RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2059-13T3 A-4589-14T3
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
Petitioner-Respondent,
v.
P.S. and C.L.,
Respondents-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________
Submitted January 18, 2017 – Decided July 19, 2017
Before Judges Espinosa, Suter and Guadagno.
On appeal from the New Jersey Department of Children and Families, Division of Child Protection and Permanency.
P.S. and C.L., appellants pro se.
Christopher S. Porrino, Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Andrea M. Silkowitz, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Lori J. Decarlo, Deputy Attorney General, on the briefs).
PER CURIAM Defendants P.S. (Patricia) and her husband, C.L. (Chad),
appeal from two decisions made by the Division of Child Protection
and Permanency (the Division) regarding A.P. (Adam) and D.P.
(David), Patricia's two sons with her former husband, J.P. (John).
The first decision, appealed under Docket No. A-2059-13, announced
in letters to defendants dated December 19, 2013 and March 14,
2014, was that child abuse allegations made against them in
September 2013 were "not established." The second decision
challenged, appealed under Docket No. A-4589-14, was made on May
6, 2015, when the Division decided not to provide services to the
family following the completion of a child welfare check. We
scheduled the two appeals back-to-back and now decide both in this
opinion.
I.
Adam and David live with Patricia, Chad, and Chad's two sons,
C.L. (Cory) and B.L. (Brian)1; they visit with John during the
week and every other weekend. The referral to the Division was
made in September 2013, shortly after defendants were married and
returned from a family vacation in the Catskills. It is evident
from the records that the children's resistance to the change in
1 At the time of the Division's investigation, Adam was thirteen; David was eight; Brian was seventeen and Cory was ten.
2 A-2059-13T3 their lives was a factor in the allegations, although not a
dispositive one in the Division's resolution of its investigation.
John contacted the Division,2 and reported that his children
told him Chad "slaps" them "on their faces and heads and he . . .
put his knee on [Adam's] chest one day in the past." John admitted
the children did not suffer any injuries and that he did not know
what degree of force Chad used or how frequent the abuse was.
The Division interviewed David and Adam at their respective
schools. Both boys described having good relationships with their
mother but also stated she "sometimes" disciplines them by hitting
them on their heads and arms but left no marks on them. Adam
recalled that she last hit him or his brother about "two to three
months ago."
Both boys also reported physical abuse by Chad. David
reported that Chad hits him and Adam using "an open hand, on the
side of their heads, near their ear[s]," and that it happened
"often and sometimes [Chad] leaves a black and blue on the side
2 On the day before he contacted the Division, John reported to the Glen Rock Police Department that Adam and David told him they had been verbally and physically abused by Chad and his sons while they were on vacation. Adam and David told the police "they have fear issues of being home with [Chad]." The police did not observe any physical signs of abuse on Adam and David. However, the police noted that it was "apparent that the children feel that [Chad] should have no authority in matters of discipline when it comes to them." Patricia denied any abuse by Chad.
3 A-2059-13T3 of their head[s]." Adam reported that Chad hits him and David "on
the arm, on top of the head and on the face" and that it happened
"approximately four or five times a month," but "does not leave
intentional[] marks," only "accidental[] scratches." David did
not know why Chad hits him, but added that Chad "tries to teach
him a lesson" and recalled that Chad "hits him and [Adam] when
they laugh or 'for no reason.'" Adam stated that Chad hits him
because "according to [Chad], he . . . was acting like a 'moron.'"
David stated he was last hit by Chad two days prior to the
interview; Adam stated Chad last hit him a week before the
interview. Both boys reported they were hit while on vacation.
David stated that Chad "gently put him and his brother on the
ground and put his . . . knees on their chest because he was upset
that they . . . were laughing." Adam similarly recalled the
incident, and stated that he asked Chad to stop but he refused.
David stated that, in response, Patricia told him that Chad "'was
not putting to [sic] much pressure' when he put his knees on their
chest."
Both boys reported that sometimes Chad directed Brian to hit
them. Adam stated that Chad tells Brian "to keep them . . . in
line if they . . . act like morons," and that Brian sometimes hits
them without such instruction but does not leave any marks on
them. Adam said that, although Patricia does not always agree
4 A-2059-13T3 with Chad hitting them, she frequently will say they "deserve it."
David reported that his mother tells Brian to stop when she
witnesses him hitting them.
While David confirmed he was afraid of Chad because he hits
him, Adam denied being "really afraid of" Chad and Brian. Adam
said they had a recent "family meeting" where Chad agreed to "work
on not hitting him and his brother." Although David and Adam had
some observable abrasions, they denied that any were caused by
willful abuse by Chad or Brian.
The Division also conducted a meeting with Chad and Patricia
at their home. Patricia acknowledged "there was a lot of
horseplay" in the house and that Chad "has slapped the children
in the past which she allows." Patricia also admitted to slapping
the children herself, but denied causing any bruises. She
explained she slaps them "in the face because she does not want
to touch their private parts . . . because this would 'open her
up to other allegations.'" After being counseled on alternative
methods of discipline, Patricia did not seem to understand why it
was inappropriate for Chad to physically discipline Adam and David.
As an example, she believed her husband was justified in slapping
her son after he kicked Chad in the testicles. The Division
caseworker advised Patricia that the Division would be called
numerous times if she continued to allow Chad to slap her children.
5 A-2059-13T3 Chad characterized the instance of abuse on vacation as
"roughhousing," but admitted to occasionally slapping the
children. He was "very frustrated" when he was advised against
hitting David and Adam. However, following her conversation with
the caseworker, Patricia told Chad "he would no longer be hitting
the children."
After performing a safety assessment of Patricia and Chad's
home, the Division concluded the home was safe and intervention
was not required.
A search of the Division's computer records yielded ten
Division referrals involving Chad, some of which involved physical
abuse.3 The contact sheet also reproduced notes from a 2007
substantiation of neglect against Chad and his ex-wife stemming
from an instance of domestic violence. After Chad appealed that
determination, the Division modified the finding of neglect to
"unfounded." As a result, the Division issued a Notice of Change
of Child Abuse or Neglect Finding (Notice), dated December 1,
2010, that stated, in part: "Because the 'substantiated' finding
has been changed [the Division] will not keep a record of the
3 Defendants contend this report in the Division's case notes is false and that the Division used this false information in its investigation of the referral in this case despite the fact that the prior allegations were substantiated against his former wife and not him.
6 A-2059-13T3 results of this investigation on its central registry of confirmed
perpetrators of substantiated incidents of child abuse and
neglect." The Notice further advised that "all child abuse records
associated with this investigation" would be expunged after three
years pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.40(a) and N.J.A.C. 3A:10-8.14
unless certain events occurred within that time period. As of
September 2013, when the instant referral was made, the 2007
referral records had not been expunged.
The Division conducted follow-up interviews with defendants,
David, Adam, Brian and Cory in November 2013. David stated he
knew the Division was interviewing him because Chad "hits him 'all
the time,'" and recalled Chad last slapped him on the side of the
head for spilling Gatorade on the couch. David stated "it hurt
when he was hit and that he heard ringing in his ears." David
again reported his mother occasionally slaps him and was aware of
Chad's abuse, although he stated "she would not admit to it." He
stated he was "'a little' afraid of [Chad]" and "wished [he]
would stop slapping him and [stop] tell[ing] his mother when he
had to go to bed." At one point, David claimed he was sleeping
in the garage as a result of Chad's abuse, but then admitted it
4 The regulations governing Child Protection Investigations were originally codified under N.J.A.C. 10:129, but as of January 3, 2017, they were recodified under N.J.A.C. 3A:10.49. N.J.R. 98(a) (Jan. 3, 2017). We refer to the current regulation throughout.
7 A-2059-13T3 was a "joke." The Division caseworker warned him against lying,
and David stated he understood.
Adam was reluctant to talk about Chad's alleged abuse and
"minimized any physical discipline, stating that [Chad] really
only slapped them on the shoulder when they were being really
disrespectful." He stated Chad had not slapped him in two months,
and denied that it hurt. Adam also denied any physical discipline
by Patricia.
Cory admitted seeing Chad "slap [Adam] on the shoulder when
he was making stupid noises" but denied seeing him hit David. Cory
felt Chad "had anger issues" because he "yelled a lot and . . .
was extremely strict." Seventeen-year-old Brian asserted,
however, "there was absolutely no child abuse going on in his
home." He admitted to wrestling and having pillow fights with his
brother and step-brothers, but denied hurting them. He also denied
that Chad ever directed him to discipline Adam or David.
Chad was described by the interviewer as "somewhat
nervous . . . but cooperative." Patricia and Chad both admitted
to slapping their children, but denied hurting them or leaving any
marks. Chad stated that "slapping" meant "a slap on the shoulder,
or the side of the head." After the Division caseworker explained
to Patricia and Chad that physical discipline was ineffective and
discouraged by experts, they were observed as "somewhat evasive
8 A-2059-13T3 initially, stating that they could not understand why [Chad] should
not be disciplining the children." The caseworker followed up by
explaining to them the laws against corporal punishment and
stressed that physical discipline, if any, should not be performed
"by anyone other than a biological parent." Patricia and Chad
were also advised that "aside from obvious harm, they were also
giving substance to the referent's allegation of physical abuse."
They "eventually agreed that neither one of them would physically
discipline the other parent's children and that they would try to
refrain from any physical punishment."
The Division also interviewed Patricia, Chad, and David as a
group to address Chad's physical abuse of David, who "was firm in
insisting that [Chad] . . . slapped him all the time." The
Division caseworker observed that David "did not appear to be
afraid of [Chad] during the meeting and often openly yelled at
him," but did become "upset and eventually left the room crying."
The case worker encouraged Patricia to seek individual and family
therapy for David, as he was clearly very affected by the situation
at home.
In a private meeting with Chad, the Division caseworker also
addressed his prior involvement with the Division. He stated that
Patricia was aware of his history and gave the caseworker
permission to freely address the issue in front of her. The
9 A-2059-13T3 caseworker reported that Chad was "very bitter," and complained
about being treated unfairly in his previous matters with the
Division.
After the follow-up interviews, the Division completed a
Family Risk Assessment, noting there had "been more than one
incident of domestic violence in the past 12 months (including the
current referral)," and found the risk level for abuse was
"Moderate." Further, the Division concluded the allegations made
against Chad regarding the abuse of David and Adam were "Not
Established." The Division's report closing the case in November
2013 included the following findings:
There is not a preponderance of the evidence that the children were abused or neglected by definition, but evidence that the children were harmed or placed at risk of harm. The children as well as [Chad] and [Patricia] admitted that they use physical punishment as discipline for the kids. They were strongly advised against that and have agreed to utilize alternate forms of discipline.
The Division notified Patricia and John that it had determined
the allegation that Adam and David were abused was "Not
Established," and that a record of the incident would be maintained
in the Division's files but would "not be disclosed except as
permitted by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.10a." The notification letters also
included a definition of the "Not Established" finding:
10 A-2059-13T3 An allegation shall be Not Established if there is not a preponderance of the evidence that a child is an abused or neglected child as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21, but evidence indicates that the child was harmed or was placed at risk of harm.
II.
Following the adoption of N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3 in April 2013,
the finding of "not established" is one of four possible
determinations the Division may make following its investigation
of an allegation of abuse or neglect. In their appeal, defendants
challenge the four-tier system established by that regulation,
with particular criticism of the "not established" finding,
arguing it vests too much discretion in the Division and does not
afford them the right to an administrative appeal. They also
attack the factual basis for that finding in this case and contend
the record of the Division's investigation should be destroyed
because it contains false and prejudicial information. We are not
persuaded by these arguments.
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c) defines an abused or neglected child.
Corporal punishment constitutes "abuse" under N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.21(c)(4)(b) if it is excessive. The statute provides, in part,
that a child is "abused or neglected" when his or her
physical, mental, or emotional condition has been impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired as the result of the failure
11 A-2059-13T3 of his [or her] parent or guardian . . . to exercise a minimum degree of care . . . by unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be inflicted harm, or substantial risk thereof, including the infliction of excessive corporal punishment.
[Ibid.]
To constitute abuse or neglect, the failure to exercise a
"minimum degree of care" must rise to the level of "grossly or
wantonly negligent." L.A. v. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.,
217 N.J. 311, 332 (2014) (quoting G.S. v. N.J. Div. of Youth &
Family Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 178 (1999)). "Thus, it is not
inconsistent to find a child was placed at risk of harm and yet
was not abused or neglected." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. &
Permanency v. V.E., 448 N.J. Super. 374, 385 (App. Div. 2017).
When a referral is made to the Division that alleges a child
is abused or neglected, the Division undertakes an investigation
to determine whether abuse or neglect, as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.21(c), has occurred. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.11; see also N.J.A.C. 3A:10-
2.1(a). N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c)5 defines the four findings to be
made after the Division evaluates the available information as
follows:
5 Prior to April 1, 2013, the administrative findings of child abuse or neglect were categorized as "substantiated," "not substantiated," or "unfounded." See 45 N.J.R. 738(a) (April 1, 2013) (adopting the four-tier framework in place of the prior three-tier framework).
12 A-2059-13T3 1. An allegation shall be "substantiated" if the preponderance of the evidence indicates that a child is an "abused or neglected child" as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and either the investigation indicates the existence of any of the circumstances in N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.4 or substantiation is warranted based on consideration of the aggravating and mitigating factors listed in N.J.A.C. 3A:10- 7.5.
2. An allegation shall be "established" if the preponderance of the evidence indicates that a child is an "abused or neglected child" as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21, but the act or acts committed or omitted do not warrant a finding of "substantiated" as defined in (c)1 above.
3. An allegation shall be "not established" if there is not a preponderance of the evidence that a child is an abused or neglected child as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6- 8.21, but evidence indicates that the child was harmed or was placed at risk of harm.
4. An allegation shall be "unfounded" if there is not a preponderance of the evidence indicating that a child is an abused or neglected child as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6- 8.21, and the evidence indicates that a child was not harmed or placed at risk of harm.
If the Division finds the allegation "established" or
"substantiated," that finding "constitute[s] a determination by
the [Division] that a child is an abused or neglected child
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21." N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(d). If,
however, the Division finds the allegation to be "not established"
or "unfounded," the finding "constitute[s] a determination by the
13 A-2059-13T3 [Division] that a child is not an abused or neglected child
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21." Ibid.
The nature of the finding made also has implications for the
right to seek administrative review and the retention of the
records created.
N.J.A.C. 3A:10-8.1(b) requires the Division to "retain each
record which contains a substantiated, established, or not
established report." Only records "relating to an unfounded
finding" are required to "be expunged in their entirety," unless
an exception applies under N.J.A.C. 3A:10-8.3. N.J.A.C. 3A:10-
8.1(a).
N.J.A.C. 3A:5-4.3(a)(2) provides for an administrative
hearing upon a request "to appeal a substantiated finding of child
abuse or neglect, when there are material disputed facts."
(Emphasis added). Consequently, the regulation does not provide
the right to an administrative hearing to challenge a "not
established" finding. In V.E., supra, 448 N.J. Super. at 402, we
concluded that a party has the right to an administrative hearing
when an "established" finding has been made. Findings that
allegations of abuse or neglect are "not established" or
"unfounded" are final decisions appealable as of right to the
Appellate Division. R. 2:2-3(a)(2).
14 A-2059-13T3 A.
We first consider defendants' challenges to N.J.A.C. 3A:10-
7(c)(3) and their argument that the investigation records here
should be destroyed. Defendants argue that N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7(c)(3)
vests too much discretion in Division caseworkers because it lacks
a clear legal standard to be applied and allows Division
caseworkers to make a "not established" finding based upon little
evidence in a completely subjective analysis. The Division
counters that the regulation represents an appropriate exercise
of agency authority and was duly promulgated pursuant to the
authority granted to it by the Legislature in N.J.S.A. 9:3A-7(g),
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.15 and N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.72. The Division further
asserts that the record does not contain false and prejudicial
information and is properly retained pursuant to statutory
authority.
First, we observe that the regulation falls within the scope
of the Division's "implementing and enforcing responsibility" and
therefore, its interpretation "is ordinarily entitled to our
deference." Wnuck v. N.J. Div. of Motor Vehicles, 337 N.J. Super.
52, 56 (App. Div. 2001) (quoting In re Appeal by Progressive Cas.
Ins. Co., 307 N.J. Super. 93, 102 (App. Div. 1997)). We are not,
however, "bound by the agency's legal opinions." Levine v. N.J.
Div. of Motor Vehicles, 338 N.J. Super. 28, 32 (App. Div. 2001).
15 A-2059-13T3 We note further that the regulation does not grant caseworkers
a scope of discretion that is untethered to a defined legal
standard. There are two components to a finding of "not
established." First, the caseworker must determine the child is
not "an abused or neglected child as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.21." N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c)(3). The second component is the
existence of "evidence [that] indicates that the child was harmed
or was placed at risk of harm." Ibid. Stated another way, the
"not established" determination requires a showing of some harm
or risk of harm that was not the result of "grossly or wantonly
negligent" conduct. L.A., supra, 217 N.J. at 332 (quoting G.S.,
supra, 157 N.J. at 178).
Defendants do not challenge the sufficiency of the legal
standard applicable to a finding that a child is or is not abused
or neglected, a determination at the very core of the mission of
the Division. Rather, they argue that it is the second component,
whether there is "some evidence" of harm or risk of harm that
renders the decision a "completely subjective" one by the
caseworker. We disagree.
16 A-2059-13T3 Certainly, a finding that "some evidence" exists is not an
exacting standard.6 But, it is a standard and, contrary to
defendants' contentions, the case law provides adequate guidance
as to what constitutes "harm or the risk of harm." See, e.g.,
N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. E.D.-O., 223 N.J. 166,
179 (2015).
Defendants also argue that they should be entitled to a fact-
finding hearing to contest the finding of "not established." They
contend "the finding casts the target under suspicion, and triggers
a permanent retention of the record for future reliance and use
by the agency, no matter how false or flimsy the evidence." They
assert it "is fundamentally unfair" to allow the Division to rely
in future matters upon evidence contained in these records that
could not survive judicial scrutiny. However, as defendants
concede, they have the right of direct appeal, as they have
exercised here, to challenge the "not established" finding. See
N.J. Dep't of Children & Families, Inst'l Abuse Investigation Unit
v. D.B., 443 N.J. Super. 431, 442 (App. Div. 2015) ("When
administrative review is not available, such findings are a final
6 The Division has confirmed that the "evidence indicates" standard used in N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c)(3) "is a lesser standard than satisfaction of the statutory requirement in N.J.S.A. 9:6- 8.21." 45 N.J.R. 743, response to comment 45, (Apr. 1, 2013).
17 A-2059-13T3 decision appealable as of right to the Appellate Division."
(citing R. 2:2-3(a)(2)).
"[D]ue process is flexible and calls for such procedural
protections as the particular situation demands." In re an
Allegation of Physical Abuse Concerning R.P., 333 N.J. Super. 105,
113 (App. Div. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Morrissey
v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S. Ct. 2593, 2600, 33 L. Ed. 2d
484, 494 (1972)). Even when a person has a constitutionally
protected interest, "it does not automatically follow that the
person must be afforded an opportunity for an adjudicatory
hearing." Ibid. And, "the 'due process' requirements which govern
the proceedings of an agency that makes binding legal
determinations directly affecting legal rights do not apply to
agency proceedings which are purely investigatory in nature." In
re Allegations of Physical Abuse at Blackacre Acad. on 2/10/93,
304 N.J. Super. 168, 182 (App. Div. 1997).
We have previously considered the issue of whether due process
requires that a party be permitted an administrative appeal from
a finding of "not established," or, under the prior regulation,
"not substantiated." See D.B., supra, 443 N.J. Super. at 443
(citing our consideration in In re an Allegation of Physical Abuse
Concerning L.R., 321 N.J. Super. 444 (App. Div. 1999), of "not
substantiated" under N.J.A.C. 10:129-7.3(c) and concluding "our
18 A-2059-13T3 reasoning [was] also valid when considering 'not established'").
We have consistently concluded "[a] finding by [the Division] that
child abuse charges have not been substantiated, but that there
is some indication a child was harmed or placed at risk of harm,
is purely investigatory in nature, with none of the procedural
protections of an adjudicatory proceeding." R.P., supra, 333 N.J.
Super. at 117 (emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also D.B.,
supra, 443 N.J. Super. at 444; N.J. Dep't of Children & Families,
Inst'l Abuse Investigation Unit v. S.P., 402 N.J. Super. 255, 270
(App. Div. 2008).
The interest defendants claim gives rise to the right to
hearing is their interest against the Division's retention of the
records and possible use in the investigation of a future referral.
In D.B., we rejected the argument "that N.J.A.C. 10:129-8.1 [(now
at N.J.A.C. 3A:10-8.1)], which allows the [Division] to retain
unproven accusations forever is a violation of N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.40a." D.B. supra, 443 N.J. Super. at 444. We observed, "the
interest of retaining information about alleged claims of abuse,
where some cause for concern is demonstrated, is within the mandate
given to the [Division] to protect children from abuse." Ibid.
Our decision in V.E., supra, 448 N.J. Super. at 402, finding
that a party against whom an "established" finding has been made
must have the right to an administrative hearing, does not compel
19 A-2059-13T3 a different conclusion. The defendant in V.E. argued that because
an "established" finding made her subject to the same adverse
consequences of disclosure suffered by persons after a
"substantiated" finding is made, due process required that she be
afforded the right to contest the determination in an adjudicatory
hearing. Id. at 390. We reasoned:
[A]n established finding is a conclusion abuse or neglect occurred . . . . Disclosure of an established finding is authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.10a(b) and other statutes, imposing upon the rights of a perpetrator. Thus, the result of an established finding is "significant" and is accompanied by "longstanding adverse consequences," which, in part, match the effects attached to a substantiated finding.
[Id. at 395-96 (citations omitted).]
We concluded that, on the record before us, "necessary
procedural safeguards must be employed to allow [the defendant]
the right to challenge disputed adjudicative facts." Id. at 401.
In reaching that conclusion, we explicitly distinguished D.B.,
observing that "significant ramifications of disclosure are
attached to an established finding." Id. at 397.
Defendants have not argued there are disclosure ramifications
to the "not established" finding that imperil any claimed right.
The administrative proceeding here was purely investigatory in
nature and the records are retained pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.10a. Even if, as defendants contend, there is erroneous
20 A-2059-13T3 information contained in those records, the circumstances here do
not provide a basis for an administrative appeal. Pursuant to
N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.5(a)(6), only instances of past abuse or neglect
can be used as an aggravating factor to support a finding of abuse
or neglect in the future. Further, in the event that a finding
of abuse or neglect is made in the future, defendants may challenge
the factual basis for that finding on direct appeal. We therefore
conclude that defendants' challenges to N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c)(3)
and their argument that the investigation records should be
destroyed lack merit.
B.
Defendants also argue that the "not established" finding is
contrary to the evidence, settled law and sound public policy. We
disagree.
As defendants acknowledge, our review of the finding here is
limited:
[W]e are bound to uphold an agency's decision "unless there is a clear showing that it is arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, or that it lacks fair support in the record." However, we are "in no way bound by [an] agency's interpretation of a statute or its determination of a strictly legal issue." "[I]f an agency's statutory interpretation is contrary to the statutory language, or if the agency's interpretation undermines the Legislature's intent, no deference is required."
21 A-2059-13T3 [N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. T.B., 207 N.J. 294, 301-302 (2011) (second and third alterations in original) (citations omitted).]
Defendants argue that "slapping with an open hand" cannot
properly be the basis for the finding: "evidence indicates that
the child was harmed or placed at risk of harm." Defendants
contend "that a parent's reasonable use of corporal punishment
cannot be construed as abuse and will result in an unfounded
finding." They assert "the record is devoid of any credible
evidence of physical harm caused by defendants' alleged use of
excessive corporal punishment." (Emphasis added).
Defendants' argument assumes an invalid premise, i.e., that
the standard for a finding of abuse and neglect based upon
"excessive corporal punishment," N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b),
applies. Indeed, there is no allegation or finding here that they
engaged in excessive corporal punishment.
As we have noted, corporal punishment constitutes "abuse"
under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b), only if it is excessive, meaning
the product of conduct that is "grossly or wantonly negligent."
L.A., supra, 217 N.J. at 332 (quoting G.S., supra, 157 N.J. at
178). The "not established" finding is available only when such
conduct has not been proven. N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7(c)(3). Therefore,
the argument that the evidence is insufficient because it fails
22 A-2059-13T3 to satisfy the standard for abuse based on excessive corporal
punishment is plainly lacking in merit.
Defendants also contend that the finding is unsupported by
the record because the children suffered no physical harm. This
argument also lacks merit because the finding can be based upon
the existence of some evidence that the children were subjected
to a "risk of harm." N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c)(3). By way of example,
in D.B., supra, 443 N.J. Super. at 435-37, we affirmed "not
established" findings against both a teacher's aide who struck an
autistic student although no observable marks were made and a
teacher who grabbed a student's arm and merely scratched the arm,
leaving only "a linear red mark."
It is undisputed that defendants resorted to slapping Adam
and David on a regular basis. David expressed fear of Chad and
said if granted one wish, it would be that Chad stop slapping him.
The boys stated Patricia did not intervene and frequently told
them they deserved the physical discipline meted out by Chad.
Chad's younger son, Cory, described Chad as having "anger issues"
and "yell[ing] a lot." We are satisfied there was sufficient
support in the record for the Division to determine that the
children: (1) were not abused or neglected as defined in N.J.S.A.
9:6-8.21(c), but (2) there is "evidence [that] indicates that the
23 A-2059-13T3 child was harmed or was placed at risk of harm" under N.J.A.C.
3A:10-7.3(c)(3).
III.
In March 2015, the Division received a second referral, this
time from an employee at David's school. In response to a class
assignment to identify a time when the student was courageous and
stood up to someone, David said the following in front of his
class:
[I]t was my step-dad [Chad] he's a child abuser, his [sic] mean, and does not care about anyone but himself . . . . My brother did something bad and [Chad] began kicking and punching him in the corner and he was bleeding . . . . I sprinted towards him; hit him and told him to go to his room. That time he was the one getting hit and he took the blame and he got in trouble.
The referent speculated that "the incident sounded as though
it occurred in the past," but did not say whether David felt unsafe
or afraid at home. The referent stated David did not have "any
unusual marks or injuries" and that he preferred to be with his
father over his mother. The referent reported that David had
behavioral problems and faced "on-going turmoil," but that his
parents were "very receptive" to his issues and placed him in
therapy. The case was coded as a child welfare service, and was
forwarded to a local Division office for a child welfare
assessment. Ultimately, the Division "Recommend[ed] Termination
24 A-2059-13T3 of [Division] involvement."
On May 6, 2015, the Division sent Chad and Patricia letters
notifying them that the Division completed its "assessment as it
pertains to a report or referral made to our agency on March 19,
2014 [sic]," and declined to provide services at that time. In
addition, the Division provided a list of local "services that may
be beneficial to you and your family."
Patricia and Chad filed a notice of appeal from the Division's
May 6, 2015 letter. They do not claim the Division erred in
failing to provide services following a child welfare assessment.
Rather, they argue the Division treated the matter as a child
welfare check as opposed to an investigation to avoid appellate
review and assert the appeal was necessitated by the vagueness of
the letter sent by the Division. They contend the child welfare
assessment should be treated as an investigation for a child abuse
allegation and, as a result, this court should compel the Division
to make findings pursuant to N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.3(c) and modify the
notification letter to (1) reflect those findings, (2) clarify the
nature of the Division's involvement, (3) state whether the records
would be retained and for how long, and (4) advise defendants of
their right to appeal.
The object of defendants' appeal appears to be a request that
this court substitute the procedure urged by them for the
25 A-2059-13T3 procedures established by the agency to implement its statutory
duties. This is not a proper subject of appeal. See In re Twp.
of Jackson, 350 N.J. Super. 369, 372 (App. Div. 2002) ("opinions
of an administrative agency on which no action is taken do not
constitute final agency action which may be appealed as of right"
(citing N.J. Civil Serv. Ass'n v. State, 88 N.J. 605, 612, (1982)).
It is a basic tenet of appellate review that "[o]nly a party
aggrieved by a judgment may appeal therefrom." Price v. Hudson
Heights Dev., LLC, 417 N.J. Super. 462, 466 (App. Div. 2011)
(quoting Howard Sav. Inst. v. Peep, 34 N.J. 494, 499 (1961)). The
determination that no services were necessary was not adverse to
defendants and they do not contend they were aggrieved by that
decision. Their criticism of the manner in which the Division
reached and communicated that determination is akin to an attempt
to appeal from the rationale underlying the Division's action,
which is not independently appealable. See Do-Wop Corp. v. City
of Rahway, 168 N.J. 191, 199 (2001) (recognizing a party does not
appeal from "reasons given for the ultimate conclusion.").
Accordingly, defendants' appeal from the May 2015 letter is
dismissed.
In sum, we affirm the "not established" finding that is the
subject of the appeal in Docket No. A-2059-13 and dismiss the
appeal in Docket No. A-4589-14.
26 A-2059-13T3