RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1218-18T1
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
V.H.-R.,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF V.H. and P.H.,
Minors. _____________________________
Argued July 9, 2019 – Decided July 26, 2019
Before Judges Hoffman and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County, Docket No. FG-02-0062-17. Adrienne Marie Kalosieh, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Adrienne Marie Kalosieh, on the briefs).
Peter Damian Alvino, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Jason Wade Rockwell, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Natasha C. Fitzsimmons, Deputy Attorney General, on the brief).
Danielle Ruiz, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for minors (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Danielle Ruiz, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following a two-day guardianship trial, defendant V.H.-R. (Father) seeks
reversal of the trial court's decision terminating his parental rights to his two
children, eight-year-old V.H. (Vernon) 1 and six-year-old P.H. (Phoebe).2 In
May 2016, the Division of Child Protection and Permanency (the Division)
removed the children from their parents' custody because of allegations of
neglect. The children presently live with their paternal grandmother (PGM).
The court-approved permanency plan for the children provides for PGM to adopt
1 We use pseudonyms to protect the identities of the parties. R. 1:38-3(d)(12). 2 Defendant E.S. (Mother) did not appeal the termination of her parental rights. A-1218-18T1 2 the children. The Law Guardian for the children supports that plan, and joins
the Division in urging us to affirm the trial court's decision.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court's determination that
the Division satisfied its burden of proof at trial regarding the first two prongs
of the termination statute, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), as to both parents. However,
we vacate the guardianship judgment and remand this case with respect to
prongs three and four of the statute, for the trial court to: (1) develop the trial
record with more clarity as to whether PGM unequivocally, unambiguously, and
unconditionally wishes to adopt the children in her care, regardless of the
potential alternative of Kinship Legal Guardianship (KLG); and (2) make
explicit findings addressing KLG as it relates to the feasibility of adoption and
the unequivocal consent of PGM to adoption. In all other respects, we uphold
the trial court's otherwise well-founded and well-reasoned decision.
I
The guardianship trial took place in August 2018. The Division presented
documentary evidence and testimony from one caseworker and one expert
witness, Dr. Frank Dyer, a psychologist. The caseworker described the
Division's involvement with the family dating back to 2013. She detailed,
consistent with the Division's records, the efforts to maintain contact with Father
A-1218-18T1 3 and outlined the substance abuse treatment, visitation, and other services the
Division attempted to provide to him over the years and his failure to comply.
The parties stipulated to Dr. Dyer's credentials and the court qualified him
as an expert in psychology. The court also received Dr. Dyer's report into
evidence without objection. Father reported serving in the military for four
years, from ages seventeen to twenty-one, including one year in Iraq. Father
"related that he currently receives a disability check from the Veteran 's
Administration for [post-traumatic stress disorder]. He indicated he receives
$2000 per month."
Consistent with his written report, Dr. Dyer testified that Father was prone
to mood instability and unstable interpersonal relationships. Dr. Dyer explained
that Father remained at risk of destabilized mental health, which could be
triggered by stopping his medications, continued cannabis use, housing and
employment stress, or the stress of daily parenting. Dr. Dyer also expounded on
the particular risk of command hallucinations, experienced by Father in 2015,
"in which the patient hallucinates voices, and these voices tell the patient to
commit some act."
Dr. Dyer agreed that Vernon and Phoebe's adoption by PGM was in their
best interests. Dr. Dyer based this conclusion on the attachment that Vernon
A-1218-18T1 4 and Phoebe have with PGM, and her commitment to ongoing contact with their
birth parents, which would provide the children the "best of both worlds" by
having a relationship with their parents, but not relying on them t o meet their
day-to-day needs.
Father did not testify or call any witnesses, and introduced only one
document, which contained the definitions of the Division's intake findings.
Mother did not appear at trial and did not introduce any evidence. The Law
Guardian supported the Division's application for termination of parental rights
and did not offer any evidence.
II
The scope of an appellate court's review of a trial court's decision to
terminate parental rights is limited. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L.,
191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007). "Appellate courts must defer to a trial judge's findings
of fact if supported by adequate, substantial, and credible evidence in the
record." Ibid. Reviewing courts "accord deference to factfindings of the family
court because it has the superior ability to gauge the credibility of the witnesses
who testify before it and because it possesses special expertise in matters related
to the family." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448
(2012).
A-1218-18T1 5 As a threshold matter, New Jersey courts "are guided by the principle that
'clearly favors keeping children with their natural parents and resolving care and
custody problems within the family.'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.
I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 165 (2010) (quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1,
7-8 (1992)). Parents have a fundamental constitutional right to raise their
children. F.M., 211 N.J. at 447. That right is not, however, absolute and is
"tempered by the State's parens patriae responsibility to protect children whose
vulnerable lives or psychological well-being may have been harmed or may be
seriously endangered by a neglectful or abusive parent." Ibid.
"The focus of a termination-of-parental-rights hearing is the best interests
of the child." Ibid. The statutory best-interests-of-the-child standard, set forth
in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), "aims to achieve the appropriate balance between
parental rights and the State's parens patriae responsibility." N.J. Div. of Youth
& Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 280 (2007). Under that standard, to
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RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1218-18T1
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
V.H.-R.,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF V.H. and P.H.,
Minors. _____________________________
Argued July 9, 2019 – Decided July 26, 2019
Before Judges Hoffman and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County, Docket No. FG-02-0062-17. Adrienne Marie Kalosieh, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Adrienne Marie Kalosieh, on the briefs).
Peter Damian Alvino, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Jason Wade Rockwell, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Natasha C. Fitzsimmons, Deputy Attorney General, on the brief).
Danielle Ruiz, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for minors (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Danielle Ruiz, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following a two-day guardianship trial, defendant V.H.-R. (Father) seeks
reversal of the trial court's decision terminating his parental rights to his two
children, eight-year-old V.H. (Vernon) 1 and six-year-old P.H. (Phoebe).2 In
May 2016, the Division of Child Protection and Permanency (the Division)
removed the children from their parents' custody because of allegations of
neglect. The children presently live with their paternal grandmother (PGM).
The court-approved permanency plan for the children provides for PGM to adopt
1 We use pseudonyms to protect the identities of the parties. R. 1:38-3(d)(12). 2 Defendant E.S. (Mother) did not appeal the termination of her parental rights. A-1218-18T1 2 the children. The Law Guardian for the children supports that plan, and joins
the Division in urging us to affirm the trial court's decision.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court's determination that
the Division satisfied its burden of proof at trial regarding the first two prongs
of the termination statute, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), as to both parents. However,
we vacate the guardianship judgment and remand this case with respect to
prongs three and four of the statute, for the trial court to: (1) develop the trial
record with more clarity as to whether PGM unequivocally, unambiguously, and
unconditionally wishes to adopt the children in her care, regardless of the
potential alternative of Kinship Legal Guardianship (KLG); and (2) make
explicit findings addressing KLG as it relates to the feasibility of adoption and
the unequivocal consent of PGM to adoption. In all other respects, we uphold
the trial court's otherwise well-founded and well-reasoned decision.
I
The guardianship trial took place in August 2018. The Division presented
documentary evidence and testimony from one caseworker and one expert
witness, Dr. Frank Dyer, a psychologist. The caseworker described the
Division's involvement with the family dating back to 2013. She detailed,
consistent with the Division's records, the efforts to maintain contact with Father
A-1218-18T1 3 and outlined the substance abuse treatment, visitation, and other services the
Division attempted to provide to him over the years and his failure to comply.
The parties stipulated to Dr. Dyer's credentials and the court qualified him
as an expert in psychology. The court also received Dr. Dyer's report into
evidence without objection. Father reported serving in the military for four
years, from ages seventeen to twenty-one, including one year in Iraq. Father
"related that he currently receives a disability check from the Veteran 's
Administration for [post-traumatic stress disorder]. He indicated he receives
$2000 per month."
Consistent with his written report, Dr. Dyer testified that Father was prone
to mood instability and unstable interpersonal relationships. Dr. Dyer explained
that Father remained at risk of destabilized mental health, which could be
triggered by stopping his medications, continued cannabis use, housing and
employment stress, or the stress of daily parenting. Dr. Dyer also expounded on
the particular risk of command hallucinations, experienced by Father in 2015,
"in which the patient hallucinates voices, and these voices tell the patient to
commit some act."
Dr. Dyer agreed that Vernon and Phoebe's adoption by PGM was in their
best interests. Dr. Dyer based this conclusion on the attachment that Vernon
A-1218-18T1 4 and Phoebe have with PGM, and her commitment to ongoing contact with their
birth parents, which would provide the children the "best of both worlds" by
having a relationship with their parents, but not relying on them t o meet their
day-to-day needs.
Father did not testify or call any witnesses, and introduced only one
document, which contained the definitions of the Division's intake findings.
Mother did not appear at trial and did not introduce any evidence. The Law
Guardian supported the Division's application for termination of parental rights
and did not offer any evidence.
II
The scope of an appellate court's review of a trial court's decision to
terminate parental rights is limited. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L.,
191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007). "Appellate courts must defer to a trial judge's findings
of fact if supported by adequate, substantial, and credible evidence in the
record." Ibid. Reviewing courts "accord deference to factfindings of the family
court because it has the superior ability to gauge the credibility of the witnesses
who testify before it and because it possesses special expertise in matters related
to the family." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448
(2012).
A-1218-18T1 5 As a threshold matter, New Jersey courts "are guided by the principle that
'clearly favors keeping children with their natural parents and resolving care and
custody problems within the family.'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.
I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 165 (2010) (quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1,
7-8 (1992)). Parents have a fundamental constitutional right to raise their
children. F.M., 211 N.J. at 447. That right is not, however, absolute and is
"tempered by the State's parens patriae responsibility to protect children whose
vulnerable lives or psychological well-being may have been harmed or may be
seriously endangered by a neglectful or abusive parent." Ibid.
"The focus of a termination-of-parental-rights hearing is the best interests
of the child." Ibid. The statutory best-interests-of-the-child standard, set forth
in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), "aims to achieve the appropriate balance between
parental rights and the State's parens patriae responsibility." N.J. Div. of Youth
& Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 280 (2007). Under that standard, to
justify termination of parental rights, the Division must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that termination is in the child's best interests. Ibid.
Specifically, the Division must establish:
(1) The child's safety, health or development has been or will continue to be endangered by the parental relationship;
A-1218-18T1 6 (2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to provide a safe and stable home for the child and the delay of permanent placement will add to the harm. Such harm may include evidence that separating the child from his resource family parents would cause serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm to the child;
(3) The division has made reasonable efforts to provide services to help the parent correct the circumstances which led to the child's placement outside the home and the court has considered alternatives to termination of parental rights;
(4) Termination of parental rights will not do more harm than good.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a).]
The third prong of the best-interests-of-the-child standard, in addition to
evaluating the efforts of the Division in providing services to the parents,
requires that the court consider alternatives to the termination of parental rights.
See N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3). Under prong three, an alternative to termination
is KLG, which allows a relative to become the legal guardian, committed to care
for the child until adulthood, without stripping parental rights. N.J. Div. of
Youth & Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 508 (2004). KLG resulted from
the Legislature's realization "that an increasing number of children who cannot
safely reside with their parents are in the care of a relative or family friend who
A-1218-18T1 7 does not wish to adopt the child or children." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 222-23 (2010). See N.J.S.A. 3B:12A-1(a) to (b).
In P.P., our Supreme Court, while acknowledging the benefits of KLG,
emphasized "New Jersey's strong public policy in favor of permanency." 180
N.J. at 510 (quoting In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 357 (1999)).
The Court explained that KLG is available "as a more permanent option than
foster care when adoption 'is neither feasible nor likely' and '[KLG] is in the
child's best interests.'" Id. at 512 (quoting N.J.S.A. 3B:12A-6(d)(3) to (4)). But
when the permanency provided by adoption is available, KLG cannot be used as
a defense to termination of parental rights. N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs.
v. D.H., 398 N.J. Super. 333, 341 (App. Div. 2008) (holding that KLG is not
available when adoption is feasible or likely). Indeed, we have recognized that
when a caretaker "unequivocally" asserts a desire to adopt, the standard to
impose a KLG arrangement that adoption is neither feasible nor likely, cannot
be satisfied. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. T.I., 423 N.J. Super. 127,
130 (App. Div. 2011).
In N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. M.M., ___ N.J. Super. ___,
(App. Div. 2019) (slip op. at *16), we recently held,
The decision of a resource parent to choose adoption over KLG must be an informed one. . . .
A-1218-18T1 8 The Legislature has made it clear that relative caretakers who might be candidates for KLG must be adequately informed of the nature of such arrangements and the financial and other services for which they may be eligible.
To accomplish this objective, the Legislature enacted the Kinship Legal
Guardianship Notification Act (the KLG Notification Act), N.J.S.A. 30:4C-89
to -92, in 2005.
The Legislature enacted the KLG Notification Act "to ensure that
individuals who may be eligible to become kinship legal guardians are aware of
the eligibility requirements for, and the responsibilities of, kinship legal
guardianship and . . . [also] the services available to kinship legal guardians in
the State." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-90(e). To accomplish this goal, the Division shall,
in easily understandable language:
a. inform individuals, of whom the department is aware, who may be eligible to become kinship legal guardians of:
(1) the eligibility requirements for, and the responsibilities of, kinship legal guardianship; and
(2) the full-range of services for which kinship legal guardians may be eligible and the eligibility requirements for those services; and
b. inform current kinship legal guardians of the full-range of services for which kinship legal guardians may be eligible and the eligibility requirements for those services.
A-1218-18T1 9 [N.J.S.A. 30:4C-91.]
As we explained in M.M.,
A logical implication of the Notification Act is that the caregiver must be fully informed of the potential benefits and burdens of KLG before deciding whether he or she wishes to adopt. Once he or she is provided with that comparative information, the caretaker's preference between the two alternatives should matter. [slip op. at *18-19]
III
At trial, the Division presented limited evidence on the issue of
alternatives to termination of parental rights. The case worker testified that
every conversation with PGM was documented in the record. The Division's
policy manual requires that, contemporaneous with a caregiver's signing
acknowledgement forms, the case worker, "[t]horoughly document the details
of each Worker-kin discussion . . . ."3 Inexplicably, the record does not contain
any contact sheets detailing any conversation with PGM about KLG. The
caseworker testified, "I don't know if the discussion were [sic] had or not. But
according to the fact sheet that—I'm not—I can't answer that. Sorry."
3 New Jersey Department of Children and Families Policy Manual, CP&P Form 4-18(S), Fact Sheet - Acknowledgement of Receipt - Differences Between Adoption and KLG, https://www.state.nj.us/dcf/policy_manuals/CPP-X-A-1- 4.18(S).pdf. A-1218-18T1 10 Nevertheless, the record does show PGM's interest in KLG, as reflected
in an April 2017 contact sheet:
It was discussed that PGM had expressed an interest in KLG during a conversation with caseworker, and that a permanency hearing is scheduled for 5/11/17. (It had previously been determined that the proposed permanency goal would be termination of parental rights at this hearing). It was decided that supervisor would send [Child Welfare Services] an email requesting that the concurrent planning specialist meet with PGM to review KLG vs Adoption.
The Division argues that "there was no indication that the Division was
unwilling to change its plan if [PGM] indeed preferred KLG." Yet, the
contemporaneous contact sheet states:
Worker informed [PGM and her husband] that the case goal is adoption. Worker asked [PGM and her husband] if they were committed to adopting [P.H. and V.H.] and both replied yes. Worker asked [PGM and her husband] if they received material regarding KLG vs. adoption. [PGM and her husband] reported that they received information about KLG and adoption. Worker showed them the KLG vs. Adoption fact sheet and asked if they have received or saw this fact sheet before and they both replied yes.
Father argues persuasively that this contact sheet may have documented an
interrogation, but not a "discussion" and, most importantly, does not indicate
any willingness on the part of the Division to change its permanency plan.
A-1218-18T1 11 The record of consent to adoption here, "the case goal is adoption. . . .
[Are you] committed to adopting," essentially mirrors what was before this court
in N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. D.H., 398 N.J. Super. 333, 337 (2008)
(noting the grandmother's not wanting to terminate and stating, "I really don't
want to give [the child] to anybody else[;] I'm happy, she's happy"). In that case,
we disapproved the trial court telling a grandparent, "It's a statement of fact that
there are various options that exist, one of which is termination of parental rights
so the child can be adopted, whether it's by you or somebody else." Ibid.
The Division asks this court to treat an event that appears to condition the
children's placement with PGM on her agreement to adopt as a "discussion," yet
the Division records document little more than what the PGM may have viewed
as fait accompli: adopt or we will find someone who will. We agree with Father
that the inquiry contemplated by N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3) requires more.
The Division and the Law Guardian both argue that KLG was unavailable
in this matter because an adoption is "feasible and likely," relying on our
decision in N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. T.I., 423 N.J. Super. 127, 130
(2011) (the "neither feasible nor likely" clause required for a KLG cannot be
met "when a caregiver in a case brought by [the Division] unequivocally asserts
a desire to adopt"). We reject this argument because the record here lacks clear
A-1218-18T1 12 and convincing evidence of such an unequivocal assertion. The caseworker
testified that PGM and her husband "would adopt or and [sic] are committed to
adopting [Vernon and Phoebe] if termination of parental rights were to occur;"
however, this does not show an unequivocal preference for adoption.
We agree with Father that the trial court engaged in a truncated analysis
of this point by ruling out KLG on the sole factor that adoption, in the event of
a termination, would be feasible and likely. A conditional preference does not
constitute the legal equivalent of an unequivocal one. See M.M., slip op. at *8
(caregivers' statements that they would adopt if parental rights were terminated
was not a true expression of a preference for adoption over KLG, requiring a
remand).
The record also contains a paucity of evidence regarding whether the
Division adequately informed PGM of the financial and other services she could
receive under a KLG. Of note, Father reported receiving $2000 per month in
disability benefits. The record does not reflect what support or benefits the PGM
could receive related to Father's disability under a KLG arrangement. If
termination of Father's parental rights stands, the rights of Vernon and Phoebe
to receive support from the Father would cease, along with other potential
A-1218-18T1 13 benefits, such as their rights of inheritance and rights to receive dependency and
survivorship benefits. See N.J.S.A. 9:3-50.4
Based on our review of the record and the trial court's opinion, we are
unable to conclude that the trial judge correctly determined that the Division
properly considered alternatives to terminating Father's parental rights. We
offer no comment as to the sufficiency of the proofs submitted at the
guardianship trial on that issue. The purpose of our remand is to permit the trial
court in the first instance to assess the evidence already presented, or conduct
additional proceedings as the court deems appropriate, and issue supplemental
findings and conclusions on the limited issue of whether the Division
appropriately considered alternatives to termination, and whether the Division
satisfied its obligation to provide PGM all relevant information regarding KLG,
as required by the KLG Notification Act.
4 N.J.S.A. 9:3-50 (c) provides, in pertinent part:
The entry of a judgment of adoption shall:
(1) terminate all parental rights and responsibilities of the parent towards the adoptive child . . . ;
(2) terminate all rights of inheritance under intestacy from or through the parent unless that parent is the spouse of the petitioner or that parent or other relative had died prior to the judgment of adoption . . . . A-1218-18T1 14 We defer to the discretion of the trial court as to the appropriate forms of
proof at the remand hearing. Of course, if PGM is willing to testify, we presume
the trial court would welcome such evidence. We also defer to the trial court's
discretion whether any supplemental expert reports and testimony are
appropriate to address these subjects, considering the passage of time and any
interim developments.
The remand proceedings shall be completed within ninety days, unless
that deadline is reasonably extended further by the trial court, with the consent
of all counsel. We do not retain jurisdiction. Any party may pursue a new
appeal from the outcome of the remand. The trial court shall address any issues
of interim visitation or contact.
Father's remaining arguments lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion
in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed in part, and vacated and remanded, in part.
A-1218-18T1 15