1 2 3
4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 7 ELIZABETH DE COSTER et al., on behalf CASE NO. 2:21-cv-00693-JHC 8 of themselves and all others similarly situated, SEALED ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 9 Plaintiffs, DISMISS 10 v. 11 AMAZON.COM, INC., a Delaware corporation, 12
Defendant. 13
14 DEBORAH FRAME-WILSON, et al., on CASE NO. 2:20-cv-00424-JHC 15 behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, 16
Plaintiffs, 17 v. 18 AMAZON.COM, INC., a Delaware corporation, 19
Defendant. 20
24 1 I INTRODUCTION 2 This antitrust matter comes before the Court on Defendant Amazon.com, Inc.’s Motion to 3 Dismiss. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142.1 The Court has reviewed the materials filed in support 4 of and in opposition to the motion, pertinent portions of the record, and the applicable law. The 5 Court finds that oral argument is unnecessary. For the reasons below, the Court DENIES the 6 motion. 7 II 8 BACKGROUND 9 The factual background in this section derives from allegations in the Second 10 Consolidated Amended Complaint (SCAC) in De Coster v. Amazon.com, Case No. 21-693, Dkts. 11 ## 125 (sealed), 126 (redacted), and the Third Amended Complaint (TAC) in Frame-Wilson v. 12 Amazon.com, Case No. 20-424, Dkts. ## 147 (sealed), 165 (redacted), which the Court accepts as 13 true on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.2 14 Amazon “operates the largest online retail marketplace in the United States” and sells 15 around 12 million goods on its platform. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 5 ¶¶ 3–4 (redacted); 16 Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 40, 42 ¶¶ 94, 100 (redacted). According to Plaintiffs, the 17 company “accounts for 65% to 70% of sales in the Online Retail Marketplace Market and over 18 50% of the revenue general in the Online Retail Sales Market.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 19 59 ¶ 179; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 82 ¶¶ 213–14. Amazon designed its marketplace to be 20 21 1 The Court granted the Parties’ Stipulated Motion Regarding Amazon’s Motions to Dismiss the 22 Amended Complaints and “Amazon’s Motion to Dismiss filed in De Coster v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. 2:21-cv-00693-JHC (W.D. Wash.), Dkt. 142, is deemed filed in Frame-Wilson v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. 2:20-cv-424-JHC (W.D. Wash.)” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 153 at 6; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 169 at 6. 23 Thus, this Order applies “equally to both De Coster and Frame-Wilson.” Id. 2 This section largely limits the description of the background to allegations in the SCAC and 24 TAC related to Amazon’s Motion to Dismiss. 1 a platform for third-party sellers to register and list goods for sale. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 2 at 5 ¶ 5; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 39 ¶ 92. Third-party sellers “post their products on the 3 platform, which Amazon presents to users together with its own goods according to a certain
4 algorithm that takes the form of a ranking list.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 5 ¶ 5; Case No. 5 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 5–6 ¶ 4 (internal quotation omitted). 6 According to Plaintiffs, Amazon denies its customers the “benefits of lower prices and 7 fees” that would arise in a competitive market; it does so by imposing on third-party sellers 8 “Most Favored Nation” (MFN) policies that cause customers to pay supra-competitive prices. 9 Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 9 ¶ 15; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 8 ¶ 8. Amazon’s MFN 10 policies prevent “third-party sellers from offering lower prices off of Amazon, and punish them 11 for violations, which in turn insulates Amazon from competition from low cost, alternative 12 platforms.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 9 ¶ 15; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 8 ¶ 8.
13 Plaintiffs say that the MFN policies “require sellers to keep prices off Amazon as high or higher 14 than prices on Amazon” or (1) a seller’s goods will be ineligible for the “Buy Box”3; (2) the 15 goods will be removed from the marketplace; (3) shipping options for the seller’s products will 16 be suspended; and (4) “the third-party seller’s ability to have any goods sold on Amazon’s 17 marketplace” will be terminated or suspended. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 17 ¶ 34; Case No. 18 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 14 ¶ 25. 19 Plaintiffs allege that Amazon has implemented various MFN policies over time. Case 20 No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 9 ¶ 17; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 8 ¶ 9. Up until March 2019, 21 Amazon’s Business Solutions Agreement (BSA) included a Price Parity Clause (PPC) that 22
23 3 The “Buy Box” is a feature in which a customer can “Add to Cart” or “Buy Now” an “Amazon- selected offer for a product.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 5 ¶ 5; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 18 24 ¶ 37. 1 prohibited third-party sellers “from listing goods on other online retail platforms—whether 2 marketplace or single-merchant websites—at prices lower than their Amazon list prices.” Case 3 No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 9–10 ¶ 17; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 8 ¶¶ 9–10. Also, in mid-
4 2015, Amazon introduced the “Select-Competitor – Featured Offer Disqualification” (SC-FOD) 5 algorithm, which Amazon “expanded as a tool for securing third-party sellers’ price parity after 6 it repealed” the PPC in 2019. Case No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 125 at 12 ¶ 22 (sealed), 126 at 12 ¶ 22 7 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 9 ¶ 13. Plaintiffs say that Amazon uses SC-FOD “to 8 disqualify a seller’s offer from winning the “Buy Box” if Amazon detects a price that is lower— 9 even by a penny—for that product on any online store that Amazon designates as a ‘Select 10 Competitor.’” Case No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 125 at 12 ¶ 23 (sealed), 126 at 12 ¶ 23 (redacted); 11 Case No. 20-424, Dkt # 165 at 10 ¶ 14 (redacted). Plaintiffs also allege that “99%” of all 12 products purchased in the marketplace are sold via the “Featured Offer/Buy Box.” Case No. 21-
13 693, Dkts. ## 125 at 12–13 ¶ 23 (sealed), 126 at 12–13 ¶ 23 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. 14 # 165 at 10 ¶ 14. “Achieving price parity through the elimination of lower prices outside of 15 Amazon Marketplace is the overarching goal of the SC-FOD, and Amazon punishes sellers if it 16 finds lower prices off Amazon.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 13 ¶ 24; Case No. 20-424 Dkt. 17 # 165 at 10 ¶ 15. Once Amazon finds that an offer is “un-competitive,” it penalizes the seller by 18 removing their access to the “Buy Box.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 13 ¶ 24; Case No. 20- 19 424, Dkt. # 165 at 10 ¶ 15. 20 Plaintiffs say that Amazon “has continued to modify and expand its SC-FOD algorithm 21 over time,” including expanding “the number of online stores that it monitored after” Amazon 22 removed the PPC from the BSA in 2019. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 13–14 ¶ 26; Case No.
23 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 11 ¶ 17. Amazon currently tracks “nearly price comparison 24 points” and the “expansion increased the punitive aspects of the SC-FOD algorithm, by ensuring 1 that more products were monitored[,] and more sellers were penalized.” Case No. 21-693, Dkts. 2 ## 125 at 14 ¶ 26 (sealed), 126 at 14 ¶ 26 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkts. ## 147 at 11 ¶ 17 3 (sealed), 165 at 11 ¶ 17 (redacted). According to Plaintiffs, SC-FOD, like the PPC, penalizes
4 “sellers for offering prices off Amazon that are lower than their prices on Amazon, even where 5 their costs are lower through other online sales channels.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 14 6 ¶ 28; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 11–12 ¶ 19. 7 Plaintiffs also allege that Amazon’s Standard for Brands (ASB) program, introduced in 8 2018, is an MFN policy that “prevents brand owners and their seller representatives from 9 offering a lower price off of Amazon than they offer on Amazon or allowing their distributors to 10 do so.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 14 ¶ 29; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 12 ¶ 20. Under 11 the ASB program, a seller receives a warning from Amazon if it finds a price for a product on 12 another platform lower than the price of the product on Amazon. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at
13 14 ¶ 29; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 12 ¶ 20. “Brand owners and their third-party seller 14 representatives also face the further risk of losing the opportunity to operate as a seller in the 15 Amazon store altogether if they do not maintain price competitiveness.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 16 # 126 at 16 ¶ 31; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 12–13 ¶ 22 (internal quotation omitted). Sellers 17 lose their selling privileges in addition to losing their access to the “Buy Box” if they fail to meet 18 Amazon’s price competitiveness targets. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 15–16 ¶ 31; Case No. 19 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 12–13 ¶ 22. 20 Likewise, Plaintiffs allege that Amazon’s 2021 clarification to its Seller Code of Conduct 21 (SCC) is an MFN policy that, like the ASB program, is incorporated into Amazon’s BSA. Case 22 No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 16 ¶ 32; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 13 ¶ 23. Amazon considers it
23 a violation of the SCC “if off-Amazon rebates, discounts, and other schemes are designed to 24 drive customers to products that are listed and sold without those incentives on Amazon.” Case 1 No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 125 at 16 ¶ 32 (sealed),126 at 16 ¶ 32 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. 2 # 165 at 13 ¶ 23 (internal quotation omitted). Also, Amazon’s Marketplace Fair Pricing Policy 3 (MFPP), incorporated by reference in the BSA, provides that if a third-party seller’s pricing
4 practices “harms customer trust,” then Amazon can impose sanctions on the seller. Case No. 21- 5 693, Dkt. # 126 at 16 ¶ 33; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 14 ¶ 24 (internal quotation omitted). 6 Under the MFPP, a pricing practice “harms customer trust” when a seller “lists goods on a 7 competing online retail platform at prices that are significantly below its Amazon list prices.” 8 Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 16 ¶ 33; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 14 ¶ 24 (internal 9 quotation omitted). 10 The Plaintiffs in De Coster filed the SCAC on April 22, 2024. Case No. 21-693, Dkts. 11 ## 125 (sealed), 126 (redacted). They bring three causes of action individually and on behalf of 12 a putative class of similarly situated individuals: (1) a claim under Section One of the Sherman
13 Act (15 U.S.C. § 1); (2) a claim under Section Two of the Sherman Act—monopolization (15 14 U.S.C. § 2); and (3) another claim under Section Two of the Sherman Act—attempted 15 monopolization (15 U.S.C. § 2). Case No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 125 (sealed), 126 (redacted). 16 The Plaintiffs in Frame Wilson filed the TAC on May 13, 2024. Case No. 20-424, Dkts. 17 ## 147, 165.4 They bring four causes of action individually and on behalf of a putative class of 18 similarly situated individuals: (1) a claim under Section One of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1); 19 (2) a claim under Section Two of the Sherman Act—monopolization (15 U.S.C. § 2); (3) a 20 second claim under Section Two of the Sherman Act—attempted monopolization (15 U.S.C. 21 § 2); and (4) a third claim under Section Two of the Sherman Act—conspiracy to monopolize 22 (15 U.S.C. § 2). 23
24 4 Plaintiffs filed the public version of the TAC on June 7, 2024. See Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165. 1 On June 12, 2024, the Court granted the Parties’ Stipulated Motion Regarding Amazon’s 2 Motions to Dismiss the Amended Complaints. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 153; Case No. 20-424, 3 Dkt. # 169. As stated in the Order, “Amazon’s Motion to Dismiss filed in De Coster v.
4 Amazon.com, Inc., No. 2:21-cv-00693-JHC (W.D. Wash.), Dkt. 142, is deemed filed in Frame- 5 Wilson v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. 2:20-cv-424-JHC (W.D. Wash.)” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 153 6 at 6; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 169 at 6. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), Amazon 7 moves to dismiss the operative complaints in De Coster and Frame-Wilson for failure to state a 8 Sherman Act Section One or Two claim. Case No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 142, 158. 9 III 10 DISCUSSION 11 When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court construes the 12 complaint in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Livid Holdings Ltd. v. Salomon 13 Smith Barney, Inc., 416 F.3d 940, 946 (9th Cir. 2005). The court must accept all well-pleaded 14 facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Wyler Summit P’ship v. 15 Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 16 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is 17 plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 18 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads 19 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 20 for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 21 A. Sherman Act Section One - Rule of Reason Claim 22 Section One of the Sherman Act prohibits “[e]very contract, combination in the form of 23 trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States.” 15 24 1 U.S.C. § 1. But courts have long recognized that Section One “outlaw[s] only unreasonable 2 restraints” on trade or commerce. Ohio v. Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. 529, 540 (2018) (quoting 3 State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10 (1997)) (emphasis in original). An “unreasonable
4 restraint” is either per se illegal or treated as such under the “rule of reason.” Id. at 540-41; see 5 also Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple, Inc., 67 F.4th 946, 974 (9th Cir. 2023). 6 In resolving Amazon’s prior motions to dismiss, other courts in this District concluded 7 that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for per se liability under Section One. De Coster v. 8 Amazon.com, Inc., Case No. C21-693RSM, 2023 WL 372377, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 24, 2023) 9 (reasoning that “per se liability is not available on these facts”); see also Frame-Wilson v. 10 Amazon.com, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 3d 975, 988 (W.D. Wash. 2022), reconsideration denied, No. 11 2:20-CV-00424-RAJ, 2022 WL 4240826 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 2, 2022) (concluding that 12 “Plaintiffs’ allegations of a per se violation fail as conclusory and unsupported”). Plaintiffs are
13 no longer pursuing a per se theory of liability. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 4, ¶ 1; Case No 14 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 4 ¶ 1. 15 The rule of reason requires a plaintiff to show “that a particular contract or combination 16 is in fact unreasonable and anticompetitive.” California ex rel. Harris v. Safeway, Inc., 651 F.3d 17 1118, 1133 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 547 U.S. 1, 5 (2006)). Thus, to state 18 a rule of reason claim, a plaintiff must allege that (1) an agreement exists, (2) the agreement 19 imposed an unreasonable restraint on trade (i.e., had an anticompetitive effect) under a rule of 20 reason analysis, (3) the restraint was within the relevant market, and (4) it affected interstate 21 commerce. See Am. Ad. Mgmt., Inc. v. GTE Corp., 92 F.3d 781, 784 (9th Cir. 1996); 22 Copperweld Corp. v. Indep. Tube Corp., 467 U.S. 752, 767 (1984). Amazon contends that
23 Plaintiffs’ Section One claim fails because they (1) fail to allege an agreement, and (2) fail to 24 allege substantial anticompetitive effects. See Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 11–17. 1 1. The Existence of an Agreement 2 Amazon says that Plaintiffs cannot maintain a Sherman Act Section One claim because 3 SC-FOD is an “algorithm,” and Plaintiffs do not allege that SC-FOD is a part “of any agreement
4 between Amazon, its third-party sellers, or anyone else.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 11–12 5 (citing Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 12–14 ¶¶ 22, 24, 26 (redacted)). It contends that Section 6 One “does not reach conduct that is ‘wholly unilateral.’” Id. at 12 (quoting Copperweld, 467 7 U.S. at 768). Yet Amazon acknowledges that Judge Ricardo Martinez, in resolving the 8 company’s prior motion to dismiss in De Coster, already determined that “the former [PPC] and 9 the [MFPP] were adequately alleged to be the product of agreements.” Id. at 13 n. 6 (citing De 10 Coster v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. C21-693RSM, 2023 WL 372377, at *3–4 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 23, 11 2023)). Amazon states that its motion “assumes, without conceding, that the newly-identified 12 ASB program and [SCC] would [also] be treated as agreements under the same analysis.” Id.
13 Plaintiffs respond that, for Section One purposes, “it is not necessary to find an express 14 agreement, either oral or written, instead it is sufficient that a concert of action be contemplated 15 and that the defendant and its co-conspirators conform to the arrangement.” Case No. 21-693, 16 Dkt. # 156 at 12 (redacted) (quoting Arandell Corp. v. CenterPoint Energy Servs., 900 F.3d 623, 17 634 (9th Cir. 2018)) (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiffs say that Judges Richard Jones and 18 Ricardo Martinez already held that they “satisfied the concerted action requirement” by pleading 19 that “Amazon monitors the prices of sellers’ products on and off Amazon, notifies and penalizes 20 sellers when their prices are higher on Amazon than off, and that sellers set their prices to 21 comply with Amazon’s parity requirements . . . to avoid penalties like Buy Box removal.” Id. at 22 12–13 (citing Frame-Wilson, 591 F. Supp. 3d at 981; De Coster, 2023 WL 372377, at *1-4;
23 Frame-Wilson, 664 F. Supp. 3d 1198, 1207 (W.D. Wash. 2023)). They also contend that 24 “Amazon’s operation of SC-FOD is a series of overt acts taken in furtherance of its 1 anticompetitive MFN policies” and that Amazon stated in its motion to dismiss that it was not 2 “‘seek[ing] reconsideration’ of the Court’s order finding that sellers’ compliance with the PPC 3 and MFPP satisfies the concerted action requirement.” Id. at 13–14 (quoting Case No. 21-693,
4 Dkt. # 142 at 13 n. 6). 5 In resolving the prior motion to dismiss in De Coster, Judge Martinez agreed “with 6 Plaintiffs that Amazon has failed to demonstrate a lack of concerted action, or that concerted 7 action is implausible.” De Coster, 2023 WL 372377, at *3-4; see also Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 8 # 142 at 13 n. 6. At this stage of the litigation, the Court need not consider whether SC-FOD 9 constitutes an agreement for Section One purposes. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 563 (“[O]nce a 10 claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with 11 the allegations in the complaint.”); see also Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 594 12 (8th Cir. 2009) (On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “the complaint should be read as a whole,
13 not parsed piece by piece to determine whether each allegation, in isolation, is plausible”). 14 2. Anticompetitive Effects 15 As stated above, under a rule of reason analysis, a plaintiff must show the agreement 16 imposed an unreasonable restraint on trade (i.e., had an anticompetitive effect). GTE Corp., 92 17 F.3d at 784; Copperweld Corp., 467 U.S. at 767. As for Section One, a plaintiff may show that a 18 restraint has anticompetitive effects in a relevant market through direct or indirect evidence. 19 Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 989 (citing Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. at 541). Direct evidence of 20 anticompetitive effects includes “‘proof of actual detrimental effects [on competition],’ F.T.C. v. 21 Ind. Fed’n of Dentists, 476 U.S. 447 (1986), such as reduced output, increased prices, or 22 decreased quality in the relevant market.” Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. at 542 (alteration in
23 original); see also F.T.C. v. Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d 974, 989 (9th Cir. 2020); PLS.Com, LLC v. 24 Nat’l Ass’n of Realtors, 32 F.4th 824, 834 (9th Cir. 2022). Indirect or circumstantial evidence of 1 anticompetitive effects include “proof of market power plus some evidence that the challenged 2 restraint harms competition.” Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 989 (citation omitted); see also Am. 3 Express Co., 585 U.S. at 542; PLS.Com, LLC, 32 F.4th at 834. Under the rule of reason, a court
4 must “conduct a fact-specific assessment of ‘market power and market structure ... to assess the 5 [restraint]’ s actual effect’ on competition.” Am Express Co., 585 U.S. at 541 (quoting 6 Copperweld Corp., 467 U.S. at 768. 7 Amazon contends that Plaintiffs have failed to allege the “necessary ‘substantial 8 anticompetitive effect’ arising from any of their alleged vertical agreements.” Case No. 21-693, 9 Dkt. # 142 at 13–14 (quoting Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 990; Am. Express Co., 585 U.S. at 10 541). Amazon acknowledges that “[t]his issue was not presented to, or decided . . . in Amazon’s 11 previous motion[s] to dismiss.” Id. at 14 n.8. But Amazon says that it “is raising th[e] issue now 12 both because Plaintiffs’ [complaints] change[ ] their allegations about the [MFPP], and because
13 [they] inject[ ] two additional policies without alleging facts adequate to show that they have 14 anticompetitive effects.” Id. It argues that Plaintiffs have not “allege[d] facts showing that the 15 [PPC], ASB [program], [MFPP], and/or [SCC] have anything to do with disqualifying third- 16 party sellers from access to the Featured Offer or Buy Box.” Id. at 14.5 17
5 Amazon also challenges the purported anticompetitive effects of the four policies as to 18 Plaintiffs’ Section Two Sherman Act claims. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 20. Amazon says that “[f]or all of the same reasons,” Plaintiffs’ allegations about the PPC, ASB program, MFPP, and SCC 19 cannot show a “‘substantial’ negative impact on competition in their alleged relevant markets.” Id. (quoting Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 991). The Ninth Circuit has determined that “[r]egardless of 20 whether the alleged antitrust violation involves concerted anticompetitive conduct under § 1 or independent anticompetitive conduct under § 2, the three-part burden-shifting test under the rule of reason 21 is essentially the same.” Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 991. This “means that courts often review claims under each section simultaneously” and “[i]f, in reviewing an alleged Sherman Act violation, a court finds 22 that the conduct in question is not anticompetitive under § 1, the court need not separately analyze the conduct under § 2.” Id. But while a plaintiff may use indirect evidence to show the anticompetitive effect of an alleged restraint under Section One, they may not rely on indirect evidence to show the 23 anticompetitive effect of an alleged unlawful monopoly under Section Two. Id. The Court’s analysis focuses on direct evidence of the anticompetitive effects of the policies. Thus, the analysis applies to 24 Plaintiffs’ Section One and Section Two claims. 1 Price Parity Clause & Marketplace Fair Pricing Policy. Plaintiffs respond that Amazon 2 fails to explain why the new allegations in the SCAC and TAC about SC-FOD “prevented 3 Amazon from challenging allegations of anticompetitive effects of its MFN policies in its first
4 three motions to dismiss.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 156 at 14 (redacted) (citing Case No. 21- 5 693, Dkt. # 142 at 14 n.8). They contend that Amazon “waived challenges to the sufficiency of 6 the anticompetitive effects of the PPC and MFPP” because “Amazon’s [anti-competitive effects] 7 argument [is] squarely aimed at Plaintiffs’ unchanged allegations of anticompetitive harm under 8 the PPC and MFPP.” Id. at 14–15 (quoting Fitzpatrick v. City of Los Angeles, 2022 WL 9 18142509, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2022)). 10 Under Rule 12(g), a party that makes a motion under Rule 12 “must not make another 11 motion under this rule raising a defense or objection that was available to the party but omitted 12 from its earlier motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(g)(2). Thus, “[t]he failure to challenge a particular
13 cause of action in a prior 12(b)(6) motion precludes such a challenge in a subsequent 12(b)(6) 14 motion.” Rutherford v. Palo Verde Healthcare Dist., No. LA CV13-01247 JAK (SPx), 2014 WL 15 12631845, at *10 (C.D. Cal. May 20, 2014); see also Fairhaven Health LLC v. BioOrigyn, LLC, 16 Case No. 2:19-cv-01860-RAJ, 2021 WL 5987023, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 17, 2021) (reasoning 17 that the defendant was “precluded” from raising certain arguments in its second Rule 12(b)(6) 18 motion because these arguments had been “available” to the defendant when it had filed its first 19 Rule 12(b)(6) motion). 20 Here, Amazon could have made this argument with respect to the PPC and MFPP in its 21 prior motions to dismiss. To the extent it suggests that the new allegations in the complaints 22 about SC-FOD, the ASB program, or the SCC revive its ability to raise the anticompetitive
23 effects issue as to the PPC or MFPP, the Court disagrees. The allegations regarding 24 anticompetitive effects Amazon challenges in its current motion to dismiss had been included in 1 prior iterations of the complaints. For example, in its motion, Amazon contends that Plaintiffs 2 fail to allege that PPC has substantial anticompetitive effects because the SCAC says only that 3 the PPC “expressly prohibited third-party merchants from listing goods on other online retail
4 platforms . . . at prices lower than their Amazon list prices.” (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 5 # 126 at 9–10 ¶ 17). But the First Consolidated Amended Complaint in De Coster contained the 6 very same language as the SCAC about the PPC and stated that the policy “expressly prohibited 7 third-party merchants from listing goods on other online retail platforms . . . at prices lower than 8 their Amazon list prices.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 20 at 9 ¶ 16. 9 Likewise, Amazon challenges the alleged “substantial anticompetitive effects” of the 10 MFPP. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 16. The first and second amended complaints in Frame- 11 Wilson contained allegations regarding the MFPP, see, e.g., Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 15 at 55–57 12 ¶¶ 102–09; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 55 at 62–63 ¶¶ 129–32, and Amazon argued in its first
13 motion to dismiss in Frame-Wilson that the MFPP was not “anticompetitive conduct” under 14 Section Two of the Sherman Act. See Frame-Wilson, 591 F. Supp. 3d at 990–91. Judge Jones 15 rejected that argument, determining that 16 Amazon’s pricing policy requires sellers to add Amazon’s fees to the cost of their products when they sell them on all external platforms. The cost of the product is 17 thus based on the price of the product itself—as set by the seller—plus the cost of Amazon-set fees, which are built into the product cost on the Amazon.com 18 platform. Such a pricing provision could—and as Plaintiffs allege, does in fact— raise the cost of products on external platforms that charge lower fees than Amazon. 19 Amazon thus suppresses competition from its sellers on external platforms, “where they would otherwise competitively price their goods at a lower price.” Consumers 20 of such products are therefore subject to higher prices of products on external platforms as a result of Amazon’s pricing policy. Here, Plaintiffs state facts, which, 21 if taken as true, are sufficient to demonstrate that the conduct at issue has resulted in and continues to result in the suppression of competition and increase of prices 22 on external platforms. Id. at 991–92 (quoting Dkt. # 15 ¶ 3). Thus, Amazon may not reassert this argument. 23 24 1 Amazon Standard for Brands & Seller Code of Conduct. Amazon asserts that Plaintiffs’ 2 allegations about the ASB program may “suffice to show injury to . . . individual sellers” but fail 3 to allege injury to “competition.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 15 (citing Legal Econ.
4 Evaluations, Inc. v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d 951, 954 (9th Cir. 1994)) (emphasis in 5 original). It says that “Plaintiffs fail to identify any requirement in the ASB program requiring 6 parity, or any third-party seller who understood it as such.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 158 at 13. 7 Amazon also argues that Plaintiffs’ allegations about the SCC “fail to allege substantial harm to 8 competition.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 16. It contends that Plaintiffs identify only one 9 practice that “Amazon considers to be a violation of [the SCC]” and does not say how Amazon 10 responds to a violation. Id. at 16–17. 11 Plaintiffs respond that the SCAC and TAC allege that the ASB program “impacts 12 of brands,” including major third-party sellers in the U.S. which “leads to millions of
13 consumers paying supracompetitive prices.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. #156 at 19 (redacted) 14 (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 15, 17–18 ¶¶ 31, 37 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. 15 # 165 at 12–13, 15 ¶¶ 22, 29 (redacted)). Plaintiffs say that they are not showing injury to 16 individual sellers penalized by Amazon under the ASB program but showing “overcharges [to 17 consumers] caused by Amazon’s unreasonable restraints on its merchants’ pricing behavior.” Id. 18 (citing Case No. 21-963, Dkt. # 126 at 18 ¶ 39 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 16 ¶ 19 31(redacted)). They say that the complaints allege that the “clarification” to the SCC “codifies 20 the MFN policy by condemning merchants’ promotional discounting off Amazon.” Id. (citing 21 Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 16 ¶ 32 (redacted), Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 13 ¶ 23 22 (redacted)).
23 In the SCAC and TAC, Plaintiffs allege the following: “[E]ach . . .agreement Plaintiffs 24 challenge. . . operates to stifle sellers’ price competition outside of Amazon Marketplace, 1 including removing sellers’ products from the Buy Box and terminating or threatening to 2 terminate selling privileges.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 4 ¶ 2 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, 3 Dkt. # 165 at 4–5 ¶ 2 (redacted). Plaintiffs say that Amazon denies its customers “the benefits of
4 lower prices and fees” through its MFN policies. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 9 ¶ 15; Case 5 No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 14–16 ¶¶ 28-31 (redacted). “Amazon’s policies forbid third-party 6 sellers from offering lower prices off of Amazon, and punish them for violations, which in turn 7 insulates Amazon from competition from low cost, alternative platforms.” Case No. 21-693, 8 Dkt. # 126 at 9 ¶ 15; Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 14–16 ¶¶ 28-31 (redacted). Plaintiffs also 9 allege that Amazon’s MFN policies “suppress output below what would prevail in a competitive 10 world” and absent these policies “fees for merchants would be lower, enabling them to make 11 more sales to consumers at lower prices.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 35 ¶ 103; Case No. 12 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 30 ¶¶ 69–71(redacted).
13 According to Plaintiffs, the ASB program “prevents brand owners and their seller 14 representatives from offering a lower price off of Amazon than they offer on Amazon or 15 allowing their distributors to do so.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 14 ¶ 29 (redacted); Case 16 No. 20-423, Dkt. # 165 at 12 ¶ 20 (redacted). “The penalties for violating [the ASB program] are 17 dire.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 15 ¶ 31 (redacted); Case No. 20-423, Dkt. # 165 at 12 ¶ 22 18 (redacted). “Brand owners and their third-party seller representatives also face the . . .risk of 19 losing the opportunity to operate as a seller in the Amazon store altogether if they do not 20 maintain price competitiveness.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 15 ¶ 31 (redacted); Case No. 21 20-423, Dkt. # 165 at 12–13 ¶ 22 (redacted) (internal quotation omitted). 22 The SCAC and TAC also allege as follows: Under the ASB program, selling privileges
23 have been removed “for of brands that have failed to meet” ASB’s price 24 competitiveness targets. Case No. 21-693, Dkts. ## 125 at 15 ¶ 31 (sealed), 126 at 15 ¶ 31 1 (redacted); Case No. 20-423, Dkts. ## 147 at 13 ¶ 22 (sealed), 165 at 13 ¶ 22 (redacted). “This 2 loss of selling privileges is in addition to losing the Buy Box.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 3 15–16 ¶ 31 (redacted); Case No. 20-423, Dkt. # 165 at 13 ¶ 22 (redacted). “Sellers live in
4 constant fear that their accounts will be suspended, or that top selling products will be removed, 5 putting their businesses and livelihoods at risk.” Case No. 21-693, Dkts. # 125 at 16 ¶ 31 6 (sealed), 126 at 16 ¶ 31 (redacted); Case No. 20-423, Dkt. # 165 at 13 ¶ 22 (redacted) (internal 7 quotation omitted). Amazon’s “current clarification” of the SCC “reflects [Amazon’s] MFN 8 policy.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 16 ¶ 32 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. 165 at 13 9 ¶ 23 (redacted). Under the “current clarification,” Amazon “considers it a violation of the . . . 10 [SCC] if off-Amazon rebates, discounts, and other schemes are designed to drive customers to 11 products that are listed and sold without those incentives on Amazon.” Case No. 21-693, Dkts. 12 # 125 at 16 ¶ 32 (sealed); 126 at 16 ¶ 32 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 13 ¶ 23
13 (redacted) (internal quotation and alteration omitted). 14 Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the SCAC and TAC sufficiently allege 15 that Amazon’s conduct increases the prices that consumers pay for products and otherwise 16 generates anticompetitive effects. See e.g., Churchill Downs Inc. v. Thoroughbred Horsemen’s 17 Grp., LLC, 605 F. Supp. 2d 870, 887 (W.D. Ky. 2009) (reasoning that on a 12(b)(6) motion, a 18 “full analysis under the rule of reason would not be appropriate . . . given the fact intensive 19 nature of that analysis”).6 Thus, Plaintiffs allege plausible anticompetitive effects sufficient to 20 survive the motion to dismiss. 21 22
6 In its Reply, Amazon also contends that Plaintiffs cannot aggregate the anticompetitive effects 23 of the challenged agreements. See Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 158 at 12. Given that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged how the agreements individually generate specific anticompetitive effects, the Court 24 need not reach the aggregation issue. 1 B. Sherman Act Section Two Monopolization Claim 2 Section Two of the Sherman Act prohibits the monopolization, or attempted 3 monopolization, or combination or conspiracy to monopolize, of any part of trade or commerce
4 among the states. 15 U.S.C. § 2. A Section Two claim requires a plaintiff to show “(1) the 5 possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or 6 maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a 7 superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.” United States v. Grinnell Corp, 384 8 U.S. 563, 570-71 (1966). Monopoly power is not unlawful “unless it is accompanied by an 9 element of anticompetitive conduct.” Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d at 990 (citing Verizon 10 Commc’ns Inc. v. L. Offs. Of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407 (2004)). Thus, a plaintiff 11 must show “anticompetitive abuse or leverage of monopoly power, or a predatory or 12 exclusionary means of attempting to monopolize the relevant market.” Id. A monopolist’s act is
13 viewed as exclusionary if it has an “anticompetitive effect,” meaning, that it harms “the 14 competitive process and thereby harm[s] consumers.” Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis in 15 original). Amazon says that Plaintiffs’ Section Two claims fail because (1) the monopolization 16 claims based on SC-FOD are untimely, (2) Plaintiffs fail to allege substantial anticompetitive 17 effects, and (3) Plaintiffs’ allegations of monopoly power in the “Online Retail Sales Market” are 18 facially inadequate. See Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 17–23. 19 1. Timeliness of Claim 20 Amazon contends that Plaintiffs’ claims based on SC-FOD are “untimely and cannot 21 support a monopolization or attempted monopolization claim.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 22 17. It says that a four-year statute of limitations applies to Sherman Act claims, and because
23 Plaintiffs allege that SC-FOD was introduced in mid-2015, “more than six years before their first 24 Complaint was filed in mid-2021,” their claims are untimely. Id. at 17–18 (citing 15 U.S.C. 1 § 15b; Case No. 21-693; Dkt. # 126 at 12, 17 ¶¶ 22, 34; In re Animation Workers Antitrust 2 Litigation, 87 F. Supp. 3d 1195, 1210 (N.D. Cal 2015)).7 Amazon also argues that Plaintiffs 3 “cannot salvage their untimely claims by arguing that each instance in which Amazon applied 4 SC-FOD to disqualify an uncompetitively priced offer from eligibility for the ‘Buy Box’ 5 constitutes a new overt act that restarts the statute of limitations.” Id. at 18. The company 6 characterizes its conduct related to SC-FOD as an “initial refusal to deal” and says its “conduct . 7 . .does not restart the statute of limitations.” Id. at 19 (quoting Samsung Elecs. Co., Ltd. v. 8 Panasonic Corp., 747 F.3d 1199, 1202-03 (9th Cir. 2014)). 9 Plaintiffs respond that their monopoly claims based on SC-FOD are timely. See Case No. 10 21-693, Dkt. # 156 at 20. They say that “Amazon’s initial development of SC-FOD in 2015 ‘did 11 not permanently and finally control’ pricing rules for Amazon’s sellers and its ‘decision to 12 enforce’ SC-FOD throughout the class period ‘caused a new anti-competitive harm, and the
13 statute of limitations ran anew[.]’” Id. at 21 (quoting Samsung, 747 F.3d at 1204) (alteration in 14 original). Plaintiffs assert that Amazon “has continually taken new and independent acts to 15 enforce SC-FOD, causing new and accumulating injury from 2015 through the present.” Id. 16 Plaintiffs also contend that they “have not alleged a refusal to deal decision” in the complaints 17 and that Amazon’s analogy to refusal-to-deal cases fails because Amazon has not “refused to 18 deal” with Plaintiffs or “third-party merchants subject to SC-FOD since 2015.” Id. at 22. 19 A four-year statute of limitation does apply to antitrust actions. See 15 U.S.C. § 15b. 20 An exception exists for “continuing violations.” See Samsung, 747 F.3d at 1202; see also Klehr 21 v. A.O. Smith Corp., 521 U.S. 179, 189 (1997) (“Antitrust law provides that, in the case of a 22
7 Amazon also says that Plaintiffs Section Two claims are untimely “even assuming that 23 Plaintiffs’ new allegations about SC-FOD relate back to the filing of the original Complaint in May 2021—something the Court need not decide.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 17. The Court need not 24 address this issue. 1 continuing violation . . . each overt act that is part of the violation and that injures the plaintiff . . 2 . starts the statutory period running again, regardless of the plaintiff’s knowledge of the alleged 3 illegality at much earlier times.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). To state a
4 continuing violation, a plaintiff must allege (1) “a new and independent act that is not merely a 5 reaffirmation of a previous act[,]” and (2) the act “must inflict new and accumulating injury on 6 the plaintiff.” Samsung, 747 F.3d at 1202. The continuing violation standard “is meant to 7 differentiate those cases where a continuing violation is ongoing—and an antitrust suit can 8 therefore be maintained—from those where all of the harm occurred at the time of the initial 9 violation.” Id. 10 The cases cited by Amazon on this issue are distinguishable. In In re Animation Workers 11 Antitrust Litigation, 87 F. Supp. 3d 1195 (N.D. Cal. 2015), the court determined that the 12 plaintiffs failed to allege a continuing violation because the complaint “reveal[ed] no alleged
13 wrongful communications or specific conduct during the limitations period” and the plaintiffs 14 also “fail[ed] to allege any new or accumulating injuries within the limitation period.” Id. at 15 1212. Similarly, in Garrison v. Oracle Corporation, 159 F. Supp. 3d 1044 (N.D. Cal. 2016), the 16 court observed that the complaint was “conclusory” and “fail[ed] to reveal any specific conduct” 17 by the defendant during the statute of limitations period. Id. at 1071. In Crowder v. LinkedIn 18 Corporation, Case No. 22-cv-00237-HSG, 2023 WL 2405335, *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 8, 2023), the 19 court determined that the plaintiffs’ allegation that “the agreement persisted into the limitations 20 period and caused consumers to be overcharged” could not show a continuing violation because 21 the plaintiffs only showed the “continued existence” of the agreement. Id. at *2 (quoting Reveal 22 Chat Holdco LLC v. Facebook, Inc., No. 20-CV-00363-BLF, 2021 WL 1615349, at *6 (N.D.
23 Cal. Apr. 26, 2021)). But the court observed that “active enforcement of an agreement may 24 constitute an overt act” that restarts the statute of limitations. Id. at *3; see also Samsung, 747 1 F.3d at 1204 (“We have repeatedly held that acts taken to enforce a contract were overt acts that 2 restarted the statute of limitations.”). 3 Here, the SCAC and TAC allege that SC-FOD is an algorithm that Amazon introduced
4 “in mid-2015” and “expanded as a tool for securing third-party sellers’ price parity after 5 [Amazon] repealed the [PPC]” in 2019. Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 11–12 ¶¶ 19, 22 6 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 9 ¶ 13 (redacted). Plaintiffs also allege that, 7 thereafter, “Amazon has continued to modify and expand its SC-FOD algorithm over time” and 8 that, as of two years ago, “Amazon estimated that globally it regularly tracked nearly 9 price comparison points for purposes of implementing its MFN policies.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 10 # 126 at 13–14 ¶ 26 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 11 ¶ 17. They say that “[t]his 11 expansion increased the punitive aspects of the SC-FOD algorithm, by ensuring that more 12 products were monitored and more sellers were penalized” and Amazon uses SC-FOD to
13 “punish[ ] sellers for offering prices off Amazon that are lower than their prices on Amazon, 14 even where their costs are lower through other online sales channels.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 15 # 126 at 13–14 ¶¶ 26, 28 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 11 ¶¶ 17, 19 (redacted). 16 Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Amazon took overt actions during the limitations 17 period—modifying and expanding the SC-FOD algorithm to monitor more products and penalize 18 more sellers for violating Amazon’s MFN policies—that inflicted “new and accumulating” 19 injuries on Plaintiffs. See Samsung, 747 F.3d at 1202; see also Pace Indus., Inc. v. Three 20 Phoenix Co., 813 F.2d 234, 237 (9th Cir. 1987) (“A continuing violation is one in which the 21 plaintiff’s interests are repeatedly invaded and a cause of action arises each time the plaintiff is 22 injured.”) (citing Hennegan v. Pacifico Creative Serv., Inc., 787 F.2d 1299 (9th Cir. 1986)).
23 Thus, Plaintiffs’ Section Two claims based on SC-FOD are timely. 24 1 2. Substantial Anticompetitive Effects 2 As stated above, under a rule of reason analysis, a plaintiff must show the agreement 3 imposed an unreasonable restraint on trade (i.e., had an anticompetitive effect). GTE Corp., 92
4 F.3d at 784; Copperweld Corp., 467 U.S. at 767. Direct evidence of anticompetitive effects 5 includes “‘proof of actual detrimental effects [on competition],’ F.T.C. v. Ind. Fed’n of Dentists, 6 476 U.S. 447 (1986), such as reduced output, increased prices, or decreased quality in the 7 relevant market.” 8 Amazon argues that Plaintiffs’ allegations about SC-FOD “are insufficient to show a 9 substantial harm to competition.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 20.8 Amazon says that the 10 practice of making “competitively priced offers ‘the most visible and easiest to purchase’ in 11 Amazon’s store . . . has facially procompetitive attributes.” Id. (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. 12 # 126 at 17 ¶ 34). It contends that “Plaintiffs’ allegation that Amazon creates a ‘critical listing 13 benefit for third-party merchants’ when it places their offers in the ‘Buy Box,’ is an allegation 14 that Amazon increases the competitiveness of those offers, which in turn makes Amazon more 15 competitive against other retail stores.” Id. (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 46 ¶ 125). 16 Amazon also says that Plaintiffs’ identification of “a single third-party seller that allegedly sets 17 higher prices in other marketplaces to improve his chances of being in the ‘Buy Box’ on 18 Amazon” is not enough to show substantial anticompetitive effects in the entire market. Id. at 21 19 (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 47–48 ¶¶ 128, 132) (emphasis in original). 20 Plaintiffs counter that Amazon’s procompetitive justifications for SC-FOD “are 21 intrinsically factual, contrary to plaintiffs’ pleading and inappropriate for resolution at the motion 22
8 As discussed above, Amazon also challenges the alleged anticompetitive effects of the PPC, 23 ASB program, MFPP, and SCC under Section Two “[f]or all of the same reasons” as it challenges these policies under Section One. The Court’s analysis of the anticompetitive effects of these policies applies 24 to both Plaintiffs’ Section One and Two claims. See supra Sec. III.A.2 n.5. 1 to dismiss stage.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 156 at 24 (quoting In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name 2 & Likeness Licensing Litig., 990 F. Supp. 2d 996, 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2014)). And according to 3 Plaintiffs, Amazon’s contention that their identification of a single seller “who raised their prices
4 on other platforms to qualify for the Buy Box under SC-FOD” cannot show anticompetitive 5 effects is “fact-based” and “premature . . . at the motion-to-dismiss stage of litigation.” 9 Id. 6 (quoting De Coster, 2023 WL 372377, at *5). They contend that Amazon tries to “improperly 7 spin[ ]” the allegations in the complaint as procompetitive but, on a motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs 8 “are entitled to all reasonable inferences in their favor.” Id. at 25. 9 The Court agrees with Plaintiffs. The question “whether the alleged procompetitive 10 benefits of the [challenged conduct] outweigh its alleged anticompetitive effects [(i.e., 11 procompetitive justifications)] is a factual question that the district court cannot resolve on the 12 pleadings.” PLS.Com, 32 F.4th at 839; see also United Food & Com. Workers Loc. 1776 & 13 Participating Emps. Health & Welfare Fund v. Teikoku Pharma USA, Inc., 74 F. Supp. 3d 1052, 14 1067 & n.16 (N.D. Cal. 2014). A procompetitive justification can “be used to rebut Plaintiffs’ 15 claims once a prima facie case has been established, but the Court need not consider such 16 rebuttals on a motion to dismiss.” Frame-Wilson v. Amazon.com, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 3d at 992; 17 see also De Coster v. Amazon.com, Inc., 2023 WL 372377, at *3; Floyd v. Amazon.com, Inc., 18 No. C22-1599-JCC, 2023 WL 3891973, at *5 (W.D. Wash. June 8, 2023); Brown v. 19 Amazon.com, Inc., No. 2:22-cv-00965-JHC, 2023 WL 5793303, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 7, 20 2023). Thus, to the extent that Amazon challenges Plaintiffs’ Section Two claims based on the 21 22
9 Plaintiffs also respond that their complaints identify three sellers who say they raised their 23 prices on other platforms to be eligible for the Buy Box. See Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 156 at 24 (citing Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 15, 47–48 ¶¶ 30, 127, 132 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 6, 24 12, 52 ¶¶ 5, 21, 125–26). 1 “facially procompetitive attributes” of SC-FOD, Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 20, such 2 arguments are inapt at this stage. 3 Amazon also relies on Coronavirus Reporter v. Apple Inc., Case No. 21-cv-05567-EMC,
4 2021 WL 5936910, at * 13 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2021), to support its contention that, because 5 only some sellers on Amazon can have their products placed in the “Buy Box,” this “necessarily 6 requires a less visible placement for” others’ products, which is not “harm to competition.” Case 7 No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 at 20 (emphasis in original). In Coronavirus Reporter, the court, in 8 deciding whether the plaintiffs had established antitrust injury, reasoned that the plaintiffs’ 9 contention that Apple suppressed the visibility of their apps on the App Store because their apps 10 competed with Apple-brand apps could not show “harm to competition across the market.” Id. at 11 *13. The court found that the allegations in the complaint were “confined to specific harms 12 experienced by [the] [p]laintiffs or a small group of competitors, rather than harm to the market.”
13 Id. at *14. 14 By contrast, here, Plaintiffs do allege harm to market competition. The SCAC and TAC 15 state that “[a]chieving price parity through the elimination of lower prices outside of Amazon 16 Marketplace is the overarching goal of the SC-FOD, and Amazon punishes sellers if it finds 17 lower prices off Amazon, even where their costs are lower through other online sales channels.” 18 Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 13 ¶ 24 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 10 ¶¶ 14–15 19 (redacted). “That, in turn, limits the ability of competing platforms to offer retail prices lower 20 than those on Amazon, hindering the growth of would-be rivals and denying them the scale 21 necessary to compete.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 13 ¶ 24 (redacted); Case No. 20-424, 22 Dkt. # 165 at 10 ¶¶ 14–15 (redacted). Plaintiffs also allege that “[w]hen Amazon disqualifies a
23 seller’s offer from the Buy Box, it tells the seller that Amazon detected a lower price elsewhere 24 and what that price is” but provides “limited information [to sellers] about how [it] generate[s] 1 competitor prices.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt, # 125 at 13 ¶ 25 (sealed); Case No. 20-424, Dkt. # 2 147 at 11 ¶ 16 (sealed). “By keeping sellers in the dark about the source of the lower price, 3 Amazon maintains a perpetual threat that—if the seller reduces their prices anywhere off of
4 Amazon—Amazon will punish them.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt, # 126 at 13 ¶ 25 (redacted); Case 5 No. 20-424, Dkt. # 165 at 11 ¶ 16 (redacted). 6 The Court concludes that the allegations in the complaint, including the allegations stated 7 above, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, suffice to show substantial 8 anticompetitive effects. See Rutman Wine Co. v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, 829 F.2d 729, 735 (9th 9 Cir. 1987) (reasoning that dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only when “[t]he 10 complaint states no set of facts which, if true, would constitute an antitrust offense, 11 notwithstanding its conclusory language regarding the elimination of competition and improper 12 purpose”) (alteration in original) (internal citation omitted).
13 3. Possession of Monopoly Power 14 Amazon contends that Plaintiffs’ Section Two claims fail to the extent that Plaintiffs 15 allege that Amazon monopolizes the “Online Retail Sales Market.” Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 142 16 at 22 (citing Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 35–40, 59 ¶¶ 106–113, 179 (redacted)). Amazon 17 says that the allegation that it “control[s] over 50%” of the “Online Retail Sales Market . . .is 18 facially inadequate.” Id. at 23 (quoting Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 126 at 36 ¶ 107). It also says 19 that courts generally require 65% market share to establish a prima facie case of market power. 20 Id. at 22–23 (citing Image Tech. Servs., Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195, 1206 (9th 21 Cir. 1997); Dreamstime.com, LLC v. Google LLC, 54 F.4th 1130, 1137 n.5 (9th Cir. 2022)). 22 Plaintiffs counter that the prior complaints “included materially identical monopoly
23 power arguments,” which Amazon did not challenge in its prior motions to dismiss. Case No. 24 21-693, Dkt. # 156 at 26 (citing De Coster, 2023 WL 372377, at *1; Frame-Wilson, 591 F. Supp. 1 3d at 980, 990). Plaintiffs say that Amazon has “waived this argument under Rule 12(g) by not 2 raising it in its earlier motions to dismiss.” Id. 3 The Court agrees with Plaintiffs. As stated above, under Rule 12(g), a party that makes a
4 motion under Rule 12 “must not make another motion under this rule raising a defense or 5 objection that was available to the party but omitted from its earlier motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 12(g)(2). Thus, “[t]he failure to challenge a particular cause of action in a prior 12(b)(6) motion 7 precludes such a challenge in a subsequent 12(b)(6) motion.” Rutherford, 2014 WL 12631845, 8 at *10; see also Fairhaven Health, 2021 WL 5987023, at *6. 9 In the First Consolidated Amended Complaint in De Coster, Plaintiffs alleged that 10 “Online Retail Sales Market was a distinct market and that Amazon controlled over 50% of it.” 11 Case No. 21-693, Dkt. # 20 at 31 ¶ 93. They also stated that “Retail sales on Amazon’s 12 marketplace represent well over 50% of all sales in the Online Retail Sales Market.” Id. at 55
13 ¶ 165; see also id. at 57 ¶ 174 (Amazon accounts for “over 50% of the revenue generated in the 14 Online Retail Sales Market”). In the Second Amended Complaint in Frame-Wilson, Plaintiffs 15 said that “[b]ecause Amazon Marketplace accounts for over 50% of online sales in the U.S., it 16 has monopoly power in that market. In the alternative, Amazon has minimally obtained 17 monopoly power in the product category submarkets with U.S. online retail markets, where its 18 market share exceeds 50%.” Case No. 20-424; Dkt. # 55 at 25 ¶ 46. Plaintiffs also alleged that 19 Amazon has “market power in the relevant markets with over 50% of the online retail 20 marketplace.” Id. at 102 ¶ 244. Thus, Amazon could have challenged Plaintiffs’ allegations 21 about its market share and monopoly power in prior motions to dismiss.10 22
10 The Court also notes that the existence of monopoly power “depends on a variety of factors.” 23 Hunt-Wesson Foods, Inc. v. Ragu Foods, Inc., 627 F.2d 919, 924 (9th Cir. 1980). “Market share is evidence from which the existence of [monopoly] power may be inferred, but it should not be equated 24 with monopoly power.” Id. (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit has also said that indiscriminate l IV CONCLUSION 2 3 For these reasons, the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss.'! Fhe-Court- provisionally files this Order-under-seal—The-Court DIRECTS the parties te-file-a joint statement, on or before 4 5 the-Order. 6 7 Dated this 19th day of November, 2024.
8 9 c / ohn A . Chir John H. Chun 10 United States District Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 ys “reliance upon market share, divorced from commercial reality, could give a misleading picture of a 17 firm’s actual ability to control prices or exclude competition.” Jd. Some courts have also reasoned that “a market share below 50% is rarely evidence of monopoly power, a share between 50% and 70% can occasionally show monopoly power, and a share above 70% is usually strong evidence of monopoly 18 power. Broadway Delivery Corp. v. United Parcel Serv. of Am., Inc., 651 F.2d 122, 129 (2d Cir. 1981); see also United States v. Google, Inc., Case No. 20-cv-3010 (APM), Case No. 20-cv-3715 (APM), 2024 19 WL 3647498, at *88 (D.D.C. Aug. 5, 2024) (same). But “market share alone cannot ‘conclusively establish ... monopoly power.’” Jn re Payment Card Interchange Fee & Merch. Disc. Antitrust Litig., No. 20 05-MD-1720 (MKB), 2024 WL 1556931, at *12 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2024) (quoting Top Mkts., Inc. v. Quality Mkts., Inc., 142 F.3d 90, 99 (2d. Cir. 1998)). 71 '! In their Surreply, Plaintiffs move to strike four arguments that Amazon raises in its Reply: (1) Amazon contends that the conspiracy to monopolize claim in Frame-Wilson should also be dismissed for 2 lack of an agreement; (2) Amazon says that the “non -SC-FOD agreements,”—the PPC, ASB program, MFPP, and SCC— “are unilateral acts”; (3) Amazon asserts that Plaintiffs’ claims about SC-FOD do not 3 relate back to the original complaint; and (4) Amazon says that Plaintiffs fail to allege with specificity the circumstantial evidence of Amazon’s market power in the “Online Retail Sales Market.” See generally Case No. 21-693; Dkt. # 162. Because this Order does not rely on any of these arguments, the Court need 24 not rule on the request to strike.