Davis v. United States

430 F. Supp. 2d 67, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24443, 2006 WL 1165948

• Court: District Court, D. Connecticut
• Decided: April 28, 2006
• Docket: 3:05 CV 1537(PCD)
• Status: Published

Opinion

RULING ON MOTION TO DISMISS

DORSEY, District Judge.

Defendants move, pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff, Dia-nah Davis, filed her complaint on October 4, 2005 against Defendants United States of America and Martin Vega, Jr., the United States Postal Inspector for the United States Postal Inspection Service, pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2401, et. seq., alleging negligence, false arrest, abuse of process, and malicious prosecution. Plaintiff also claims, pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 397, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), that she was falsely arrested in violation of her Fourth Amendment rights. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 20] is granted in part and denied in part.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is employed as a mailhandler by the United States Postal Service (“USPS”). Compl. ¶ 6. On October 23, 2002, while Plaintiff was working in the rewrap area of the Hartford Processing and Distribution Center, a white powdery substance spilled out of a piece of mail and onto Plaintiffs lap. Id. ¶ 7. Plaintiff reported the incident to management, but the postal police and police inspectors were unable to conclusively determine the nature of the substance. Id. ¶ 8. Plaintiff asked to be sent to the hospital and reported her health and safety concerns to National Postal Mail Handlers Union (“NPMHU”) Branch 34 President, Rene Morissette. Id. After a period of time had passed without any word from management advising Plaintiff about her health, Plaintiff called the police and requested that an ambulance be sent. Id. ¶ 9. The next day Plaintiff learned that the substance was not toxic in nature. Id. ¶ 10.

On October 26, 2002 Plaintiff attempted to return to work, but was not allowed to enter the building. Id. ¶ 11. A Manager of Distribution Operations informed Plaintiff that she had been placed on emergency off-duty placement as a result of her alleged inappropriate behavior on October 23. Id. The matter was referred to the Hartford Police Department and an investigation was conducted, however, no fur ther action was taken against Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 12.

On November 19, 2002 a similar powder incident involving the Plaintiff occurred, after which one of Plaintiffs supervisors suggested that Plaintiff was behind the two incidents. Id. Plaintiffs complaint alleges that she was arrested and required to appear in Hartford Superior Court on numerous occasions as a result of the supervisor’s remarks. Id. ¶ 14. The matter was disposed of via Plaintiffs enrollment in and successful completion of the Accelerated Rehabilitation Program. Id.

Thereafter, Plaintiff, pursuant to the Collective Bargaining Agreement between Defendant and the NPMHU, instituted a grievance procedure for the events relating to the October 23 and November 19 incidents. Id. ¶ 15. An arbitration panel found that Plaintiff should be compensated for any pay and/or benefits lost as a result of being placed on emergency off-duty placement. Id. Defendant also conducted its own investigation in connection with a federal grand jury indictment of Plaintiff for the November 19, 2002 incident. Id. ¶ 17. As part of the investigation, Plaintiff was required to submit to a handwriting exemplar, whereby she had to write her name over three-hundred times. Id. ¶ 16. The investigation resulted in a finding that Plaintiff did nothing wrong in either incident. Id.

Plaintiff alleges in her complaint that Defendants “knew or should have known of the improper intimidation tactics ..., including but not limited to forcing [Plaintiff] to face criminal charges.” Id. ¶ 18. As a result, on April 25, 2005 Plaintiff filed an administrative claim with the USPS by submitting, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2671, et. seq., a Standard Form 95 for exhaustion purposes. Id. ¶ 19. In a letter dated June 8, 2005, the USPS denied Plaintiffs claim on the ground that she failed to file her claim within the mandatory two-year statute of limitations. Id.

Plaintiff subsequently filed a two-count complaint with this Court. Count One of Plaintiffs Complaint includes claims of negligence, false arrest, abuse of process and malicious prosecution under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2401, et. seq. Id. ¶ 20. In Count Two Plaintiff alleges, pursuant to Bivens, that Defendants violated Plaintiffs Fourth Amendment rights by subjecting her to a false arrest. Id. ¶ 21.

Defendants move to dismiss Count One as to both Defendants and Count Two as to the United States and Defendant Vega in his official capacity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Defs’ Mot. Dismiss at 3. Defendants move to dismiss Count Two as to Defendant Vega in his individual capacity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim for false arrest. Id.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) seeks to dismiss a complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1). Plaintiff, as the party asserting subject matter jurisdiction, has the burden of proving its existence. Malik v. Meissner, 82 F.3d 560, 562 (2d Cir.1996). A court must accept as true all material factual allegations in the complaint, but cannot draw inferences therefrom in favor of the party asserting jurisdiction. Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir.1998). In ruling on such a motion, a court is permitted to consider affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings and must do so if resolution of a disputed factual issue may result in dismissal of the complaint for lack of jurisdic tion. Robinson v. Gov’t of Malaysia, 269 F.3d 133, 141 n. 6 (2d Cir.2001).

1. FTCA Claim against Defendant . Vega

Defendants argue that Defendant Vega is not a proper party to an FTCA claim and that the claim should therefore be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Defs’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 4. The FTCA permits the United States to be sued for torts committed by United States employees acting within the scope of their employment. 28 U.S.C. § 2674. The Federal Employees Liability Reform & Tort Compensation Act of 1988 (“LRA”), however, specifically limits the relief available to persons injured by government employees. United States v. Smith, 499 U.S. 160, 161, 111 S.Ct. 1180, 113 L.Ed.2d 134 (1991). Section 5 of the LRA states that the remedy for such injured persons against the government under the FTCA “is exclusive of any other civil action or proceeding for money damages” and that “[a]ny other civil action or proceeding for money damages ... against the employee ... is precluded.” 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1). In United States v. Smith, the Supreme Court interpreted other provisions of the LRA to confirm that § 5 makes the FTCA the exclusive mode of recovery for the tort of a government employee. 499 U.S. at 166-67, 111 S.Ct. 1180. Section 5 does, however, recognize two situations where an FTCA claim against the government is not the exclusive remedy: (1) when an injured plaintiff brings a Bivens claim against the government employee, seeking damages for a constitutional violation, or (2) when an injured plaintiff brings an action under a federal statute that authorizes recovery against a government employee. Id. at 166-67, 111 S.Ct. 1180 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(2)).

At the time of the two “powder incidents,” Defendant Vega was employed by the United States government and was acting within the scope of his employment. Compl. ¶ 5. Therefore, Defendant Vega is not a proper party to the FTCA claim. Accordingly, Count One against him is dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

2. FTCA Claim against United States

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs failure to timely file her administrative claim with the USPS prohibits her from pursuing her FTCA claim against the United States because the United States has not otherwise waived its sovereign immunity. Defs’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 5-7. Under longstanding principles of sovereign immunity, relief may not be awarded against the United States unless it has waived its immunity. Dep’t. of Army v. Blue Fox, Inc., 525 U.S. 255, 260, 119 S.Ct. 687, 142 L.Ed.2d 718 (1999). The extent of the waiver is delineated by the statute consenting to the suit and “the terms of [the] consent ... define [the] court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S.Ct. 767, 769-70, 85 L.Ed. 1058 (1941). When the United States has waived its immunity, the scope of the waiver must be strictly construed in favor of the United States. See Blue Fox, 525 U.S. at 261, 119 S.Ct. 687. The Supreme Court has long held that “limitations and conditions upon which the Government consents to be sued must be strictly observed and exceptions thereto are not to be implied.” Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 276, 77 S.Ct. 269, 1 L.Ed.2d 306 (1957).

The FTCA contains a limited waiver of sovereign immunity for “claims against the United States for money damages ... for injury or loss of property, or personal injury ... caused by negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the government while acting within the scope of ... employment.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). The Government’s consent to suit under the FTCA is foreclosed unless the injured party has first presented an administrative claim to the appropriate agency which meets specific statutory requirements. Millares Guiraldes de Tineo v. United States, 137 F.3d 715, 719 (2d Cir.1998). The FTCA provides that no court can have jurisdiction over an injured plaintiffs tort claim against the Government “unless it is presented in writing to the appropriate federal agency within two years after such claim accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b). The FTCA exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional and cannot be waived. Celestine v. Mount Vernon Neighborhood Health Center, 403 F.3d 76 (2d Cir.2005). At issue here is when Plaintiffs claims accrued for purposes of the FTCA’s exhaustion requirement.

Under the FTCA the government’s liability is determined by the application of the law of the place where the act or omission occurred. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). The Supreme Court has, on numerous occasions, read the FTCA to mean that the United State’s liability is determined by state substantive tort law. See United States v. Muniz, 374 U.S. 150, 153, 83 S.Ct. 1850, 1852, 10 L.Ed.2d 805 (1963); Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1, 6-7, 82 S.Ct. 585, 589-90, 7 L.Ed.2d 492 (1962); Rayonier Inc.v. United States, 352 U.S. 315, 318-19, 77 S.Ct. 374, 1 L.Ed.2d 354 (1957). The standard for determining when a claim accrues for purposes of the FTCA’s two-year statute of limitations, however, is governed by federal rather than state law. Kossick v. United States, 330 F.2d 933, 935 (2d Cir.1964), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 837, 85 S.Ct. 73, 13 L.Ed.2d 44. Under federal law, “[c]laims under the FTCA accrue either at the time of injury or when the plaintiff has, or with reasonable diligence should have, discovered the facts critical to his or her injury, whichever is earlier.” Johnson v. Smithsonian Inst., 189 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir.1999) (citing United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 118-22, 100 S.Ct. 352, 62 L.Ed.2d 259 (1979); Kronisch v. United States, 150 F.3d 112, 121 (2d Cir.1998)). Plaintiff alleges negligence, abuse of process, false arrest and malicious prosecution, each of which will be dealt with in turn.

a. Negligence

Plaintiff has not argued nor demonstrated the basis of her negligence claim. The negligent act could have been the Defendants’ investigation of Plaintiff, their placing Plaintiff on emergency off-duty status or their referral to the Hartford Police of their pursuit of a state prosecution as well as a federal grand jury indictment. Because it is unclear when the negligent act occurred, this Court cannot conclusively determine when Plaintiff was aware, or should have been aware, of the facts critical to her injury. As all of these possible “negligent” acts occurred after November 19, 2002, it is possible that Plaintiffs negligence claim accrued more or less than two years before she filed her administrative claim on April 25, 2005. Nevertheless, it is clear that there was no need for Plaintiff to wait until her state charges were dropped for her to have enough knowledge of the alleged negligent act to seek legal assistance. See Kubrick, 444 U.S. at 122, 100 S.Ct. 352 (holding that a cause of action accrues under the FTCA when one is aware of the “critical facts” of his injury and in a position to ascertain, perhaps with the assistance of counsel, whether he has suffered a legal wrong). Accordingly, Plaintiffs negligence claim accrued prior to May 2004, but some time after the second “powder incident.” Due to the lack of factual specificity in and development of the record, this Court cannot find that Plaintiff failed to file her administrative claim within two years after her negligence claim accrued. This issue is better decided upon summary judgment when the factual record will be more complete. Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs FTCA negligence claim against the United States is denied.

b. Abuse of Process

In analyzing Plaintiffs claim for abuse of process, looking to state law will help determine what injury Plaintiff is alleging to have suffered. Under Connecticut law, “[a]buse of process is the misuse of process regularly issued to accomplish an unlawful ulterior purpose.” Shaeffer v. O.K. Tool Co., 110 Conn. 528, 532-33, 148 A. 330 (1930). “[T]he gist of the tort is not commencing an action or causing process to issue without justification, but misusing, or misapplying process justified in itself for an end other than that which it was designed to accomplish. The purpose for which the process is used, once it is issued, is the only thing of importance.” Prosser on Torts, 5th Ed. § 121, 897. Thus, Plaintiffs injury stems from the improper purpose for which process against her was initiated. Accordingly, under the federal accrual standard, Plaintiffs claim for abuse of process would not have accrued until she knew or should have known of any improper purpose behind any charges brought against her. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants knew or should have known of improper intimidation tactics, including forcing Plaintiff to face groundless criminal charges, being used against Plaintiff. Compl. ¶ 18. Furthermore, Plaintiff alleges that one of her supervisors, after the second “powder incident,” suggested Plaintiff might have been involved in both incidents. Id. ¶ 13. Finally, Plaintiff availed herself of the grievance procedure available to her under the Collective Bargaining Agreement between Defendants and NPMHU. Id. ¶ 15. Taken as a whole, these facts indicate that Plaintiff, with reasonable diligence, should have been aware of enough facts to determine that there was a possibility that she was being prosecuted for an improper purpose no later than the date she filed for the grievance proceeding. Accordingly, Plaintiffs abuse of process claim accrued and the two-year statute of limitations began to run at that point. Based on the record as it now stands, this Court cannot determine when Plaintiff requested a grievance proceeding and therefore cannot determine whether Plaintiffs administrative claim was timely filed. Again, this issue is more properly decided on summary judgment, when the record is more fully developed. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs FTCA abuse of process claim is denied.

c. False Arrest

Plaintiffs next claim is for false arrest. Again, state law will determine the alleged injury. Under Connecticut law, the tort of false arrest is the unlawful restraint by one person of the physical liberty of another. Green v. Donroe, 186 Conn. 265, 267-68, 440 A.2d 973 (1982). Thus, the alleged injury Plaintiff complains of is her unlawful detention. Applying the federal accrual standard, Plaintiffs false arrest claim accrued at the point she was detained, that being the point at which she could reasonably be presumed to have discovered the facts of her injury. See Singleton v. City of New York, 632 F.2d 185, 191 (2d Cir.1980) (holding that, under federal law, false arrest claims accrue at time Plaintiff was arrested); Assegai v. Bloomfield Bd. of Educ., 308 F.Supp.2d 65, 70 (D.Conn.2004) (same); Wang v. United States, 2002 WL 441190, *2 (S.D.N.Y. March 20, 2002) (same); See also Brown v. Nationsbank Corp., 188 F.3d 579, 590 (5th Cir.1999) (holding that under the FTCA, claims for false imprisonment accrued on the dates the plaintiff was detained); Fisher v. United States, 1992 WL 63516, 1992 U.S.App. LEXIS 28923 (1st Cir.l992)(refusing to view false arrest as a continuing wrong and therefore, holding that date of the plaintiffs arrest was the date on which the statute of limitations began to run); McCune v. City of Grand Rapids, 842 F.2d 903, 906 (6th Cir.1988) (holding that under federal law a cause of action for false arrest accrues on date arrest was made). It is unclear from the Complaint when Plaintiff was detained, but it is clear that Plaintiff was arrested only for the second “powder incident.” See Compl. ¶ 14. Therefore, Plaintiffs claim for false arrest accrued after the second “powder incident” on the date she was arrested and detained. See Singleton, 632 F.2d at 191. Accordingly, as the record does not include the date of arrest and confinement, this Court cannot conclude whether Plaintiffs claim was barred by the statute of limitations. Again, this issue is better decided on summary judgment. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs FTCA false arrest claim is denied.

d. Malicious Prosecution

Plaintiffs final claim is for malicious prosecution. Under Connecticut law, the tort of malicious prosecution is the groundless institution of criminal proceedings against the plaintiff. McHale v. W.B.S. Corp., 187 Conn. 444, 447, 446 A.2d 815 (1982). To prove malicious prosecution Plaintiff must show that: (1) the Defendants initiated or procured the institution of criminal proceedings against Plaintiff; (2) the criminal proceedings were terminated in favor of Plaintiff; (3) Defendants acted without probable cause and (4) Defendants acted with malice. Id. Thus, the injury Plaintiff alleges to have suffered is the embarrassment and cost of having to face groundless criminal charges. For FTCA accrual purposes, Plaintiff could not have known that she suffered an injury until the criminal proceedings were terminated in her favor, at which point she would know, or at least have reason to know, that the criminal charges were groundless. See DiBlasio v. City of New York, 102 F.3d 654, 657-58 (2d Cir.1996) (holding that a cause of action for malicious prosecution accrues when a criminal proceeding terminates in the plaintiffs favor); Singleton, 632 F.2d at 189 (same); Murphy v. Lynn, 53 F.3d 547, 548 (2d Cir.1995) (same). Using the date that the criminal proceedings are terminated in the plaintiffs favor as the date of accrual avoids the possibility of conflicting determinations arising out of the same transaction or occurrence. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 484, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 2371, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994) (holding that requiring the date of accrual to be the date a criminal proceeding is terminated in the plaintiffs favor precludes the possibility of the claimant succeeding on a tort claim after having been convicted in the criminal prosecution). The state charges against Plaintiff were not dropped until May of 2004, giving Plaintiff until May 2006 to file her administrative claim. Plaintiff filed her claim with the USPS on April 25, 2005; accordingly, her claim for malicious prosecution is not barred by the statute of limitations.

Nevertheless, Defendants argue that because Plaintiffs administrative claim did not mention the May 2004 date, that date should not be considered in determining whether Plaintiff timely filed her claim with the USPS. Reply at 5. According to Defendants, because Plaintiff failed to include the May 2004 date in her administrative claim, her malicious prosecution claim is an unsubmitted and unexhausted claim, such that this court does not have jurisdiction to hear that claim.

The purpose of the FTCA’s exhaustion requirements is to allow the government the opportunity to investigate, evaluate and consider settlement of claims in order to ease court congestion and avoid unnecessary litigation. See S.Rep.No. 1327, 89th Congress, 2d Sess. 2, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1966, p. 2515 (1966). A claim is properly presented to an administrative agency when it provides:

enough information to permit the agency to conduct an investigation and to estimate the claim’s worth. A claim must be specific enough to serve the purpose of the FTCA to enable the federal government to expedite the fair settlement of tort claims ... A claimant must provide more than conclusory statements which afford the agency involved no reasonable opportunity to investigate.

Romulus v. United States, 160 F.3d 131, 132 (2d Cir.1998). In other words, the FTCA’s presentment requirement mandates that a plaintiff must provide the appropriate federal agency with sufficient notice of his or her claim to enable the agency to investigate and a certain sum of damages to allow the agency to consider settlement. Id. In Johnson by Johnson v. United States, the Court of Appeals held that “by stating the cause of the injury, the name of the employee who committed the assault and the date and location of the attack,” Plaintiffs claim was sufficient to allow the federal agency to investigate the claim. 788 F.2d 845, 850 (2d Cir.1986). Even though the claim “supplied no facts evidencing negligent supervision and did not allege all the factual elements of such a theory of liability,” the Court held that a reasonably thorough investigation of the incident would have uncovered any pertinent information relating to a claim for negligent supervision. Id.

Moreover, in State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. United States, the District Court held that the plaintiffs administrative claim was sufficient notice to the federal agency for purposes of the FTCA’s presentment requirement. 326 F.Supp.2d 407, 413-414 (E.D.N.Y.2004). The plaintiffs claim alleged a motor accident caused by the negligence of the Navy’s employee, injuries sustained by the plaintiffs subro-gor and a request for a specific sum of damages. Id. Because the case did “not present a vast array of factual and legal possibilities or a vague claim by Plaintiff without any suggestion of a tort claim,” the court held that the Navy had sufficient notice and the plaintiffs claim was properly presented to the Navy.

Finally, in Neuenswander v. United States, the plaintiffs claim to the Veterans Administration (“VA”) alleged negligence and reckless wanton failure to properly treat the plaintiffs skin condition and reported the date of injury generally, as “1998-2001.” 2006 WL 722767, * 12 (D.Vt. March 22, 2006). The plaintiffs complaint, filed two years after the administrative claim, alleged that the VA had failed to treat the skin condition beginning in 1983. Id. In rejecting the government’s argument that all claims prior to 1998 were not properly presented to the VA, the District Court stated that “a reasonable investigation of [Plaintiffs] claim for failure to properly treat his medical condition, which had been treated exclusively by the VA for over twenty years, would include a review of his entire medical history with the VA and thereby uncover any pertinent information,” related to the plaintiffs medical malpractice claims prior to 1998. Id.

The Court finds that Plaintiffs administrative claim contained sufficient facts upon which the USPS could have investigated and had sufficient notice of a claim for malicious prosecution. Plaintiffs claim included detailed facts about the two “powder incidents,” her subsequent arrest and her appearance before the Hartford Superior Court. See Compl., Exhibit A. Furthermore, she included allegations that her supervisors suggested that she was involved in the two incidents, as well as facts indicating that after she was indicted by a federal grand jury, the federal criminal offenses were dismissed. Id. The fact that Plaintiff did not specifically mention a claim for malicious prosecution is not fatal; one could have determined from the alleged facts and from a reasonable investigation that there existed the possibility of a claim for malicious prosecution. The USPS was aware not only that Plaintiff faced criminal charges initiated by Defendants, but also that those criminal proceedings terminated in her favor. The USPS also knew that there were allegations by Plaintiffs supervisors that she was involved in the two “powder incidents” for which she was arrested, a fact which gives rise to at least the possibility that the criminal actions were instituted either without probable cause or for an improper purpose. Plaintiff gave the USPS enough notice to investigate a claim for malicious prosecution and requested a certain amount of damages, thereby satisfying the presentment requirement of the FTCA for that claim.

Because the malicious prosecution claim did not accrue until May 2004 and the administrative claim was presented on April 25, 2005, Plaintiffs malicious prosecution claim was timely presented to the USPS. Moreover, because her Complaint was filed within six months after the USPS denied her claim, jurisdiction with this Court is proper. Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs FTCA malicious prosecution claim is hereby denied.

3. Bivens Claim Against the United States

Plaintiff concedes that a Bivens action cannot be maintained against the United States. Opp. at 5. Accordingly, that claim is dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

A Bivens Claim Against Defendant Vega in his Official Capacity

Plaintiff also seeks, pursuant to a Bivens theory, compensatory and other damages against Defendant Vega for subjecting Plaintiff to a false arrest and depriving her of her Fourth Amendment rights. Compl. ¶ 21. A Bivens action is a judicially-created remedy designed to provide individuals with a cause of action against federal officials who have violated their constitutional rights. Ellis v. Blum, 643 F.2d 68, 84 (2d Cir.1981); see Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). The only award available in a Bivens action is an award of monetary damages from the defendants in their individual capacities. See Polanco v. United States Drug Enforcement Admin., 158 F.3d 647, 652 (2d Cir.1998). A Bivens action will only lie against a federal government official; such actions cannot be maintained against the United States or a federal agency. Mack v. United States, 814 F.2d 120, 122-23 (2d Cir.1987); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 486, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994). “Because a claim against a federal employee in his or her official capacity is, essentially, a suit against the United States, Bivens does not authorize such claims, and the United States has not waived sovereign immunity for damages claims arising from actions of federal employees in their official capacities.” Dunn v. United States Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 3:03cv1928 (JBA), 2006 WL 695805, at *4 (D.Conn. March 20, 2006) (citing Robinson v. Overseas Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d 502, 510 (2d Cir.1994)); see also Ige v. United States Attorney’s Office, 104 F.3d 353, 1996 WL 649373 (2d Cir.1996) (affirming District Court’s dismissal of Bivens action against federal defendants named in their official capacities); Pimentel v. Deboo, 411 F.Supp.2d 118, 126 (D.Conn.2006) (dismissing Bivens claims against federal prison officials being sued in their official capacities).

As Plaintiff has named Defendant Vega in his official capacity, Compl. ¶ 5, that action is not cognizable under Bivens and therefore is dismissed.

B. Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) Motion for Failure to State a Claim

Upon a 12(b)(6) motion, the function of the court “is not to weigh the evidence that might be presented at trial, but merely to determine whether the complaint is legally sufficient.” Goldman v. Belden, 754 F.2d 1059, 1067 (2d Cir.1985). In ruling on such a motion, the court takes as true all the factual allegations in the complaint and construes them in favor of the plaintiff. LaBounty v. Adler, 933 F.2d 121, 123 (2d Cir.1991). The court considers not only the facts alleged in the complaint, but also documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the pleadings and matters of which judicial notice may be taken. Samuels v. Air Transport Local 504, 992 F.2d 12, 15 (2d Cir.1993). The court should not dismiss a complaint “for a failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief’. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Importantly, “the issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims. Indeed it may appear on the face of the pleadings that a recovery is very remote and unlikely but that is not the test.” Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974).

1. Bivens Claim Against Defendant Vega in his Individual Capacity

Plaintiff alleges she was deprived of her Fourth Amendment rights by being subjected to a false arrest. Compl. ¶21. Plaintiff implicates Defendant Vega in the false arrest by alleging that he knew or should have known of the improper tactics being used against her, which included forcing her to face groundless criminal charges. Id. at ¶ 18. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Bivens claim against Defendant Vega in his individual capacity should be dismissed because she failed to allege sufficient facts to state a cognizable claim warranting relief. Mot. Dismiss at 9.

A plaintiff bringing a Bivens claim must show that: (1) he or she has been deprived of a constitutional right by a federal official and (2) in depriving him or her of that right, the federal official acted under color of federal law. Mahoney v. Nat’l Org. for Women, 681 F.Supp. 129, 132 (D.Conn.1987) (citing Flagg Brothers, Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155-56, 98 S.Ct. 1729, 1732-33, 56 L.Ed.2d 185 (1978)). There is no question that Mr. Vega was acting under color of federal law as he was, at all times, acting within the scope of his position as a United States Postal Inspector for the United States Postal Inspection Service. Compl. ¶ 5.

Accordingly, the only issue is whether Mr. Vega was personally or directly involved in the alleged constitutional deprivation. Under § 1983, the “personal involvement of defendants in alleged constitutional deprivation is a prerequisite to an award of damages.” McKinnon v. Patterson, 568 F.2d 930, 934 (2d Cir.1977). 1 A claim under § 1983 or Bivens will not be dismissed if Plaintiff has set forth “specific and detailed factual allegations” demonstrating Defendant’s personal or direct involvement in the constitutional deprivation. Vazquez v. Parks, No. 02civ1735 (LAK)(HBP), 2003 WL 1442087, *9 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2003) (citing, among others, Fr iedl v. City of New York, 210 F.3d 79, 85 (2d Cir.2000)). Defendant’s personal involvement cannot be inferred or presumed from Plaintiffs “bald assertion[s] and conclusory terms.” Id. The Second Circuit has recognized several ways in which a plaintiff could show personal involvement: (1) the defendant may have personally participated in the infraction; (2) a supervisory official may have failed to remedy the wrong after learning of the violation; (3) a supervisory official may have created a policy or custom under which the unconstitutional practices occurred or (4) a supervisory official may have been grossly negligent in managing subordinates who caused the constitutional deprivation. Williams v. Smith, 781 F.2d 319, 323-24 (2d Cir.1986). Although the Williams list is not an exclusive one, it represents the level of personal involvement necessary to state a Bivens claim.

Claims for false arrest pursuant to § 1983 or Bivens are governed by state substantive law. Davis v. Rodriguez, 364 F.3d 424, 433 (2d Cir.2004). To prove a claim of false arrest, Connecticut law requires Plaintiff to show that Defendant Vega personally restrained her against her will. LoSacco v. Young, 20 Conn.App. 6, 19, 564 A.2d 610 (1989). Defendant Vega’s mere knowledge of improper intimidation tactics does not rise to the requisite level of personal involvement necessary to state a claim for false arrest. Plaintiff has failed to allege that Mr. Vega was personally involved in any of the investigations of the two “powder incidents” that led to her arrest. She has not shown any specific facts demonstrating that he supervised the persons responsible for those investigations, nor has she shown that Postal Inspectors are responsible for initiating arrests or have supervisory powers to cause the arrest of a postal employee. A mere allegation of knowledge without a showing that the person possessing such knowledge is in a supervisory position in which he has the responsibility or ability to remedy the wrong is not a sufficient allegation of personal involvement to state a claim under Bivens. See McCann v. Coughlin, 698 F.2d 112, 125 (2d Cir.1983) (holding that prison officials were personally involved in due process violations because of their deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of the inmates, as indicated by their knowledge that the unconstitutional practices were taking place and their failure to act upon them). Plaintiff has failed to set forth specific facts showing that Defendant Vega was personally involved in the alleged constitutional deprivation — i.e., restraining her against her will. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Bivens claim against Defendant Vega should be dismissed for failure to state a cognizable cause of action.

Plaintiff, however, has requested leave to amend her complaint in order to show Mr. Vega’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation. Pi’s Opp. at 6. Generally, leave to amend should be freely given when justice so requires. Gumer v. Shearson, Hammill & Co., Inc., 516 F.2d 283, 287 (2d Cir.1974). Nevertheless, “[i]t is within the [district] court’s discretion to deny leave to amend ... when leave is requested informally in a brief filed in opposition to a motion to dismiss.” In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litg., 429 F.3d 370, 404 (2d Cir.2005). District courts may exercise their discretion to deny leave to amend “if there is a good reason for it, such as futility.” Jin v. Metro Life Ins. Co., 310 F.3d 84, 101 (2d Cir.2002). An amendment is futile when the additional allegations by Plaintiff would still render a claim legally insufficient. In re Tamoxifen, 429 F.3d at 404. Here, if Defendants are correct in their argument that Plaintiff cannot allege any facts sufficient to state a claim for false arrest or malicious prosecution against Mr. Vega, then Plaintiffs attempt to include additional facts detailing his involvement in the false arrest or malicious prosecution would be futile and the leave to amend should be denied.

Plaintiff, even if granted leave to amend her complaint, cannot allege sufficient facts to state a claim for false arrest against Defendant Vega. Specifically, she cannot prove that Defendant Vega restrained her physical liberty against her will. LoSacco, 20 Conn.App. at 19, 564 A.2d 610. Plaintiff has alleged that Defendant Vega had knowledge or should have had knowledge of improper tactics being used against Plaintiff, including forcing her to face groundless criminal charges. Compl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff has also alleged that the first “powder incident” was referred to the Hartford Police Department, but no further action was taken against her and that when she was arrested for the second “powder incident” she was placed in the Accelerated Pretrial Rehabilitation Program by the Hartford Superior Court. Id. at ¶ 12-14. The only “restraint” Plaintiff alleges is placement in the rehabilitation program and that was done by the court, not by Mr. Vega or anyone at the USPS. Therefore, even if Plaintiff could amend her complaint to show that Mr. Vega’s knowledge of the improper intimidation tactics was sufficient to constitute personal involvement, she could not show any set of facts that would be sufficient to state a claim for false arrest under Connecticut law.

Nevertheless, based on the fact that Plaintiff alleges Defendant Vega knew or should have known she was forced to face groundless criminal charges, her complaint is construed as including a claim for malicious prosecution. Like claims for false arrest, Bivens claims for malicious prosecution are governed by state substantive law. Davis, 364 F.3d at 433. To prove malicious prosecution, Plaintiff must prove that: (1) Defendant initiated or procured the institution of criminal proceedings against Plaintiff; (2) the criminal proceedings have terminated in favor of Plaintiff; (3) Defendant acted without probable cause and (4) Defendant acted with malice. McHale v. W.B.S. Corp., 187 Conn. 444, 447, 446 A.2d 815 (1982). The distinction between false arrest and malicious prosecution claims has been described as follows:

If the defendant complies with the formal requirements of the law, as by swearing out a valid warrant, so that the arrest of the plaintiff is legally authorized ... [h]e is therefore liable, if at all, only for a misuse of legal process to effect a valid arrest for an improper purpose. The action must be for malicious prosecution upon proof of malice and want of probable cause, as well as termination of the proceeding in favor of the plaintiff.... [W]here the defendant has attempted to comply with legal requirements, and has failed to do so through no fault of his own, false imprisonment will not lie, and the remedy is malicious prosecution.

W. Prosser, Torts (4th Ed.) § 11.

Because the absence of probable cause is an essential element of a malicious prosecution claim, see Hartman v. Moore, — U.S. —, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 1701, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006), Defendants argue that the federal grand jury indictment returned against Plaintiff gives rise to a presumption of probable cause that destroys her malicious prosecution claim. See Reply at 6. Although it is true that the existence of a facially valid indictment affords assurance that the charges brought against the defendant were based upon probable cause, State v. Riggs, 7 Conn.App. 180, 185, 508 A.2d 67 (1986), it is equally true that this is only a presumption. The Supreme Court has recently held that a showing of “a retaliatory motive on the part of an official urging prosecution combined with an absence of probable cause supporting the prosecutor’s decision to go forward are reasonable grounds to suspend the presumption of regularity behind the charging decision.” Hartman, 547 U.S. at —, 126 S.Ct. at 1704. Because the prosecuting officer at the grand jury indictment has broad discretion over what evidence to present and because Plaintiff was not allowed to be present at the grand jury indictment, there always exists the strong possibility that evidence showing the absence of probable cause was omitted. Therefore, it cannot conclusively be said that there are no set of facts Plaintiff could present which could show the absence of probable cause to arrest her.

Defendants further argue that Plaintiff has failed to show that Defendant Vega initiated or procured the institution of proceedings against her, nor has she shown that Mr. Vega acted with malice. See Reply at 7-8. Although the allegations in the Complaint are too vague to conclude that Plaintiff has stated a cognizable malicious prosecution claim, there is no indication that if Plaintiff were to amend her complaint to include more specific factual allegations demonstrating Defendant Vega’s personal involvement in the alleged deprivation, she could not prove these elements and state a cognizable malicious prosecution claim. 2 Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Bivens claim against Defendant Vega in his individual capacity is granted. However, Plaintiff is granted leave to amend her complaint to set forth more facts demonstrating Mr. Vega’s personal involvement in her alleged constitutional deprivation in order to state a cognizable malicious prosecution claim. It is noted that Plaintiff is granted leave to amend only for the purpose of setting forth a malicious prosecution claim against Defendant Vega in his individual capacity.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 20] Plaintiffs FTCA claims against Defendant Vega is granted. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs FTCA claims against the United States, however, is denied. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Bivens claims against the United States and Defendant Vega is granted, however, this Court will allow Plaintiff to file an amended complaint, in accordance with the terms set forth herein, on or before May 11, 2006. If Plaintiff fails to file her amended complaint on or before May 11, 2006, Plaintiffs malicious prosecution claim under Bivens shall be dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

1 . As Bivens claims are significantly similar to claims made under § 1983, federal courts generally incorporate § 1983 case law into Bivens actions. Tavarez v. Reno, 54 F.3d 109, 110 (2d Cir.1995).

2 . In order to prove a constitutional malicious prosecution claim, Plaintiff must plead and prove not only the absence of probable cause, but also that Defendant Vega acted maliciously and "induced the prosecutor to bring charges that would not have been initiated without his urging.” Hartman, 126 S.Ct. at 1701-03, 1705.