NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 7 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DEBBIE ALICE THOMPSON, No. 23-15785
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:22-cv-04308-NC
v. MEMORANDUM* PARNAZ PARTO; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
STATE OF CALIFORNIA,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Nathanael M. Cousins, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Submitted November 5, 2024** San Francisco, California
Before: GOULD, SUNG, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Debbie Alice Thompson filed this action asserting federal and state law
claims arising from the nonjudicial foreclosure on her home. Thompson appeals
pro se from (1) the district court’s order dismissing her complaint against Quality
Loan Service Corporation and its officer, Kevin McCarthy (collectively, the
“Quality Loan Defendants”); (2) the order granting the Wolf Firm, Alan S. Wolf,
and Parnaz Parto’s (collectively, the “Wolf Defendants”) special motion to strike
Thompson’s claims under California Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16; and
(3) the order denying her motion for reconsideration. We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse the order granting the special motion to strike
Thompson’s claim against the Wolf Defendants for violation of the Fair Debt
Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692c, and affirm in all other
respects.
Order Dismissing Complaint against the Quality Loan Defendants.
1. The district court dismissed Thompson’s claims on the grounds that
Thompson failed to comply with Rules 8 and 9 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure. Thompson fails to show the court erred. She does not discuss the
elements of any of her claims, nor explain with reasoned argument how she stated
claims for relief or pleaded her fraud claims with sufficient particularity. See
Corbin v. Time Warner Ent.-Advance/Newhouse P’ship, 821 F.3d 1069, 1075 n.3
(9th Cir. 2016) (“[W]e ‘will not ordinarily consider matters on appeal that are not
2 specifically and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening brief.’” (quoting Miller v.
Fairchild Indus., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th Cir.1986))).
2. Regardless, considering the issue de novo, Thompson failed to state
claims for violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Due Process Clause. “Pursuant
to § 1983, a defendant may be liable for violating a plaintiff’s constitutional rights
only if the defendant committed the alleged deprivation while acting under color of
state law.” Rawson v. Recovery Innovations, Inc., 975 F.3d 742, 747 (9th Cir.
2020). Thompson did not plead facts showing the defendants were acting under
color of law. See Apao v. Bank of New York, 324 F.3d 1091, 1095 (9th Cir. 2003)
(holding that nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings do not implicate state action for
purposes of the Due Process Clause); Charmicor v. Deaner, 572 F.2d 694, 696 (9th
Cir. 1978) (“[N]onjudicial foreclosure statutes do not involve significant state
action.”).1
3. Thompson also failed to plead any state law claims against the Quality
Loan Defendants because California Civil Code section 2924 barred Thompson’s
claims. Quality Loan was the trustee who noticed and completed the trustee’s sale.
Under section 2924, “all of [a trustee’s] procedural steps attendant to a nonjudicial
foreclosure are privileged,” generally shielding the trustee from tort liability arising
1 For the same reasons, the court did not err in dismissing with prejudice the Section 1983 and Due Process Clause claims against the Wolf Defendants.
3 out of performance of their statutory duties. Schlep v. Capital One, N.A., 12 Cal.
App. 5th 1331, 1336 (2017); accord Kachlon v. Markowitz, 168 Cal. App. 4th 316,
340 (2008). Because Thompson’s claims against the Quality Loan Defendants
arise from their conduct during the foreclosure proceedings, section 2924 bars the
claims.
4. Thompson’s primary contention is that the various transfers of the
beneficiary interest in the deed of trust on her residence were “illegal” or “void.”
Her contention has no bearing on the section 2924 privilege. Under California law,
a trustee is not liable for failing “to verify that the beneficiary received a valid
assignment of the loan” before initiating foreclosure proceedings. Citrus El
Dorado, LLC v. Chicago Title Co., 32 Cal. App. 5th 943, 949 (2019); accord
Heritage Oaks Partners v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 155 Cal. App. 4th 339, 345
(2007).2
Order Granting Wolf Defendants’ Anti-SLAPP Motion.
5. The district court did not err in granting the Wolf Defendants’ special
motion to strike Thompson’s state law claims. “California’s anti-SLAPP statute
. . . involves a two-step inquiry.” CoreCivic, Inc. v. Candide Grp., LLC, 46 F.4th
2 Thompson also contends there was no “beneficiary declaration of default” attached to the notice of default that the then-trustee recorded before the Quality Loan Defendants initiated foreclosure proceedings. Thompson does not cite any authority requiring such a declaration. See Cal. Civil Code § 2924(a)(1) (setting forth requirements of notice of default).
4 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Herring Networks, Inc. v. Maddow, 8 F.4th
1148, 1155 (9th Cir. 2021)). First, the defendant “must establish that the
challenged claim arises from activity protected by section 425.16” of the California
Code of Civil Procedure. Olson v. Doe, 502 P.3d 398, 403 (Cal. 2022) (quoting
Baral v. Schnitt, 376 P.3d 604, 608 (Cal. 2016)). Thompson alleged the Wolf
Defendants, acting as counsel for the purchaser of the residence in the foreclosure
sale, posted a notice to quit informing Thompson that the purchaser would initiate
legal proceedings if Thompson did not relinquish possession of the residence.
Section 425.16 protects “communications preparatory to or in anticipation of the
bringing of an action or other official proceeding,” including an unlawful detainer
action. See Feldman v. 1100 Park Lane Assocs., Inc., 160 Cal. App. 4th 1467,
1480 (2008). Therefore, section 425.16 protected the Wolf Defendants’ conduct.
6. “[I]f, as here, the ‘anti-SLAPP motion to strike challenges only the
legal sufficiency of a claim,’” at the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis “‘a
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 7 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DEBBIE ALICE THOMPSON, No. 23-15785
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:22-cv-04308-NC
v. MEMORANDUM* PARNAZ PARTO; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
STATE OF CALIFORNIA,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Nathanael M. Cousins, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Submitted November 5, 2024** San Francisco, California
Before: GOULD, SUNG, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Debbie Alice Thompson filed this action asserting federal and state law
claims arising from the nonjudicial foreclosure on her home. Thompson appeals
pro se from (1) the district court’s order dismissing her complaint against Quality
Loan Service Corporation and its officer, Kevin McCarthy (collectively, the
“Quality Loan Defendants”); (2) the order granting the Wolf Firm, Alan S. Wolf,
and Parnaz Parto’s (collectively, the “Wolf Defendants”) special motion to strike
Thompson’s claims under California Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16; and
(3) the order denying her motion for reconsideration. We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse the order granting the special motion to strike
Thompson’s claim against the Wolf Defendants for violation of the Fair Debt
Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692c, and affirm in all other
respects.
Order Dismissing Complaint against the Quality Loan Defendants.
1. The district court dismissed Thompson’s claims on the grounds that
Thompson failed to comply with Rules 8 and 9 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure. Thompson fails to show the court erred. She does not discuss the
elements of any of her claims, nor explain with reasoned argument how she stated
claims for relief or pleaded her fraud claims with sufficient particularity. See
Corbin v. Time Warner Ent.-Advance/Newhouse P’ship, 821 F.3d 1069, 1075 n.3
(9th Cir. 2016) (“[W]e ‘will not ordinarily consider matters on appeal that are not
2 specifically and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening brief.’” (quoting Miller v.
Fairchild Indus., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th Cir.1986))).
2. Regardless, considering the issue de novo, Thompson failed to state
claims for violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Due Process Clause. “Pursuant
to § 1983, a defendant may be liable for violating a plaintiff’s constitutional rights
only if the defendant committed the alleged deprivation while acting under color of
state law.” Rawson v. Recovery Innovations, Inc., 975 F.3d 742, 747 (9th Cir.
2020). Thompson did not plead facts showing the defendants were acting under
color of law. See Apao v. Bank of New York, 324 F.3d 1091, 1095 (9th Cir. 2003)
(holding that nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings do not implicate state action for
purposes of the Due Process Clause); Charmicor v. Deaner, 572 F.2d 694, 696 (9th
Cir. 1978) (“[N]onjudicial foreclosure statutes do not involve significant state
action.”).1
3. Thompson also failed to plead any state law claims against the Quality
Loan Defendants because California Civil Code section 2924 barred Thompson’s
claims. Quality Loan was the trustee who noticed and completed the trustee’s sale.
Under section 2924, “all of [a trustee’s] procedural steps attendant to a nonjudicial
foreclosure are privileged,” generally shielding the trustee from tort liability arising
1 For the same reasons, the court did not err in dismissing with prejudice the Section 1983 and Due Process Clause claims against the Wolf Defendants.
3 out of performance of their statutory duties. Schlep v. Capital One, N.A., 12 Cal.
App. 5th 1331, 1336 (2017); accord Kachlon v. Markowitz, 168 Cal. App. 4th 316,
340 (2008). Because Thompson’s claims against the Quality Loan Defendants
arise from their conduct during the foreclosure proceedings, section 2924 bars the
claims.
4. Thompson’s primary contention is that the various transfers of the
beneficiary interest in the deed of trust on her residence were “illegal” or “void.”
Her contention has no bearing on the section 2924 privilege. Under California law,
a trustee is not liable for failing “to verify that the beneficiary received a valid
assignment of the loan” before initiating foreclosure proceedings. Citrus El
Dorado, LLC v. Chicago Title Co., 32 Cal. App. 5th 943, 949 (2019); accord
Heritage Oaks Partners v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 155 Cal. App. 4th 339, 345
(2007).2
Order Granting Wolf Defendants’ Anti-SLAPP Motion.
5. The district court did not err in granting the Wolf Defendants’ special
motion to strike Thompson’s state law claims. “California’s anti-SLAPP statute
. . . involves a two-step inquiry.” CoreCivic, Inc. v. Candide Grp., LLC, 46 F.4th
2 Thompson also contends there was no “beneficiary declaration of default” attached to the notice of default that the then-trustee recorded before the Quality Loan Defendants initiated foreclosure proceedings. Thompson does not cite any authority requiring such a declaration. See Cal. Civil Code § 2924(a)(1) (setting forth requirements of notice of default).
4 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Herring Networks, Inc. v. Maddow, 8 F.4th
1148, 1155 (9th Cir. 2021)). First, the defendant “must establish that the
challenged claim arises from activity protected by section 425.16” of the California
Code of Civil Procedure. Olson v. Doe, 502 P.3d 398, 403 (Cal. 2022) (quoting
Baral v. Schnitt, 376 P.3d 604, 608 (Cal. 2016)). Thompson alleged the Wolf
Defendants, acting as counsel for the purchaser of the residence in the foreclosure
sale, posted a notice to quit informing Thompson that the purchaser would initiate
legal proceedings if Thompson did not relinquish possession of the residence.
Section 425.16 protects “communications preparatory to or in anticipation of the
bringing of an action or other official proceeding,” including an unlawful detainer
action. See Feldman v. 1100 Park Lane Assocs., Inc., 160 Cal. App. 4th 1467,
1480 (2008). Therefore, section 425.16 protected the Wolf Defendants’ conduct.
6. “[I]f, as here, the ‘anti-SLAPP motion to strike challenges only the
legal sufficiency of a claim,’” at the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis “‘a
district court should apply the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard
and consider whether a claim is properly stated.’” CoreCivic, Inc., 46 F.4th at
1140 (quoting Planned Parenthood Fed’n of Am., Inc. v. Ctr. for Med. Progress,
890 F.3d 828, 834 (9th Cir. 2018)). Thompson does not explain on appeal how she
pleaded facts sufficient to state claims against the Wolf Defendants.
7. Moreover, under California law, the litigation privilege shields
5 defendants from tort liability for statements made “as part of a ‘judicial
proceeding.’” Action Apartment Assn. v. City of Santa Monica, 163 P.3d 89, 102
(Cal. 2007). The privilege applies to service of a notice to quit that is “connected
to and logically related to” an anticipated “unlawful detainer action.” Feldman,
160 Cal. App. 4th at 1488. Therefore, the face of Thompson’s complaint failed to
overcome the litigation privilege barring her state law tort claims against the Wolf
Defendants.
8. However, the district court erred in granting the Wolf Defendants’
special motion to strike one of Thompson’s claims: her claim for violation of the
FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692c. California’s “anti-SLAPP statute does not apply
to federal law causes of action.” Hilton v. Hallmark Cards, 599 F.3d 894, 901 (9th
Cir. 2010).
Order Denying Motion for Reconsideration.
9. In her motion for reconsideration, Thompson contended that after the
foreclosure sale, she received a tax document from a new entity identifying itself
as the “lender” on her mortgage. According to Thompson, the entity differed from
the purchaser of the residence in the foreclosure sale. The court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Thompson’s motion. See Mace v. Skinner, 34 F.3d 854, 857
(9th Cir. 1994). Even assuming the entities differed, for the reasons discussed,
Thompson could not state claims for relief against the Quality Loan Defendants or
6 Wolf Defendants.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order granting the special motion
to strike the claim for violation of the FDCPA against the Wolf Defendants and
remand to the district court for further proceedings. We affirm the order granting
the special motion to strike all other claims against the Wolf Defendants, the order
dismissing the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Due Process Clause claims against all
defendants, and the judgment in favor of the Quality Loan Defendants. Each party
shall bear its own costs associated with this appeal.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.