RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NOS. A-3585-18T4 A-3586-18T4
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
A.H. and J.A.L.,
Defendants-Appellants. __________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF C.M.L.H. and J.L., JR.,
Minors. __________________________
Submitted May 18, 2020 - Decided June 17, 2020
Before Judges Rothstadt and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Ocean County, Docket No. FG-15-0048-18. Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant A.H. (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Dianne Glenn, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant J.A.L. (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Caitlin Avis Mc Laughlin, Designated Counsel, on the briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Salima E. Burke, Deputy Attorney General, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney for minor C.M.L.H. (Meredith Alexis Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Danielle Ruiz, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney for minor J.A.L., Jr. (Meredith Alexis Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Todd S. Wilson, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In these consolidated appeals, A.H. (Amy) 1 and J.A.L. (Jim) appeal from
an April 8, 2019 order terminating their parental rights to their two children and
awarding the Division of Child Protection and Permanency (the Division)
guardianship over both children. On appeal, Jim argues that the Division failed
1 Fictitious names are used to protect the privacy of the parties and the confidentiality of the record. See R. 1:38-3(d)(12). A-3585-18T4 2 to satisfy each prong of the best interests test, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), while
Amy contests only the judge's findings with respect to the part of prong three
that concerns the Division's efforts to reunite the family. Amy also argues that
the trial judge abused his discretion in denying her request for an adjournment
after she expressed dissatisfaction with her assigned attorney on the first day of
trial. We affirm substantially for the reasons given by the trial judge.
I.
This case involves two children, C.M.L.H. (Cindy), born in 2012, and J.L.,
Jr., (John), born in 2014. Cindy and John have been placed together with
resource parents since January 2017.
The Division became involved with this family in March 2014. Amy was
eighteen years old, and Jim was thirty years old. They were living at Jim's
father's home with Cindy, and Amy was about three months pregnant with John.
The Division received a report from Amy's probation officer that Amy tested
positive for heroin, so it implemented a safety protection plan (SPP), requiring
Amy and Cindy to move in with Amy's mother and sister. During Amy's
incarceration for her probation violation, she spoke with a caseworker and
agreed to attend a substance abuse program, other than a Mommy and Me
A-3585-18T4 3 program. Soon after, the Division dropped the SPP and arranged for Amy's
mother and sister to care for Cindy.
The Division arranged for Amy and Jim to attend substance abuse
evaluations, and both were recommended for an intensive outpatient program
(IOP). Amy was required to attend Women in Recovery Now at Preferred
Behavioral Health, which also provided parenting education and transportation
assistance, and Jim was referred to Seashore Family Services (SFS) and
provided with bus passes. Caseworker Jenise Williams continued home visits,
reminding the parents to attend their IOPs and urging them to reach out to
Women, Infants, and Children, NJ FamilyCare, and Ocean Health Initiatives.
By June 2014, Amy moved back to Jim's father's home, and she eventually
stopped attending her program. When the caseworker visited the home, after
Jim tested positive for buprenorphine and THC, Amy and Jim agreed to attend
intakes at SFS, remain substance free while caring for Cindy, and maintain a
home free from substance abuse. During another home visit, Amy informed the
caseworker that Jim did not want to attend SFS because he was "having issues
with some of the participants," so she instructed Amy to have Jim discuss the
issue with his counselor. Jim stopped attending SFS and was discharged, but
soon after, he began a new IOP at Ocean Mental Health (OMH) and obtained a
A-3585-18T4 4 prescription for Suboxone. Amy continued attending SFS and was
recommended for a level one outpatient program in October 2014. She
successfully completed the program in March 2015, but the Division remained
concerned about the family, as Jim stopped taking his Suboxone for a while,
stopped attending OMH, and relapsed on cocaine and benzodiazepines.
In addition to the above, the Division assisted the family by providing a
toddler bed and a crib, ensuring the parents had proper supplies and information
about caring for their children, and transporting the parents to the Board of
Social Services (BOSS) and to their programs.
The caseworker continued home visits and noted that the children
appeared to be doing well, but there were issues regarding the children's dental
health. Amy and Jim delayed taking Cindy to the dentist to address her bottle
rot, so multiple appointments were needed to repair her teeth, and she eventually
needed to have her teeth removed. By December 2015, the caseworker noted
that John's teeth appeared to have "slight[] bottle rot," and when Amy and Jim
finally brought him to the dentist in May 2016, the dentist diagnosed him with
dental disease.
Meanwhile, the family moved around for several months, raising concerns
about the stability of the home. The Division offered to pay for a security
A-3585-18T4 5 deposit if Amy and Jim identified a place to rent, as long as Jim was able to pay
the rent. The caseworker also instructed the parents to place their names on a
waiting list for low-income housing and to reach out to BOSS and local
churches. In February 2016, the family moved to a motel, and while Jim earned
enough to afford rent, he had not attended another substance abuse evaluation,
inhibiting the Division from assisting with a security deposit. Around the same
time, Jim's doctor stopped prescribing Suboxone because he continued to ask
for extensions on his prescription and reschedule appointments. A few months
later Jim finally attended an evaluation and was referred for partial
hospitalization.
During May 2016 home visits, the caseworker found the family's home to
be in a deplorable condition, noting dirty sheets and dog feces lying around.
Thereafter, Amy tested positive for morphine, and Jim tested positive for
buprenorphine and opiates. The Division implemented another SPP, requiring
Amy to move to her grandmother's home, both parents to be supervised with the
children, and the children to attend daycare. The family relocated accordingly,
but a home visit revealed that Amy had been left alone with the children.
In July 2016, a court order was issued, granting the Division care and
supervision of Cindy and John and requiring Amy and Jim to comply with the
A-3585-18T4 6 SPP, follow up with the children's health appointments, and cooperate with all
services recommended by the Division. The Division referred them to Family
Preservation Services (FPS), "a short-term intensive, in-home family education
and crisis intervention program with the primary objective of prevention of out-
of-home placement by enhancing family functioning and problem solving."
While Amy and Jim showed some improvement in parenting and household
management skills, their cooperation fluctuated, and their compliance was
minimal. Additionally, they initially refused to send the children to daycare and
only agreed to for a short time, after the FPS worker convinced them to comply.
Meanwhile, Amy began an IOP at SFS in August 2016, but she was
discharged in December after she stopped attending. Jim also failed to complete
the programs he was ordered to attend at OMH earlier in the year.
On October 14, 2016, Amy met with David R. Brandwein, Psy.D, for a
psychological evaluation. Dr. Brandwein found that Amy "lacked insight
related to her parenting deficits and minimized and rationalized the Division's
concerns about her substance use and parenting capacity." She "failed to
understand the impact of missed medical and other appointments on her
children's physical health and developmental progression." Dr. Brandwein
diagnosed Amy with unspecified opioid-related disorder, unspecified
A-3585-18T4 7 adjustment disorder, histrionic personality patterns, and borderline intellectual
functioning. He recommended that Amy complete a substance abuse treatment
program, aftercare, random urine screening, and FPS services; complete an IOP;
maintain sobriety for three months; and participate in short-term in-home
therapy.
The following months showed no improvement, as Jim continued to miss
substance abuse evaluations and test positive for amphetamines and
buprenorphine. He also refused to meet with Dr. Brandwein. Amy tested
positive for morphine and amphetamines and was referred to SFS but she was
discharged for failure to attend. The most notable concern was a neighbor's
report to the Division in January 2017 that one of the children drowned the
family kitten in a bathtub after they were left unsupervised, prompting the
Division to conduct an emergency removal of the children. Thereafter, the
Division was granted custody of the children, and it placed them in a non-
relative resource home. Cindy and John were enrolled in daycare and scheduled
for medical and dental examinations and neurodevelopmental evaluations,
which revealed that Cindy had vision and hearing problems, and John had
hearing, dental, and speech problems. Appropriate treatments were arranged.
A-3585-18T4 8 Amy and Jim continued to show no signs of improvement. After Amy
reported a domestic violence incident between the two, she was referred to
domestic violence counseling and Jim to a domestic violence offenders program,
but neither of them attended. They were both incarcerated multiple times, and
when they were not, they were, at best, minimally compliant with drug
screenings, substance abuse evaluations, and counseling programs that the
Division scheduled. Further, their attendance at visitations was sporadic,
prompting the judge to suspend visitation until therapeutic visitation was
arranged. Neither parent met with the counselor, so their therapeutic visitation
slot was closed. The Division re-referred them, and they were placed on a
waiting list. Amy and Jim did not see Cindy and John for several months .
The Division struggled to stay in contact with the parents for months.
When the caseworker learned that they were not doing well and had no place to
stay, she recommended that they stay at a shelter, but they declined. A couple
weeks later, they visited the local Division office, and the caseworker told them
they still had time to regain custody of their children if they made an effort to
comply with the recommended programs. Amy agreed, and she and Jim
submitted to drug screenings. Amy tested positive for cocaine and
buprenorphine, and Jim for THC and buprenorphine.
A-3585-18T4 9 Thereafter, the Division informed the parents that they needed to comply
with the recommendations, as it was considering transferring the case to the
adoption unit. By early 2018, the parents made no progress, so the judge
approved a permanency plan, and the Division filed a verified complaint fo r
guardianship and assigned an adoption caseworker, Sandra Weber.
The family began therapeutic visitation, but visits were not consistent.
Additionally problematic was the parents' positive drug screenings during some
of the visits. Amy began an IOP at Daytop New Jersey but she her attendance
was sporadic, and she was ultimately discharged with a recommendation for a
higher level of care. In August, she was referred to OMH and began treatment
a month later. Jim was also referred for another IOP, but he failed to attend.
Meanwhile, Dr. Brandwein remained involved with the family. On June
4, 2018, he completed another psychological evaluation of Amy, which revealed
largely the same issues. He altered Amy's diagnosis to severe opioid use
disorder, severe amphetamine use disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and victim
of spouse or partner violence, while finding that the previous diagnoses of
histrionic personality patterns and borderline intellectual functioning were
accurate. Ultimately, he opined "that there has been no substantive change in
[Amy's] psychological functioning and parenting capacity relative to the
A-3585-18T4 10 previous examination, and . . . [Amy is not] currently [able] to provide
independent care to her children." Because of her limited compliance with
services and continued substance abuse, "the likelihood for [Amy] to be capable
of independent care of her children in the foreseeable future is quite dismal."
He recommended that the Division proceed with a permanency plan for the
children "other than reunification . . . with [Amy]."
On July 20, 2018, Dr. Brandwein conducted a bonding evaluation of the
family. For thirty minutes, he observed Amy and Jim together with both
children, noting that the children were happy to see their parents and referred to
them as "mommy" and "daddy." He then observed each parent alone with the
children for twenty minutes, noting that both parents were appropriate with the
children, but there were some concerns: John had a difficult time separating
from Amy, "a sign of insecure attachment in a child his age;" and Jim "seemed
overly focused [on] how [John] was different during the observations than he
[had] been during parent-child visits," demonstrating a lack of flexibility in
accommodate differences in a child's behavior.
Based on his observations, he opined "that while the children do appear to
be bonded to their birth parents, . . . [their] bond with them is insecure." He
attributed this "to [Amy's and Jim's] long-term behavioral and emotional
A-3585-18T4 11 instability as well as their absence from the children's lives at different points
. . . due to their substance use, substance-related behavior, and repeated arrests
and incarcerations." Insecure bonds "are unable to support either child
throughout the remainder of their childhood and into adolescence and
adulthood." Accordingly, he recommended that the children be allowed to
"develop[] a relationship with adult caregivers committed to [their]
permanency." The children would be most harmed by continuing to delay
permanency "to allow their birth parents to do something they seem poorly
motivated to achieve; that is, sobriety, stability, and the development of a
lifestyle conducive to raising minor children."
In September 2018, Cindy and John were moved to a new resource home,
as the original resource family did not wish to adopt them. On November 10,
2018, Dr. Brandwein conducted a bonding evaluation of the children with the
new resource family, and he concluded that the children were "in the process of
developing positive, supportive relationships with [the resource parents]."
Further, he opined that the children's need for permanency was urgent, and
adoption was the best option to meet their needs.
The guardianship trial was held before Judge James M. Blaney on
February 27, February 28, and April 8, 2019. At the start of trial, neither Amy
A-3585-18T4 12 nor Jim was present, but Amy finally arrived and stayed for a short period,
leaving the room during much of Dr. Brandwein's testimony.
Dr. Brandwein testified as to each his evaluations. When asked whether
his opinions would change if he knew that Amy had been doing well with her
treatment since December 2018, he opined that "non-compliance and further
drug use [were] more likely than compliance of sobriety" because any recent
compliance would only be based on behavior from a two-month period. He also
explained that even if the current resource parents did not adopt the children, his
opinions would not change because the real concerns were about Amy's and
Jim's abilities to care for their children.
During Dr. Brandwein's testimony, Amy requested an adjournment,
stating she was dissatisfied with her attorney. The judge denied her request:
Ma'am, your attorney has been representing you and will continue to represent you. You have the ability to hire your own attorney if you wish, but quite frankly you haven't even been present in this hearing for more than ten minutes and we've been going for over a half- hour. So I find it hard to understand even why you would even think that Ms. Kelly is not doing what she's supposed to be doing. She is, in this [c]ourt's opinion.
Thereafter, Amy left the courthouse. The judge denied her attorney's request
for an adjournment, as there was no prior indication that Amy was dissatisfied
A-3585-18T4 13 with her attorney; however, he did request that one of the caseworkers return the
following day to allow Amy time to hire a new attorney if she wished.
The trial continued, and the judge heard testimony from Williams and
Weber, the Division caseworkers. At the end of the second day, the judge
decided to leave the record open to allow Amy additional time to hire a private
attorney and decide if she wanted to testify. On March 6, 2019, the judge issued
an order requiring the Division to notify Amy and Jim "of their absolute right to
present testimony and or evidence on their own behalf to the [c]ourt."
On April 8, 2019, Amy and Jim both appeared before Judge Blaney. Amy
testified that she was presently involved with Justice Involved Services and
attending an IOP at OMH. Three weeks earlier, she moved into a two-bedroom
home with a friend nearby, and a week earlier, she began working at a hotel in
Seaside. In addition, she continued to visit the children every other week.
Jim testified that he was incarcerated in Ocean County but would soon be
released and had a job lined up. He had been attending visitations with Amy
and was most consistent when he was not incarcerated. He acknowledged there
had been "starts and stops with various services," explaining that homelessness,
job loss, and changing court orders caused his noncompliance.
A-3585-18T4 14 After hearing from Amy and Jim, the judge issued an oral decision,
considering the four prongs of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a). Under prong one, he
found that "the children were in significant danger from both parents," as the
parents were consistently noncompliant with the Division's recommendations
and court orders, and they continued using illicit substances and engaging in
"[c]riminal, improper, and assaultive behaviors." They also failed to meet the
children's medical needs and could not provide stable housing. Under prong
two, the judge found that "the children will suffer further delay if permanent
placement is not resolved," given the parents' demonstrated lack of interest, their
inability to address their substance abuse problems, their failure to meet the
children's medical needs, and their repeated incarceration. He also relied on Dr.
Brandwein's opinion that the prognosis for either parent becoming able to
independently care for their children was dismal. Under prong three, the judge
found that the Division provided reasonable services, kept both parents updated
throughout the case, explored kinship legal guardianship, and ruled out any of
the parents' relatives. Finally, under prong four, the judge relied on Dr.
Brandwein's opinion that the resource parents "had forged a loving and caring
relationship with the two children . . . and would be able to provide a safe and
stable home for . . . them into the future."
A-3585-18T4 15 Based on his findings, the judge terminated Amy's and Jim's parental
rights to Cindy and John and awarded the Division guardianship over both
children. This appeal ensued.
On appeal, Amy raises the following points:
[1.] THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT [THE DIVISION] MET ITS BURDEN OF PROOF BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE ON ALL FOUR PRONGS OF THE BEST INTEREST TEST PURSUANT TO N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) BECAUSE [THE DIVISION'S] EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT ON PRONG THREE AS [IT] FAILED TO PROVIDE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO EFFECTUATE REUNIFICATION.
[2.] THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT DENIED AN ADJOURNMENT OF THE TRIAL AFTER [AMY] EXPRESSED DISSATISFACTION WITH CURRENT ASSIGNED COUNSEL AND WANTED TO RETAIN ANOTHER ATTORNEY.
Jim raises the following points:
[1.] THE DIVISION FAILED TO PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT CINDY AND JOHN'S HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT HAD BEEN OR WILL CONTINUE TO BE ENDANGERED BY THE CONTINUATION OF THE PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP WITH [JIM].
[2.] THE DIVISION FAILED TO PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT [JIM] IS UNWILLING OR UNABLE TO ELIMINATE THE HARM FACING THE CHILDREN OR IS UNABLE
A-3585-18T4 16 OR UNWILLING TO PROVIDE A SAFE AND STABLE HOME FOR HIS CHILDREN.
[3.] THE DIVISION FAILED TO PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT IT MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO PROVIDE SERVICES TO ASSIST [JIM] CORRECT THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED TO THE CHILDREN['S] REMOVAL.
[4.] THE COURT BELOW ERRED IN FINDING THAT TERMINATION WOULD DO MORE HAR[M] THAN GOOD AND THE DIVISION FAILED TO SHOW THAT A DELAY OF PERMANENT PLACEMENT WOULD CAUSE OR ADD TO THE HARM.
II.
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) authorizes the Division to petition for termination
of parental rights in the "best interests of the child," if it can show the following:
(1) The child's safety, health or development has been or will continue to be endangered by the parental relationship;
(2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to provide a safe and stable home for the child and the delay of permanent placement will add to the harm. Such harm may include evidence that separating the child from his resource family parents would cause serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm to the child;
(3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts to provide services to help the parent correct the
A-3585-18T4 17 circumstances which led to the child's placement outside the home and the court has considered alternatives to termination of parental rights; and
(4) Termination of parental rights will not do more harm than good.
"Our review of a trial judge's decision to terminate parental rights is
limited." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007);
see Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998) ("Because of the family courts'
special . . . expertise in family matters, appellate courts should accord deference
to family court factfinding."). "We will not disturb the [judge's] decision to
terminate parental rights when there is substantial credible evidence in the
record to support the [judge's] findings." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.
E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008).
A.
Jim argues that the trial judge erred when he found clear and convincing
evidence that prong one was satisfied, as there was no substantiation of neglect
and no evidence of harm to the children, the family lived with the children's
grandparents a majority of the time, Jim worked twelve-hour days to pay for the
housing, and both parents complied with court orders to have the children
immunized and to arrange for the children's dental work. Additionally, Jim
contends that the judge erred in relying on Dr. Brandwein's testimony that the
A-3585-18T4 18 parents did not appreciate the importance of dental hygiene because Dr.
Brandwein is not a dental expert, and he did not formally evaluate Jim.
Prong one focuses "on the effect of harms arising from the parent-child
relationship over time on the child's health and development." In re
Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 348 (1999). The harm "must be one that
threatens the child's health and will likely have continuing deleterious effects on
the child." Id. at 352. "Courts need not wait to act until a child is actually
irreparably impaired by parental inattention or neglect." In re Guardianship of
DMH, 161 N.J. 365, 383 (1999). The standard is "whether it is reasonably
foreseeable that the parents can cease to inflict harm upon the children entrusted
to their care." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 167
(2010) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 607
(1986)).
The record supports the judge's finding that Jim posed a significant threat
of harm to Cindy and John. Jim repeatedly failed to comply with court orders
and the Division's recommendations and instead continued to use illicit
substances and engage in criminal behavior, resulting in his incarceration
several times. Additionally, he could not maintain stable housing and was
homeless at times. Although Jim points to instances of positive behavior and
A-3585-18T4 19 relies on a lack of substantiation of neglect, his continued noncompliance with
orders and recommendations and his failure to provide a safe, stable home for
Cindy and John demonstrate that it was unlikely he would be able to cease any
future harm to the children. Additionally, Jim's contention that the judge erred
in relying on Dr. Brandwein's testimony about the general importance of dental
hygiene is without merit, as a person need not have specialized knowledge to
understand the issue generally. See N.J.R.E. 702.2
B.
Jim argues that the trial judge erred when he found clear and convincing
evidence that prong two was satisfied because he was willing and able to address
the Division's concerns, as revealed by his attendance at substance abuse
screenings, evaluations and treatment programs, a bonding evaluation, and
visitations. Poor attendance with respect to the substance abuse evaluations was
due to his work schedule. Further, Jim asserts he was able to provide safe
housing, and he continued working to ensure he was able to pay for housing.
2 N.J.R.E. 702 provides, "If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise." A-3585-18T4 20 Lastly, Jim disputes the credibility of Dr. Brandwein's opinion that the children's
bond to Jim was insecure, as he claims it was based solely on his incarceration.
Under prong two, the Division must show that the parent is unable or
unwilling to correct the circumstances that led to the Division's involvement.
K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348-49. There must be continued harm to the child, resulting
from the parent's inability or unwillingness to remove or overcome the har m.
N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.J.D., 428 N.J. Super. 451, 483 (App.
Div. 2012). "Parental unfitness may . . . be demonstrated if the parent has failed
to provide a 'safe and stable home for the child' and a 'delay [of] permanent
placement' will further harm the child." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352 (quoting
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2)). "Keeping the child in limbo, hoping for some long
term unification plan, would be a misapplication of the law." N.J. Div. of Youth
& Family Servs. v. A.G., 344 N.J. Super. 418, 438 (App. Div. 2001).
The record supports the judge's finding that the children would continue
to suffer harm from a delay in permanent placement. There is substantial
evidence that Jim repeatedly failed to comply with the Division's
recommendations regarding his substance abuse problems, and he was
repeatedly incarcerated, both of which affected his ability to meet the children's
needs. Moreover, Dr. Brandwein testified that the prognosis for Jim's ability to
A-3585-18T4 21 acquire the skills necessary to independently care for the children was dismal.
Any reliance by Dr. Brandwein or the trial judge on Jim's incarceration was not
error, as judges may properly consider a parent's incarceration in combination
with other factors, such as parental performance before incarceration, whether a
need for permanency will be undermined by a continued parent-child
relationship, and the effect of a continued relationship on the child's
psychological and emotional well-being. In re Adoption of Children by L.A.S.,
134 N.J. 127, 143-44 (1993).
In addition, we reject Jim's contention that Dr. Brandwein's opinion with
respect to Jim was unreliable. Although Dr. Brandwein did not complete a
psychological evaluation of Jim, he reviewed several documents in connection
with his evaluation of Amy, which provided information about Jim, and he
observed Jim's behavior during the bonding evaluation. While Dr. Brandwein's
opinion of Jim was based on less information than his opinion of Amy, he
explained why he opined that Jim had not overcome the issues that harmed
Cindy and John and why he would likely be unable to do so in the foreseeable
future. See Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 54 (2015) ("[N.J.R.E. 703] requires
that an expert 'give the why and wherefore' that supports the opinion, 'rather than
A-3585-18T4 22 a mere conclusion.'" (quoting Borough of Saddle River v. 66 E. Allendale, LLC,
216 N.J. 115, 144 (2013))).
C.
Amy and Jim both argued that the trial judge erred when he found clear
and convincing evidence that prong three was satisfied. Amy contends that the
services the Division provided were not reasonable and did not assist in
reunifying her with Cindy and John. Specifically, she asserts that the Division
failed to recommend an inpatient Mommy and Me program and domestic
violence counseling, and it failed to provide sufficient housing assistance, as it
only offered a housing voucher contingent upon Jim attending a substance abuse
evaluation. Additionally, Amy argues that the Division should have provided
supervised visitation with the children at a local Division office when she and
Jim were on the waitlist for therapeutic visitation.
Jim admits that the Division provided certain services and explains that
he participated and received positive feedback. However, he claims that the
Division did not provide housing assistance, and he contends that a parent's
poverty cannot be the sole reason that a child is removed from his or her parents.
He adds that the Division did not always properly notify him of recommended
services, and it did not schedule them around his work schedule.
A-3585-18T4 23 Under prong three, the Division must make reasonable efforts to promote
family reunification and to provide "assistance to the parent to correct and
overcome those circumstances that necessitated the placement of the child into
foster care." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 354. Efforts include, but are not limited to,
(1) consultation and cooperation with the parent in developing a plan for appropriate services;
(2) providing services that have been agreed upon, to the family, in order to further the goal of family reunification;
(3) informing the parent at appropriate intervals of the child's progress, development and health; and
(4) facilitating appropriate visitation.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(c).]
The reasonableness of the Division's efforts "must be [determined] on an
individualized basis," DMH, 161 N.J. at 390, and are not evaluated based on
their success, id. at 393.
The record supports the judge's finding that the Division provided
reasonable services to both parents. Amy and Jim's arguments are without merit.
The Division scheduled numerous substance abuse evaluations, which led to
referrals for IOPs. If the programs did not provide transportation, the Division
arranged for it. The Division also arranged for psychological evaluations, a
A-3585-18T4 24 bonding evaluation, visitations, and FPS, and it recommended a Mommy and
Me program for Amy and domestic violence programs for both parents.
Additionally, throughout the entire case, the Division tried to communicate with
the parents as often as it could. When Amy and Jim were dissatisfied with their
programs, the caseworker expressed the importance of continuing the programs.
She also updated them on the progress of the case and, after the emergency
removal, also on the children's progress.
Amy and Jim have not identified any additional services that would have
impacted their abilities to overcome their substance abuse problems and
parenting deficiencies. That they were unsuccessful in completing or complying
with the required programs does not bear upon the reasonableness of the
Division's efforts. See ibid. The record reveals that the Division provided both
parents with many opportunities to address the Division's concerns.
D.
Jim argues that the trial judge erred when he found clear and convincing
evidence that prong four was satisfied because he should not have relied on Dr.
Brandwein's testimony, as it was not based on a psychological evaluation. The
bonding evaluation revealing no evidence of Jim hurting the children, and Dr.
Brandwein admitted that there was a psychological bond between Jim and the
A-3585-18T4 25 children, unlike their relationship with the resource parents. Further, there was
no evidence that the current resource parents wished to adopt the children.
Prong four requires the judge to balance the child's relationship with their
biological and resource parents and then determine whether the children will
suffer greater harm from the termination of ties with the former than with the
latter. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 355. To terminate parental rights, the judge need not
find "that no harm will befall the child as a result of the severing of biological
ties." Ibid. Instead, the judge must focus on "the child's age, [his or] her overall
health and development, and the realistic likelihood that the [biological] parent
will be capable of caring for the child in the near future." Id. at 357.
"The overriding consideration . . . remains the child's need for permanency
and stability." L.J.D., 428 N.J. Super. at 491-92. "Ultimately, a child has a right
to live in a stable, nurturing environment and to have the psychological security
that his [or her] most deeply formed attachments will not be shattered." N.J.
Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 453 (2012). "A child
cannot be held prisoner of the rights of others, even those of his or her parents.
Children have their own rights, including the right to a permanent, safe and
stable placement." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. C.S., 367 N.J. Super.
76, 111 (App. Div. 2004).
A-3585-18T4 26 The record supports the judge's finding that termination of Jim's parental
rights would not do more harm than good. As we explained under prong two,
Dr. Brandwein's testimony about the children's insecure attachment to Jim was
appropriate. In contrast with his opinion of Jim's parenting abilities, Dr.
Brandwein noted no concerns about the resource parents' abilities to provide a
safe and stable environment for Cindy and John. The judge relied on Dr.
Brandwein's opinion that the resource parents "had forged a loving and caring
relationship with the two children . . . and would be able to provide a safe and
stable home for . . . them into the future." Both children have a need for
permanency, and as Dr. Brandwein opined, after years of noncompliance with
services, there is no evidence to suggest that Jim will be able to maintain sobriety
long enough to avoid continuing to endanger both children. Allowing another
family to adopt Cindy and John serves their best interests, as it will give them
the permanency they need.
III.
Amy contends that the trial judge erred in denying her request for an
adjournment to retain a private attorney, thereby depriving her of a fair trial.
We review the denial of an adjournment request to hire a private attorney
for an abuse of discretion and will reverse only if the denial caused the
A-3585-18T4 27 requesting party to suffer a "manifest wrong or injury." State v. Hayes, 205 N.J.
522, 537 (2011) (quoting State v. McLaughlin, 310 N.J. Super. 242, 259 (App.
Div. 1998)). In termination of parental rights cases, parents have a right to be
represented by an attorney. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.4(a); N.J. Div. of Youth &
Family Servs. v. B.R., 192 N.J. 301, 305-06 (2007). In criminal cases, our
Supreme Court has identified several factors that judges should balance against
the right to an attorney when deciding whether to grant an adjournment to allow
a party to retain a new attorney:
the length of the requested delay; whether other continuances have been requested and granted; the balanced convenience or inconvenience to the litigants, witnesses, counsel, and the court; whether the requested delay is for legitimate reasons, or whether it is dilatory, purposeful, or contrived; whether the defendant contributed to the circumstance which gives rise to the request for a continuance; whether the defendant has other competent counsel prepared to try the case, including the consideration of whether the other counsel was retained as lead or associate counsel; whether denying the continuance will result in identifiable prejudice to defendant's case, and if so, whether this prejudice is of a material or substantial nature; the complexity of the case; and other relevant factors which may appear in the context of any particular case.
[Hayes, 205 N.J. at 538 (quoting State v. Furguson, 198 N.J. Super. 395, 402 (App Div. 1985)).]
A-3585-18T4 28 We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Amy's
request for an adjournment. Amy did not express dissatisfaction with her
attorney until first day of trial, during Dr. Brandwein's testimony. Further, she
did not provide the judge with any reason for her dissatisfaction. After Amy left
the courtroom, her attorney stated that Amy's present dissatisfaction had not
hampered their ability to communicate previously. The judge provided Amy
with ample time to hire a private attorney by arranging for Weber to testify the
following day and leaving the record open for over a month. Alternatively, as
the judge found, nothing in the record suggests that Amy's attorney's
performance was deficient and that a different attorney would have
accomplished a different result.
To the extent we have not addressed any of the parties' remaining
arguments, we find that they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion
in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
A-3585-18T4 29