Brown, J.
It appears from the case agreed that E. B. Wilson died intestate in 1881, seized in fee of the land in controversy. At the time of his death his wife was
enciente,
and within four months thereafter, on 22 December, 1881, the plaintiff, Erances, was born. On 22 October, 1881, two months before plaintiff was born, the widow, Deborah, and two daughters, Oarrie L. and Maude L. Wilson (the only children then born), filed petition for partition and procured the lands of the intestate to be sold and the proceeds divided between them. W. E. Sexton became the purchaser,
who conveyed to' defendant for full value. The plaintiff was not made party to the proceedings by appointment of a guardian
ad litem
or otherwise, either before or after her birth, and has received no p.art of the proceeds of sale. She now seeks to recover her portion of the inheritance.
The question presented upon this appeal is important and perplexing because of the fact that the defendant is a purchaser for value, and because of the great difficulty in purchasers at such judicial sales protecting themselves, having no knowledge of the existence of an unborn child in its mother’s womb. If we hold, as we must, that the inheritance vested immediately in the plaintiff while
en ventre sa
mere, upon the death of the father, the conclusion must follow that such inheritance ought not to be divested and the child’s estate destroyed by judicial proceedings to which it was in no form or manner a party, and for which not even a guardian
ad litem
was appointed. It may be that our civil procedure is defective in not providing for such contingencies, but that is no reason why the vested estate of the unborn child
in, esse
should be taken from it. The general rule in this country and the acknowledged rule of the English law is that posthumous children inherit in all cases in like manner as if they were born in the lifetime of the intestate and had survived him, and for all the beneficial purposes of heirship a child
en venire sa mere
is considered absolutely born. Tihis has been the recognized law of this State since
Hill v.
Moore, 5 N. C., 233, decided in 1809, down to
Campbell v. Everhard,
139 N. C., 503, decided’in 1905. It is also recognized ‘generally by the text-writers and judicial decisions in other States. Kent’s Com. (13 Ed.), Vol. IV, p. 413; Washburn on Real Property (5 Ed.), Vol. III, p. 16; Tiedman on Real Property, sec. 673; 14 Cyc., 39, where the decisions are collected.
Tbe statute law of this State treats the unborn child in its mother’s womb with the same - consideration as if born. By the 7th Canon of Descent, Revisa!, p. 1556, a child born within ten lunar months after the death of the ancestor inherits equally with the other children. By section 1582 an infant unborn, but
in esse,
is rendered capable of taking, by deed or other writing, any estate whatever in the same manner as if he were born.
Campbell v. Everhard, supra.
Prom most remote times the common law of England regarded such child as. capable of inheriting direct from the ancestor as much so as if born.
Doe v. Lancashire,
5 T. R., 49;
Thelluson v.
Woodford, 4 Vesey, Jun., 227;
Harper v. Marshal,
43 Am. Dec., 474, where all the eases are collected.
The old writ of
de venire inspiciendo
was devised by the courts for the purpose of examining the widow, and was granted in a case where a widow, whose husband had lands in fee, marries again soon after his death and declares herself pregnant by her first husband and under that pretext withholds the land from the next heir. Such writ .commanded the Sheriff or sergeant to summon a jury of twelve men and as many women, by whom the female is to be examined
“'trac-tari per ubera et venirem.”
1 Black. Com., 456; Yiner’s Ab., Yol. XXI, p. 548. Of course, no such unseemly proceeding would be tolerated in this age; but the General Assembly could easily protect the unborn child as well as the innocent purchaser by prohibiting the sale of land for partition until twelve months after the intestate’s death.
The question as to the status of the purchaser was considered by the Supreme Court of Kentucky in the case of
Masne v. Hiatt's executors,
82 Ky., 314, in which it is held: 1. A child born within ten months of the death of the intestate is entitled to a share in his estate, as if born and in being at the time of intestate’s death. 2. The Court had
jurisdiction, to sell the land on the petition of the guardian of the two other children; but the sale affected only their rights. The right of the unborn child could not in anywise be affected. 3. Having an interest in the land, she could not be deprived of it by any proceeding to which she was not a party, and may recover such interest from a remote vendee of the purchaser at the judicial sale.
The Supreme 'Court of Illinois reaches the same conclusion and says that a person must have an opportunity of being heard before a court can deprive him of his rights, and that an unborn child, not having been made a party, can recover from those claiming his title, as his rights are not cut off by the decree.
Bolsford v. O’Connor, 51
Ill., 12.
The case of
Giles v. Solomon
in New York, 10 Abb. Pr. Rep., N. S., 97, note, is very much in point. In that case a bill to foreclose a mortgage executed by the deceased father was filed in January, 1841. A daughter was born to his widow in April, 1841, two days after foreclosure decree was entered. The daughter, not being a party to the foreclosure proceedings, brought her action in 1866 to redeem. The Court held she was not barred by the decree of 1841, and permitted her to redeem her one-seventh by paying one-seventh of the mortgage and interest, and charged the purchaser with back rents.
In South Carolina at one time the courts declined to proceed with a suit to partition the property of the ancestor until twelve months after his death, so as to avoid the possibility of entering judgment which might conflict with the rights of an unborn child. As there was no statute on the subject, the courts of South Carolina discontinued this practice for some reason, and then held that a child
en venire sa mere
must be regarded as a person in being who could not be bound
by a judgment in partition to which he was not a party.
Pearson v. Coulton,
18 S. C., 47.
It is true that Judge Ereeman, in his elaborate note to
Carter v.
White, 101 Am. St. Rep., 869-870, repudiates this doctrine and says: “It is believed, however, that the rule cannot prevail and that such a child must be regarded as not in being far the purpose of the suit and as being represented by the parties before the Court,” etc. The authority cited by the learned annotator is the opinion of the Supreme Cotart of the United States in
Knotts v. Stearns,
91 II. S., 638, which seems to stastain him. The fallacy in the position seems to us to be in supposing- that the living children can represent the unborn child.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Brown, J.
It appears from the case agreed that E. B. Wilson died intestate in 1881, seized in fee of the land in controversy. At the time of his death his wife was
enciente,
and within four months thereafter, on 22 December, 1881, the plaintiff, Erances, was born. On 22 October, 1881, two months before plaintiff was born, the widow, Deborah, and two daughters, Oarrie L. and Maude L. Wilson (the only children then born), filed petition for partition and procured the lands of the intestate to be sold and the proceeds divided between them. W. E. Sexton became the purchaser,
who conveyed to' defendant for full value. The plaintiff was not made party to the proceedings by appointment of a guardian
ad litem
or otherwise, either before or after her birth, and has received no p.art of the proceeds of sale. She now seeks to recover her portion of the inheritance.
The question presented upon this appeal is important and perplexing because of the fact that the defendant is a purchaser for value, and because of the great difficulty in purchasers at such judicial sales protecting themselves, having no knowledge of the existence of an unborn child in its mother’s womb. If we hold, as we must, that the inheritance vested immediately in the plaintiff while
en ventre sa
mere, upon the death of the father, the conclusion must follow that such inheritance ought not to be divested and the child’s estate destroyed by judicial proceedings to which it was in no form or manner a party, and for which not even a guardian
ad litem
was appointed. It may be that our civil procedure is defective in not providing for such contingencies, but that is no reason why the vested estate of the unborn child
in, esse
should be taken from it. The general rule in this country and the acknowledged rule of the English law is that posthumous children inherit in all cases in like manner as if they were born in the lifetime of the intestate and had survived him, and for all the beneficial purposes of heirship a child
en venire sa mere
is considered absolutely born. Tihis has been the recognized law of this State since
Hill v.
Moore, 5 N. C., 233, decided in 1809, down to
Campbell v. Everhard,
139 N. C., 503, decided’in 1905. It is also recognized ‘generally by the text-writers and judicial decisions in other States. Kent’s Com. (13 Ed.), Vol. IV, p. 413; Washburn on Real Property (5 Ed.), Vol. III, p. 16; Tiedman on Real Property, sec. 673; 14 Cyc., 39, where the decisions are collected.
Tbe statute law of this State treats the unborn child in its mother’s womb with the same - consideration as if born. By the 7th Canon of Descent, Revisa!, p. 1556, a child born within ten lunar months after the death of the ancestor inherits equally with the other children. By section 1582 an infant unborn, but
in esse,
is rendered capable of taking, by deed or other writing, any estate whatever in the same manner as if he were born.
Campbell v. Everhard, supra.
Prom most remote times the common law of England regarded such child as. capable of inheriting direct from the ancestor as much so as if born.
Doe v. Lancashire,
5 T. R., 49;
Thelluson v.
Woodford, 4 Vesey, Jun., 227;
Harper v. Marshal,
43 Am. Dec., 474, where all the eases are collected.
The old writ of
de venire inspiciendo
was devised by the courts for the purpose of examining the widow, and was granted in a case where a widow, whose husband had lands in fee, marries again soon after his death and declares herself pregnant by her first husband and under that pretext withholds the land from the next heir. Such writ .commanded the Sheriff or sergeant to summon a jury of twelve men and as many women, by whom the female is to be examined
“'trac-tari per ubera et venirem.”
1 Black. Com., 456; Yiner’s Ab., Yol. XXI, p. 548. Of course, no such unseemly proceeding would be tolerated in this age; but the General Assembly could easily protect the unborn child as well as the innocent purchaser by prohibiting the sale of land for partition until twelve months after the intestate’s death.
The question as to the status of the purchaser was considered by the Supreme Court of Kentucky in the case of
Masne v. Hiatt's executors,
82 Ky., 314, in which it is held: 1. A child born within ten months of the death of the intestate is entitled to a share in his estate, as if born and in being at the time of intestate’s death. 2. The Court had
jurisdiction, to sell the land on the petition of the guardian of the two other children; but the sale affected only their rights. The right of the unborn child could not in anywise be affected. 3. Having an interest in the land, she could not be deprived of it by any proceeding to which she was not a party, and may recover such interest from a remote vendee of the purchaser at the judicial sale.
The Supreme 'Court of Illinois reaches the same conclusion and says that a person must have an opportunity of being heard before a court can deprive him of his rights, and that an unborn child, not having been made a party, can recover from those claiming his title, as his rights are not cut off by the decree.
Bolsford v. O’Connor, 51
Ill., 12.
The case of
Giles v. Solomon
in New York, 10 Abb. Pr. Rep., N. S., 97, note, is very much in point. In that case a bill to foreclose a mortgage executed by the deceased father was filed in January, 1841. A daughter was born to his widow in April, 1841, two days after foreclosure decree was entered. The daughter, not being a party to the foreclosure proceedings, brought her action in 1866 to redeem. The Court held she was not barred by the decree of 1841, and permitted her to redeem her one-seventh by paying one-seventh of the mortgage and interest, and charged the purchaser with back rents.
In South Carolina at one time the courts declined to proceed with a suit to partition the property of the ancestor until twelve months after his death, so as to avoid the possibility of entering judgment which might conflict with the rights of an unborn child. As there was no statute on the subject, the courts of South Carolina discontinued this practice for some reason, and then held that a child
en venire sa mere
must be regarded as a person in being who could not be bound
by a judgment in partition to which he was not a party.
Pearson v. Coulton,
18 S. C., 47.
It is true that Judge Ereeman, in his elaborate note to
Carter v.
White, 101 Am. St. Rep., 869-870, repudiates this doctrine and says: “It is believed, however, that the rule cannot prevail and that such a child must be regarded as not in being far the purpose of the suit and as being represented by the parties before the Court,” etc. The authority cited by the learned annotator is the opinion of the Supreme Cotart of the United States in
Knotts v. Stearns,
91 II. S., 638, which seems to stastain him. The fallacy in the position seems to us to be in supposing- that the living children can represent the unborn child. It is not a case of class representation. The interests are conflicting and not mutual. It is to the interest of the living heirs to make the division as short as possible, and therefore to keep out the heir who has aiot yet made his appearance. The cases of
Ex parte Dodd,
62 N. C., 97, and ¿many similar cases to
Springs v. Scott,
132 N. C., 548, have no applicatioaa here, as the object of a partition proceeding is to dissever the interests of the parties, and there is no class representation about it. The tenaoit in coanmon who is not añade a party personally or by guardian
ad litem,;
or in some legal way, is not bound by it.
Iai the forcible langaaage of counsel for plaintiff in their brief, “If the Court could take what the law said was hers and sell and convey to another without her eveaa having knowledge of it, or represeaatatioaa, our boasted ‘process of law’ doctrine is iridesceoat — a constitutional hallaacination.”
Affirmed.