OPINION OF THE COURT
NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.
Jonathan Davis, a minor, and his mother and legal guardian, Wendy Davis, appeal the dismissal of Counts I through III of their complaint asserting claims against the Philadelphia Housing Authority under three separate theories of liability. The Davises argue that the district court erred by concluding they lacked prudential standing to pursue their claims because their rights were not within the “zone of interests” intended to be protected by Congress under the Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4821 et seq. (“Lead Act”). We agree and will reverse the order of the district court.
I.
Beginning in approximately July 1993, the Davises rented an apartment from Miriam Shaw. While living in the apartment, Jonathan Davis was exposed to peeling and chipping lead-based paint which caused him to suffer lead poisoning and severe, permanent injury. As a result of Jonathan’s poisoning, Wendy Davis incurred medical expenses and allegedly experienced mental distress.
Before the Davises rented the apartment, it had been inhabited by a woman with a child under the age of seven. During that time, the apartment was part of a low-income rental program entitled Section 8.1 The Section 8 program is administered by the Housing Authority within the City of Philadelphia and subsidizes the rents of low-income tenants within the private housing market. Section 8 housing assistance is provided by the federal government and authorized by federal legislation enacted, inter alia, “to assist the several States and their political subdivisions to remedy the unsafe and unsanitary [94]*94housing conditions and the acute shortage of decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for families of lower income.... ” 42 U.S.C. § 1437. To obtain the housing assistance funding, the Housing Authority enters into an Annual Contributions Contract with the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. 42 U.S.C. § 1437f.
Under the Lead Act and its implementing regulations, all existing housing which receives housing assistance payments under a program administered by HUD, or otherwise receives more than $5,000 in project-based assistance under a federal housing program, is subject to lead inspection and abatement procedures. 42 U.S.C. § 4822; 24 C.F.R. § 882.109©; 24 C.F.R. § 35.24. These procedures are intended “to eliminate as far as practicable the hazards of lead-based paint poisoning” with respect to the covered housing. Id. It is clear that the Section 8 program administered by the Housing Authority falls under the requirements of the Lead Act. It is equally clear that, under the Lead Act and its implementing regulations, the Housing Authority, as a condition of receiving federal funding for low-income housing assistance, has a duty to inspect Section 8 apartments for hazards resulting from lead-based paint and to ensure that any such hazards are eliminated as far as practicable. 42 U.S.C. § 4822(a)(1); 24 C.F.R. § 882.109©; 24 C.F.R. § 35.24(4).
Following Jonathan’s injuries, the Davises filed a civil action, alleging federal and state law causes of action against both the Housing Authority and Miriam Shaw. Counts I through III of the complaint asserted claims against the Housing Authority under three separate theories of liability: (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (2) liability to third party beneficiaries for breach of contract; and (3) direct private rights of action.2 In response, the Housing Authority filed a motion to dismiss the claims against it, arguing that the Davises lacked prudential standing to assert their claims because their rights were not within the “zone of interests” intended to be protected by the Lead Act.
The district court agreed and held that the Davises did not have standing to assert their claims against the Housing Authority. The court reasoned that “[bjecause Plaintiffs are not participants in the Section 8 housing assistance program, their interests are not consistent with the purpose implicit in the statute at issue____ Plaintiffs do not have standing to pursue the claims at issue due to their lack of Section 8 status.” Davis v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., No. 96-1665, 1996 WL 377189, at *3 (E.D.Pa. July 3, 1996). The court then dismissed Counts I-IV of the complaint.3
II.
At the outset, we note the limited scope of the issue we are asked to review; namely, whether the district court erred by dismissing the Davis’s claims for lack of standing.4 This issue is analytically distinct from the related question of whether the Lead Act provides Section 8 participants or their successor tenants with either an express or implied cause of action against the Housing Authority for an alleged breach of its duties to inspect for lead-based hazards and to ensure the removal of such hazards in apartment units which are, or at some time were, part of the Section 8 program. In Bowman v. Wilson, 672 F.2d 1145, 1151 n. 10 (3d Cir.1982), we explicitly noted the distinc tion between a dismissal of a claim for lack of standing based on a failure to satisfy the zone of interests test and a dismissal for failure to state a cause of action. There we stated:
When the question is whether any plaintiffs are entitled to relief under a statute [95]*95which does not expressly provide the relief which is sought, the question is properly framed as whether a cause of action can be implied. The court must in that ease decide whether a newly-fashioned remedial structure should be made available to a class of litigants not expressly entitled to relief under the statute.
In contrast, when there already exists a cause of action prescribing a particular remedy for a defined class of persons and the question is simply whether a particular plaintiff is also entitled to that relief, the question is properly addressed as one of standing. In such a case, the inquiry focuses on whether the plaintiff is the proper person to press the claim.
Id. at 1151 n. 10 (citations omitted). In the present action, the district court dismissed the Davis’s claims against the Housing Authority solely on its conclusion that the Davises did not have standing because their interests “are not consistent with the purposes implicit in the statute at issue.” Davis, 1996 WL 377189, at *3. Accordingly, we need not reach the separate question of whether the Lead Act provides the Davises, as successor tenants, with a cause of action against the Housing Authority for its alleged breach of duties.
III.
Turning squarely to the issue of standing, it is undisputed that the Davises were not participants in the Section 8 program at the time they rented the apartment from Miriam Shaw. It is also undisputed, however, that the prior tenants in the apartment were, and therefore during that period the Housing Authority was obligated to perform inspection duties and to ensure that abatement procedures took place pursuant to the Lead Act and its implementing regulations. These facts present us with the central question we must address: whether successor tenants, who move into an apartment that is no longer part of a federal housing program yet are injured as the result of an alleged breach of duty that occurred while the apartment was part of the program, are arguably within the class of persons that Congress intended to benefit under the federal statute at issue. Put another way, are the Davis’s rights arguably within the “zone of interests” intended to be protected by Congress under the Lead Act? We conclude that they are and hence, that the district court erred by dismissing the Davis’s claims against the Housing Authority based on a lack of standing.5
A.
The Supreme Court has established three elements necessary to satisfy “the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing”:
First, the plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in fact” — an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical. Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of.... Third, it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the inju[96]*96ry will be redressed by a favorable decision.
United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 742-43, 115 S.Ct. 2431, 2435, 132 L.Ed.2d 635 (1995) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2136, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)); accord Stehney v. Perry, 101 F.3d 925, 930 (3d Cir.1996). Here, there is no dispute that these constitutional standing requirements are met. The Davis’s claims allege: (1) a concrete harm that has already occurred; (2) caused by the Housing Authority’s breach of duty to inspect and to ensure abatement; (3) that is redressible by monetary damages to offset medical expenses and mental distress incurred as the result of the harm caused.6
In addition to the constitutional standing requirements, federal courts have developed prudential standing considerations “that are part of judicial self-government.” UPS Worldwide, 66 F.3d at 626 (citation omitted). These considerations require that
(1) a litigant assert his [or her] own legal interests rather than those of third parties, (2) courts refrain from adjudicating abstract questions of wide public significance which amount to generalized grievances, and (3) a litigant demonstrate that her interests are arguably within the zone of interests intended to be protected by the statute, rule or constitutional provision on which the claim is based.
Wheeler v. Travelers Ins. Co., 22 F.3d 534, 538 (3d Cir.1994) (internal citations and quotations omitted); accord Stehney, 101 F.3d at 930; UPS Worldwide, 66 F.3d at 626. The purpose of these prudential standing requirements is “to avoid deciding questions of broad social import where no individual rights would be vindicated and to limit access to the federal courts to those litigants best suited to assert a particular claim.” Wheeler, 22 F.3d at 538 (citations omitted). Here, it is clear that the Davis’s claims meet the first two prudential standing requirements: the Davises are asserting their own interests and are claiming violations of concrete statutory and regulatory rights. See Stehney, 101 F.3d at 931. Thus, the remaining question is whether the Davis’s interests are arguably within the “zone of interests” intended to be protected by the Lead Act and its implementing regulations.
B.
The Supreme Court first formulated the zone of interests test in Association of Data Processing Serv. Organizations, Inc. v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 153, 90 S.Ct. 827, 829-30, 25 L.Ed.2d 184 (1970). In Data Processing, sellers of data processing services challenged a Comptroller of the Currency ruling that permitted national banks to offer data processing services to their customers. The plaintiffs contested the ruling as contrary to a statute barring bank service corporations from engaging in “any activity other than the performance of bank services for banks.” Id. at 155, 90 S.Ct. at 831 (citation omitted). Holding that the plaintiffs had standing, the Court explained the zone of interests test as follows: “[W]hether the interest sought to be protected by the complainant is arguably within the zone of interests to be protected or regulated by the statute or constitutional guarantee in question.” Id. at 153, 90 S.Ct. at 830.
Subsequently, in Clarke v. Securities Indus. Ass’n., 479 U.S. 388, 107 S.Ct. 750, 93 L.Ed.2d 757 (1987), the Supreme Court provided further guidance as to the contours of the zone of interests test. In Clarke, the Court held that a trade association of securities brokers had standing to challenge a decision by the Comptroller that national banks could operate discount brokerage services in locations outside of their home states. Id. at 394-403, 107 S.Ct. at 754-59. Analyzing the zone of interests test, the Court explained that “[t]he essential inquiry is whether Congress intended for [a particular] class [of [97]*97plaintiffs] to be relied upon to challenge agency disregard of the law.” Id. at 399,107 S.Ct. at 757 (citations and internal quotations omitted). The Court then proceeded to state:
In cases where the plaintiff is not itself the subject of the contested regulatory action, the [zone of interests] test denies a right of review if the plaintiffs interests are so marginally related to or inconsistent with the purposes implicit in the statute that it cannot reasonably be assumed that Congress intended to permit the suit. The test is not meant to be especially demanding; in particular, there need be no indication of congressional purpose to benefit the would-be plaintiff.
Id. at 399-400, 107 S.Ct. at 757 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).7
Most recently, in Bennett v. Spear, the Supreme Court revisited the zone of interests test in the context of determining whether two Oregon irrigation districts, which had competing economic and other interests in water from the Klamath Irrigation Project, had standing to seek judicial review of a “Biological Opinion” issued by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Id. at---, 117 S.Ct. at 1159-60 (1997). The districts challenged the Biological Opinion under both the citizen-suit provision of the Endangered Species Act and the APA. Id. at-, 117 S.Ct. at 1159. In their complaint, the districts alleged that the restrictions on water delivery recommended by the Biological Opinion would “adversely affect plaintiffs by substantially reducing the quantity of available irrigation water” used by the districts. Id. at -, 117 S.Ct. at 1160. The Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s dismissal of the complaint for lack of jurisdiction, reasoning that “only plaintiffs who allege an interest in the preservation of endangered species fall within the zone of interests protected by the ESA.” Id. (quoting Bennett v. Plenert, 63 F.3d 915, 919 (9th Cir.1995)). The Court reversed, holding that the broad language of the EPA’s citizen-suit provision stating that “any person may commence a civil suit,” negated the zone-of interests test and expanded standing under the EPA to non-environmentalists like the petitioners in the instant action. Bennett, — U.S. at ---, 117 S.Ct. at 1162-63. Significantly, the Court also held that the districts had standing to seek judicial review of the Biological Opinion under the APA because their economic interests were within the zone of interests that section 7 of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. § 1536, was intended to protect. Id. at---, 117 S.Ct. at 1167-68.
In reaching its decision, the Court reviewed its jurisprudence regarding the zone of interests test and reaffirmed its determination that the test was applicable to suits not involving review of federal administrative action. Id. at-, 117 S.Ct. at 1161. The Court further emphasized that the breadth of the zone of interests test varied according to the provisions of law at issue. Id. Moreover, the Court specified that “[w]hether a plaintiffs interest is ‘arguably ... protected ... by the statute’ within the meaning of the zone of interests test is to be determined not by reference to the overall purpose of the Act in question ... but by reference to the particular provision of law upon which the plaintiff relies.” Id. at -, 117 S.Ct. at 1167.
Significantly, nothing in the Bennett opinion, or its analysis of the zone of interests test therein, indicates that the Court has retreated from its assertion in Clarke that [98]*98the zone of interests test is “not meant to be especially demanding.” Clarke, 479 U.S. at 399, 107 S.Ct. at 757.8
C.
We have applied the zone of interests test consistent with the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence. For example, in Sobering Corp. v. Food and Drug Admin., 51 F.3d 390 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 116 S.Ct. 274, 133 L.Ed.2d 195 (1995), we considered whether a competing drug manufacturer concerned about losing profits had standing to maintain an action against the FDA under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984. Although the manufacturer was not the direct subject of the regulatory action it sought to challenge, we were persuaded that the manufacturer’s competitive interests were consistent with the dual congressional purposes of the Act: (1) aiding generic drug competition; and (2) preserving the safety of commercial drugs. Schering Corp., 51 F.3d at 395-96. Significantly, in determining that the manufacturer had standing to bring its action against the FDA, we described the zone of interests test as follows:
When, as here, the plaintiff is not itself subject to the challenged agency action, the zone of interests test denies a right of review if the plaintiffs interests are only marginally related to the purpose of the statute. The test, however, is not so stringent that it requires the would-be plaintiff to be specifically targeted by Congress as a beneficiary of the statute.
Id. at 395 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). We thus indicated that the zone of interests test is not to be applied “stringently” in order to deny standing.
We also endorsed a “liberal” application of the zone of interests test in UPS Worldwide, where we considered the question of whether a private parcel service had standing to challenge the International Customized Mail (ICM) service offered by the U.S. Post Office. The private competitor alleged that the service violated the Postal Reorganization Act, which regulated postal and other rates for mail transported between the United States and other countries. We concluded that the prerequisites of standing had been met, reasoning that an “integral relationship” existed among the relevant statutes relied upon by the private carrier and that “the history of the Postal Service demonstrates that Congress understood that statutes setting postal rates were inextricably linked with those governing the postal monopoly.” Id. at 630-31.
Importantly, in the UPS Worldwide opinion we devoted significant attention to the standards underlying the zone of interests test. We first traced the development of the test through the Supreme Court’s decisions in Data Processing and Clarke. 66 F.3d at 628-29. We next noted that the Air Courier decision, which added the “integral relationship” requirement to the zone of interests test, had suggested a somewhat stricter test. Id. at 629. We then concluded that the Air Courier decision had done nothing to change the underlying nature of the zone of interests test, opining that the decision had “merely held that a recodification of an entire title of the United States Code, covering hundreds of statutory provisions developed over the course of two centuries, did not constitute one ‘statute’ within the meaning of the zone of interests test.” Id. at 630 n. 11. Distinguishing Air Courier in this manner, we proceeded to reaffirm that plaintiffs need not [99]*99be among the intended beneficiaries of the statute under which they are suing in order to satisfy the zone of interests test. Id. at 630 (citations omitted). Our opinion also explicitly rejected the idea that the test was intended to be a strict one. Id. at 630 n. 11. In so doing, we again cited the Supreme Court’s statement in Clarke that the zone of interests test “is not meant to be especially demanding.” Id. (citing Clarke, 479 U.S. at 399, 107 S.Ct. at 757).
IV.
This takes us to the central question before us: whether the Davises are asserting claims that arguably fall within the scope of interests intended to be protected by Congress when it enacted the Lead Act.9 The most relevant portion of the Lead Act to the this case is 42 U.S.C. § 4822 — “Requirements for housing receiving Federal assistance.” Subsection (a)(1) of § 4822 states in pertinent part:
The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ... shall establish procedures to eliminate as far as practicable the hazards of lead based paint poisoning with respect to any existing housing which may present such hazards and which is covered by an application for mortgage insurance or housing assistance payments under a program administered by the Secretary or otherwise receives more than $5,000 in project-based assistance under a Federal Housing program.
Relying on this statutory language, the district court concluded that “[bjeeause Plaintiffs are not participants in the Section 8 housing assistance program, their interests are not consistent with the purposes implicit in the statute at issue.” Davis, 1996 WL 377189, at *3. The district court, however, overlooked the legislative history of § 4822(a)(1) and interpreted the statutory provision at issue too narrowly for purposes of the zone of interests test.
The present § 4822(a)(1) was added to the Lead Act as part of a group of amendments to the Act passed in 1973. As the legislative history explains, the amendments were not intended to alter the principal purposes of the Lead Act which were, inter alia, “to eliminate childhood lead based paint poisoning by screening, and testing young children for high blood levels,” and “to determine the most effective means for removing the hazards of lead poisoning in those residences that present a high risk to the health of young children.” S.Rep. No. 93-130 (1973), reprinted in 1973 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2403, 2404. Instead, the amendments were intended to “ensure that fundamental improvements [would] be developed in lead poisoning programs,” and to provide the federal agencies responsible for these programs with increased appropriations to implement and coordinate the desired programs. 1973 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2405-06.
More specifically, the Senate Report emphasized that the particular amendments related to federal housing, including the provisions of § 4822(a)(1), were influenced by the belief that “it does no good to hospitalize a child for lead sickness and after treatment, return him to the same conditions that caused the disease in the first place.” Id. at 2406. The Report also recognized that “once a child has suffered the damage caused by lead poisoning, he is quite likely to get sick again unless the lead paint poisoning hazard is eliminated in his home and environment.” Id. These observations in turn persuaded Congress to increase the authorization of funding “for programs to eliminate the hazards of lead paint based poisoning,” as established under the terms of § 4822(a)(1). Significantly, the housing amendments, along with the ether 1973 amendments, were passed with the following summary statement included as part of the Senate Report:
In summary, the committee cannot overemphasize that the Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act has two primary purposes. First, the Act is designed to
[100]*100eliminate the hazards caused by existing lead-based paint. At the same time the Act is intended to begin providing resources to support programs that will search out those youngsters already sickened by lead poisoning so that they may receive medical attention. If full scale programs can be inaugurated to accomplish the two goals, we will be well along the way to achieving a significant health objective.
Lead-based paint poisoning manifests itself as a critical threat to millions of Americans, particularly young children. And, as such, this malady is the direct result of an environmental pollutant. Since we have the technology to eliminate the pollutant and to halt the damaging effects of the disease the committee strongly supports measures to curb the spread of this disease. There is no question that we know how to protect America’s children from lead-based paint poisoning. The committee agrees that now we must begin to do that.
1973 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2411.
The broad scope of both the Lead Act and the 1973 amendments, and the Senate Report’s focus on the need for the permanent elimination of hazards caused by lead-based paint, suggests that Congress intended more than just children living in housing presently receiving federal funding to reap the benefits of a lead-free residential environment. As the legislative history demonstrates, Congress understood that the permanent removal of lead-based paint hazards from the nation’s housing stock was vital to ensure that children were not constantly exposed and reexposed to the harms associated with lead-based paint poisoning. 1973 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2405-06. As such, it seems clear to us that by requiring HUD to establish procedures to eliminate lead-based hazards in residences receiving federal funding “as far as practicable,” Congress intended the lead-based paint hazards to be permanently removed, not abated for only that period of time during which the residence was part of federally funded housing program. From this perspective, it is arguable that Congress expected all children who lived in a residence that was at one time subject to the lead hazard removal requirements of the Lead Act and § 4822(a)(1) to be beneficiaries of the statutory scheme.
Moreover, although the case law is sparse, a number of courts have held that tenants in federally subsidized residences possess cognizable rights under the Lead Act and that they may sue local housing authorities to enforce its provisions. See, e.g., Ashton v. Pierce, 716 F.2d 56, 66-67 (D.C.Cir.), as amended, 723 F.2d 70 (1983); German v. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp., 885 F.Supp. 537, 577 (S.D.N.Y.), as clarified, 896 F.Supp. 1385 (1995); Hurt v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 806 F.Supp. 515, 525-26 (E.D.Pa.1992). Given that the primary benefit Congress intended these tenants to enjoy under the Lead Act was the permanent elimination of lead-based paint hazards, we are persuaded that tenants who come to live in these residences after the benefit has already supposedly accrued, (e.g., the lead hazard has been “eliminated as far as practicable”), could at least arguably be considered intended beneficiaries of the statutory and regulatory scheme imposed by the Lead Act and its implementing regulations. Under this view, “successor tenants” like Jonathan Davis would fall squarely under the broad zone of interests that Congress intended to protect with the Lead Act and § 4822(a)(1) — the rights of children to live in residences where lead-based paint hazards have been “eliminated as far as practicable.”
Further, even if the Davises could not arguably be considered intended beneficiaries of the statutory scheme created under the Lead Act and § 4822(a)(1), they may still qualify under the zone of interests test. Under the zone of interests test there is no requirement that the Davises be among the intended beneficiaries of the statute under which they are suing in order to satisfy the test. See, e.g., UPS Worldwide, 66 F.3d at 630 (citations omitted); Sobering, 51 F.3d at 395 (citations omitted). Indeed, there are a number of factors that suggest to us that the Davises satisfy the zone of interests test notwithstanding the argument that they are not intended beneficiaries of the Lead Act or § 4822(a)(1). First, the Davises assert
[101]*101claims for damages that are closely related to the purposes of the Lead Act and § 4822(a)(1). See Clarke, 479 U.S. at 399, 107 S.Ct. at 757 (plaintiff does not meet zone of interests test if his “interests are so marginally related to or inconsistent with the purposes implicit in the statute that it cannot reasonably be assumed that Congress intended to permit the suit.”). In this respect, the Davises allege that Jonathan suffered permanent injuries from lead-based paint hazards that should have been discovered and abated at an earlier time. Since two of the primary purposes of the Lead Act and the 1973 amendments are to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards from the nation’s housing and “to protect America’s children from lead-based paint poisoning,” there seems to be a close correlation between the interests of the Davises and the purposes intended to be served by these statutory provisions. 1973 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2411. Second, granting the Davises standing to pursue their claims would not interfere with enforcement of the statutory and regulatory scheme created under the Lead Act. In fact, permitting these claims to go forward would only encourage greater enforcement of the inspection and abatement duties imposed on local public housing authorities under the Act. Finally, given that the zone of interests test is “not meant to be especially demanding,” Clarke, 479 U.S. at 399, 107 S.Ct. at 757, it is difficult to conclude that the rights asserted by the Davises do not satisfy the liberal standards of the test. As noted above, the Davises are asserting claims closely related to the purposes and the statutory scheme of the Lead Act and there is no question that their specific individual rights, as opposed to generalized grievances, would be vindicated by permitting the suit to go forward. Collectively, these factors are clearly sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the zone of interests test.
V.
In summary, we believe the legislative history of the Lead Act and, more specifically, § 4822(a)(1), makes it clear that the Davis’s rights were arguably within the zone of interests that Congress intended to protect under the statute. Moreover, even if the Davises cannot be considered intended beneficiaries of the statutory and regulatory scheme created under the Lead Act, they have alleged violations of rights that are closely related to the interests intended to be protected by the Lead Act and § 4822(a)(1), and hence, we conclude their claims are sufficient to satisfy the zone of interests test and to establish prudential standing. Accordingly, we will reverse and remand the cause to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.10