffs were] engaged in a constitutionally protected activity, (2) the [Defendants’] 19 actions would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the protected 20 activity and (3) the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in [Defendants’] 21 conduct.” Capp v. Cnty. of San Diego, 940 F.3d 1046, 1053 (9th Cir. 2019) (quotation marks and 22 citation omitted). To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant’s 23 retaliatory animus was the “but-for” cause of the plaintiff’s injury, “meaning that the adverse 24 action against the plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.” Nieves v. 25 Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1725 (2019). 26 County Defendants take issue with the fact that Plaintiffs do not allege they were 27 personally engaged in protected speech. (ECF No. 99-1 at 20.) In response, Plaintiffs summarily 28 argue that, as family members to Carson, they deserve First Amendment protection for Carson’s 1 criticism of public officials. (ECF No. 105 at 28). Plaintiffs support this theory by citing one 2 paragraph in the SAC, which describes various actions taken by Carson (ECF No. 96 at ¶ 90), as 3 well as one out-of-district decision that has questionable bearing on the instant case. (ECF No. 4 105 at 28 (citing Lewis v. Eufaula City Bd. of Educ., 922 F. Supp. 2d 1291 (M.D. Ala. 2012)). 5 This is insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs do not clearly allege that Carson’s 6 actions warrant First Amendment protection, nor do they allege how such protection would 7 extend to Plaintiffs. Because Plaintiffs fail to allege the first element of their First Amendment 8 retaliatory prosecution claims, the Court DISMISSES those claims with leave to amend and 9 declines to address Defendants’ remaining arguments as to these claims. Capp, 940 F.3d at 1053. 10 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss the retaliatory 11 prosecution claims, with leave to amend as to the First Amendment claims only. 12 K. Fourteenth Amendment 13 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to state substantive due process claims under the 14 Fourteenth Amendment. (ECF No. 99-1 at 21.) In opposition, Plaintiffs argue they adequately 15 allege Fourteenth Amendment claims based on Defendants’ deliberate fabrication of evidence and 16 withholding of exculpatory evidence. (ECF No. 105 at 29–30.) 17 As a preliminary matter, Plaintiffs do not allege deliberate fabrication of evidence as a 18 basis for their Fourteenth Amendment claims. (ECF No. 96 at 51–52); see McDonough v. Smith, 19 139 S. Ct. 2149, 2156 (2019) (setting forth the elements of a deliberate fabrication claim); see 20 also Caldwell v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 889 F.3d 1105, 1112 (9th Cir. 2018) (same). 21 Rather, the factual allegations under the Fourteenth Amendment claims relate solely to the 22 withholding of exculpatory evidence. (ECF No. 96 at 51–52.) As such, the Court declines to 23 consider Plaintiffs’ arguments about deliberate fabrication. To the extent Plaintiffs intended to 24 allege deliberate fabrication as a basis for their Fourteenth Amendment claims, the Court will 25 give them the opportunity to clearly allege that theory in an amended complaint. 26 As it is, Plaintiffs allege “Bunch and Ferreira turned over 53 discs of previously 27 undisclosed investigative materials in 2016, more than a year after Plaintiffs’ arrests and ten 28 months into the preliminary hearing.” (ECF No. 96 at 51.) Plaintiffs allege that this evidence 1 included (1) a polygraph showing that a key witness was being truthful when he denied being 2 involved in the Kauffman murder and (2) deleted footage showing drug dealers at the location 3 where Kauffman’s remains were found before information about the location was known to the 4 public. (Id. at 51–52.) Plaintiffs allege Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira acted as supervisors and 5 investigators when the exculpatory evidence was withheld. (Id. at 52.) Plaintiffs allege Georgia 6 DeFilippo spent 50 days in jail and both Plaintiffs suffered an unusual period of confinement by 7 being forced to sit through an unusually lengthy preliminary hearing until the charges against 8 them were dismissed. (Id.) 9 The Ninth Circuit has recognized that where “investigating officers, acting with deliberate 10 indifference or reckless disregard for a suspect’s right to freedom from unjustified loss of liberty, 11 fail to disclose potentially dispositive exculpatory evidence to the prosecutors, leading to the 12 lengthy detention of an innocent man, they violate the due process guarantees of the Fourteenth 13 Amendment.” Tatum v. Moody, 768 F.3d 806, 816 (9th Cir. 2014). However, the Ninth Circuit 14 “emphasize[d] the narrowness of the constitutional rule . . ., which is restricted to detentions of 15 (1) unusual length, (2) caused by the investigating officers’ failure to disclose highly significant 16 exculpatory evidence to prosecutors, and (3) due to conduct that is culpable in that the officers 17 understood the risks to the plaintiff’s rights from withholding the information or were completely 18 indifferent to those risks.” Id. at 819–20. 19 In the instant case, County Defendants correctly point out that Plaintiffs do not cite 20 allegations to show Jacobson or Brown’s personal participation in withholding exculpatory 21 evidence, which warrants dismissal of these claims against those individuals. The Court is also 22 not convinced that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged they were detained for an “unusual length” 23 of time. In Tatum, the defendant was subject to pretrial detention for over two years because 24 police withheld highly material evidence from prosecutors during that time. 768 F.3d at 809. In 25 contrast, Plaintiffs allege Georgia DeFilippo spent 50 days in jail but do not mention how long 26 Christina DeFilippo was detained. (ECF No. 96 at 52.) Plaintiffs instead focus on the ten-month 27 period they had to “sit through” the preliminary hearing, without citing any authority to suggest 28 that attending a preliminary hearing is a deprivation of liberty equivalent to a detention. (Id.) 1 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS County Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ 2 Fourteenth Amendment claims with leave to amend. 3 L. Monell 4 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to state Monell claims. (ECF No. 99-1 at 24.) In 5 opposition, Plaintiffs argue they adequately allege Monell claims based primarily on allegations 6 about Fladager and Harris’s ratification of the alleged misconduct. (ECF No. 105 at 31.) 7 It is well-established that municipalities cannot be held liable under § 1983 for 8 unconstitutional torts of their employees based solely on respondeat superior. Monell v. Dep’t of 9 Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 693–94 (1978). Pursuant to Monell, a municipality is 10 only liable under § 1983 when its own illegal acts are a “moving force” in the constitutional 11 violation. Id. A plaintiff may assert Monell liability on one of three grounds: (1) a longstanding 12 practice or custom, which constitutes the “standard operating procedure” of the local government 13 entity; (2) omissions or failures to act that amount to a local government policy of deliberate 14 indifference to constitutional rights; or (3) a local government official with final policy-making 15 authority ratifies a subordinate’s unconstitutional conduct. Clouthier v. Cnty. of Contra Costa, 16 591 F.3d 1232, 1249–50 (9th Cir. 2010), overruled on other grounds by Castro v. Cnty. of L.A., 17 833 F.3d 1060, 1070 (9th Cir. 2016). 18 Because Plaintiffs have failed to allege underlying First or Fourteenth Amendment claims, 19 Plaintiffs’ Monell claims as to those violations are DISMISSED with leave to amend. See 20 Pastora v. Cnty. of San Bernardino, No. EDCV211410JGBSPX, 2022 WL 2965778, at *5 (C.D. 21 Cal. May 19, 2022) (“[A] Monell claim cannot survive without an underlying constitutional 22 violation.”). As to the underlying Fourth Amendment claims based on judicial deception and 23 malicious prosecution, Plaintiffs allege that Fladager and Harris were final policymakers for the 24 County. (ECF No. 96 at ¶ 105.) Plaintiffs also allege that Fladager and Harris ratified, 25 supervised, and condoned unconstitutional policies and decision-making, including the coercion 26 of criminal defendants to give false statements against Carson and submission of deceptive 27 warrants. (Id. at ¶¶ 56, 57, 70, 76.) 28 Taking these allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs and drawing all 1 reasonable inferences in their favor, the Court concludes Plaintiffs sufficiently allege the County, 2 through final decision and policymakers, knew of and approved the alleged constitutional 3 violations. See Anglero-Wyrick v. Cnty. of Sonoma, No. 21-CV-01985-SK, 2021 WL 4170677, at 4 *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2021) (“Whether these allegations support a Monell claim for ratification 5 or simply further support a claim that the County had a pre-existing policy which caused the 6 constitutional violations, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a Monell claim.”). 7 Accordingly, County Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED with leave to amend 8 with respect to the Monell claims based on violations of the First and Fourteenth Amendment and 9 DENIED with respect to the Monell claims based on violations of the Fourth Amendment. 10 M. California Civil Code § 52.1 11 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to state claims under California Civil Code § 52.1 12 (the “Bane Act”) because they do not allege Defendants had a “specific intent” to violate 13 Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. (ECF No. 99-1 at 27.) County Defendants further argue 14 Plaintiffs fail to state any factual allegations against Brown. (Id.) Lastly, County Defendants 15 argue Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira are immune from liability under California Government 16 Code § 820.8.4 (Id.; ECF No. 109 at 9.) City Defendants argue Plaintiffs cannot state Bane Act 17 claims because they have not alleged viable § 1983 claims against Evers. (ECF No. 100 at 19.) 18 In opposition to County Defendants’ motion, Plaintiffs argue Defendants’ specific intent is 19 evidenced by their continued investigation of Plaintiffs despite the lack of any evidence against 20 them. (ECF No. 105 at 32 (citing ECF No. 96 at ¶ 45).) In opposition to City Defendants’ 21 motion, Plaintiffs argue they have sufficiently alleged that Evers participated in the constitutional 22 violations. (ECF No. 106 at 28.) 23 The Bane Act provides a private cause of action against anyone who “interferes by threats, 24 intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threats, intimidation, or coercion, with the 25

4 Because the Court concludes Plaintiffs fail to allege Bane Act claims, the Court need not 26 and does not address whether § 820.8 applies. The Court notes, however, that while § 820.8 27 limits vicarious liability, it is inapplicable if a plaintiff alleges facts showing a supervisory defendant’s culpable action or inaction proximately caused the injury. Rodriguez v. Cnty. of Los 28 Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 799 (9th Cir. 2018). 1 exercise or enjoyment by an individual or individuals of rights secured by the Constitution or 2 laws of the United States, or laws and rights secured by the Constitution or laws of California.” 3 Cal. Civil Code § 52.1(a). “[T]he Bane Act does not require the ‘threat, intimidation or coercion’ 4 element of the claim to be transactionally independent from the constitutional violation alleged.” 5 Reese v. Cnty. of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1043 (9th Cir. 2018). However, the Bane Act 6 requires Plaintiffs to show that Defendants had a specific intent to violate their constitutional 7 rights. Id. “[A] reckless disregard for a person’s constitutional rights is evidence of a specific 8 intent to deprive that person of those rights.” Id. at 1045. 9 The Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiffs’ Bane Act claims are insufficient. In the 10 Bane Act claims, the SAC alleges “Bunch, Jacobson, and Evers used threats and coercive 11 interview tactics to secure false statements from witnesses with the intent to deprive Carson of his 12 constitutional rights.” (ECF No. 96 at ¶ 111 (emphasis added).) The SAC then alleges in a 13 conclusory fashion that “Plaintiffs were subjected to threats, intimidation and coercion.” (Id. at ¶ 14 112.) Neither the SAC nor Plaintiffs’ opposition clearly point to factual allegations suggesting 15 individual Defendants acted with the specific intent to interfere with Plaintiffs’ rights as to each 16 purported constitutional violation, or that they did so by “threats, intimidation, or coercion.” 17 Reese, 888 F.3d 1030 at 1040. 18 As such, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Bane Act claims 19 with leave to amend. 20 N. California Civil Code § 47 21 County Defendants argue the Court should dismiss Plaintiffs’ defamation claims based on 22 California Civil Code § 47. (ECF No. 99-1 at 28.) Plaintiffs oppose. (ECF No. 105 at 33.) 23 Section 47 states in relevant part, “[a] privileged publication or broadcast is one made: (a) 24 In the proper discharge of an official duty; [or] (b) In any (1) legislative proceeding, (2) judicial 25 proceeding, (3) in any other official proceeding authorized by law, or (4) in the initiation or 26 course of any other proceeding authorized by law.” 27 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ defamation claims are based on statements made at a 28 press conference announcing Plaintiffs’ arrests. (ECF No. 99-1 at 28.) County Defendants argue 1 the litigation privilege set forth in § 47 applies because these statements were made in the 2 discharge of the district attorneys’ official duties and were made as part of the criminal 3 prosecution. (Id. at 28–29.) Plaintiffs do not refute these points and instead argue that § 47 does 4 not apply to malicious prosecution claims and statements to the press are not privileged because 5 the press is not a participant to the proceedings. (ECF No. 105 at 33.) 6 The briefing on this issue is subpar on both sides. However, to the extent that Plaintiffs’ 7 allegations are based on statements subject to § 47, Plaintiffs’ only viable claim is one for 8 malicious prosecution. Flores v. Emerich & Fike, 416 F. Supp. 2d 885, 902 (E.D. Cal. 2006) 9 (dismissing a defamation claim and stating “[t]he litigation privilege does not apply to claims of 10 malicious prosecution [which are] . . . perhaps the only exception to the absolute nature of the 11 litigation privilege”); Oei v. N. Star Cap. Acquisitions, LLC, 486 F. Supp. 2d 1089, 1102 (C.D. 12 Cal. 2006) (“[O]nly claims that incorporate all elements of a malicious prosecution claim are 13 exempt from operation of the litigation privilege.”) (citing Hagberg v. Cal. Federal Bank FSB, 32 14 Cal. 4th 350, 375 (2004)). The Court also notes that Plaintiffs fail to adequately explain why the 15 litigation privilege does not extend to statements to the press when the parties invoking the 16 litigation privilege in this case are the district attorneys. For their part, County Defendants cite 17 various cases where courts found the litigation privilege applied to district attorney’s statements 18 at press conferences and in press releases. (ECF No. 99-1 at 28.) 19 For these reasons, the Court GRANTS County Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ 20 defamation claims. Although the Court is doubtful as to Plaintiffs’ ability to allege proper 21 defamation claims due to § 47, the Court will give Plaintiffs an opportunity to amend. 22 O. Qualified Immunity 23 City Defendants argue Evers is entitled to qualified immunity. (ECF No. 100 at 18–19.) 24 In opposition, Plaintiffs argue Evers violated clearly established law because he knew or should 25 have known there was no probable cause to arrest or prosecute Plaintiffs. (ECF No. 106 at 27.) 26 In § 1983 actions, qualified immunity “protects government officials from civil liability 27 where ‘their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of 28 which a reasonable person would have known.’” Cunningham v. Kramer, 178 F. Supp. 3d 999, 1 1003 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009)). The doctrine 2 “gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments” and 3 “protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Ashcroft v. 4 al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986)). 5 In the instant case, the Court cannot conclude that qualified immunity is appropriate at this 6 stage. Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) “is not appropriate unless [the court] can determine, based 7 on the complaint itself, that qualified immunity applies.” Id.; see also Jensen v. City of Oxnard, 8 145 F.3d 1078, 1085 (9th Cir. 1998). Plaintiffs’ claims involve a complex array of factual 9 allegations that, if true, may preclude City Defendants from qualified immunity. The Court 10 concludes a determination of whether qualified immunity applies in this case should be made 11 after further development of the factual record, such as on a motion for summary judgment. 12 Therefore, the Court DENIES City Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on qualified 13 immunity. 14 P. False Arrest/Imprisonment 15 City Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to allege that Evers had anything to do with 16 Plaintiffs’ arrests and, alternatively, Evers is immune from liability. (ECF No. 100 at 20–21.) In 17 opposition, Plaintiffs argue they state a claim and Evers is not immune from liability. (ECF No. 18 106 at 29–30.) 19 A false imprisonment claim in an arrest context arises upon “(1) the nonconsensual, 20 intentional confinement of a person, (2) without lawful privilege, and (3) for an appreciable 21 period of time, however brief.” Easton v. Sutter Coast Hosp., 80 Cal. App. 4th 485, 496 (2000). 22 An officer acts “without lawful privilege” either when he arrests without probable cause, or when 23 he maliciously arrests another by personally serving an arrest warrant issued solely on 24 deliberately falsified information. Blaxland v. Commonwealth Dir. of Pub. Prosecutions, 323 25 F.3d 1198, 1205 n.4 (9th Cir. 2003). 26 As mentioned, Plaintiffs allege Evers was part of the group that chose what charges to 27 seek and facts to include in the arrest warrant affidavit. (ECF No. 96 at ¶ 46.) Plaintiffs further 28 allege Evers spoke with Brown about the arrest warrant, knew it contained false and misleading 1 statements and omissions, and did nothing to correct it. (Id. at ¶ 61.) In addition, Plaintiffs allege 2 Evers used various abusive and improper interviewing techniques to coerce a false confession 3 from Woody and failed to disclose material information from the interview on the arrest warrant 4 affidavit. (Id.) These allegations are sufficient to provide at the very least a reasonable inference 5 that Evers was an integral participant in arresting Plaintiffs without probable cause and/or based 6 on an arrest warrant issued based on deliberately falsified information. See Blaxland, 323 F.3d at 7 1205 n.4; see also Harden v. S.F. Bay Area Rapid Transit Dist., 215 Cal. App. 3d 7, 15–16 8 (1989) (“All who take part in or assist in the commission of a false imprisonment are joint 9 tortfeasors and may be joined as defendants without an allegation or proof of a conspiracy.”). As 10 to City Defendants’ immunity argument, the allegations already discussed at length support a 11 reasonable inference that Evers acted with malice, which would preclude immunity. See Harden, 12 215 Cal. App. 3d at 15 (“Where the arrest is made with malice . . . no immunity attaches, whether 13 or not the arrest was made pursuant to warrant or legal process.”). 14 Therefore, the Court DENIES City Defendants’ motion to dismiss the false arrest/ 15 imprisonment claims. 16 Q. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (“IIED”) 17 City Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to allege IIED claims. (ECF No. 100 at 21.) In 18 opposition, Plaintiffs argue they have adequately alleged IIED claims. (ECF No. 106 at 30.) 19 To succeed on an IIED claim, Plaintiffs must show that Defendants intentionally or 20 recklessly caused them to suffer “severe or extreme emotional distress” through their “extreme 21 and outrageous conduct.” Hughes v. Pair, 46 Cal. 4th 1035, 1050 (2009). “A defendant’s 22 conduct is outrageous when it is so extreme as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a 23 civilized community.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 24 Plaintiffs allege they have suffered severe emotional distress because Defendants, 25 including Evers, maliciously included false and misleading information and omitted exculpatory 26 information from the arrest warrant affidavit leading to Plaintiffs’ prosecutions for murder. (ECF 27 No. 96 at 55.) A reasonable trier could decide the conduct alleged in the SAC was so outrageous 28 as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a civilized community. See Morse v. Cnty. of 1 Merced, No. 116CV00142DADSKO, 2016 WL 3254034, at *13 (E.D. Cal. June 13, 2016) 2 (denying a motion to dismiss IIED claim where the plaintiff alleged “individual defendants 3 knowingly misrepresented information in order to arrest him and charge him with murder, 4 apparently in order to exact political retribution against plaintiff’s father, a local politician who 5 had been critical of the Sheriff’s Department”). While Plaintiffs admittedly could have laid their 6 allegations out more clearly within their IIED claim, the Court finds the allegations in the SAC 7 are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. 8 Thus, the Court DENIES City Defendants’ motion to dismiss the IIED claims. 9 IV. CONCLUSION 10 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Defendants’ 11 Motions to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 99, 100) as follows: 12 1. County Defendants’ motion (ECF No. 99) is GRANTED as follows: 13 a. GRANTED with leave to amend as to claims against Fladager, Harris, and 14 Ferreira based on conduct prior to April 10, 2016; 15 b. GRANTED without leave to amend as to the official capacity claims 16 against individual County Defendants; 17 c. GRANTED as to the retaliatory prosecution claims, with leave to amend as 18 to those claims brought under the First Amendment and without leave to 19 amend as to claims brought under the Fourth Amendment; 20 d. GRANTED with leave to amend as to the Fourteenth Amendment claims; 21 e. GRANTED with leave to amend with respect to Monell claims based on 22 violations of the First and Fourteenth Amendment; 23 f. GRANTED with leave to amend as to the Bane Act claims; and 24 g. GRANTED with leave to amend as to the defamation claims. 25 County Defendants’ motion is DENIED in all other respects. 26 2. City Defendants’ motion (ECF No. 100) is GRANTED as follows: 27 a. GRANTED as to the retaliatory prosecution claims, with leave to amend as 28 to those claims brought under the First Amendment and without leave to 1 amend as to claims brought under the Fourth Amendment; and 2 b. GRANTED with leave to amend as to the Bane Act claims. 3 City Defendants’ motion is DENIED in all other respects. 4 Plaintiffs may file an amended complaint — only to cure deficiencies addressed in this 5 | Order — not later than thirty (30) days from the electronic filing date of this Order. If Plaintiffs 6 | opt not to file an amended complaint, this action will proceed on the remaining claims in the 7 | SAC. Defendants shall file responsive pleadings not later than twenty-one (21) days from the 8 | electronic filing date of the amended complaint, or, if Plaintiffs opt to proceed on the SAC, not 9 later than twenty-one (21) days from Plaintiffs’ deadline for filing an amended complaint. '0 IT IS SO ORDERED: 11 DATED: September 13, 2022 /)

14 Troy L. Nunlep> 5 United States District Judge 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 24