COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, McClanahan and Senior Judge Fitzpatrick Argued at Salem, Virginia
DAVID REED JENNINGS MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1712-06-3 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER JANUARY 29, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE Charles N. Dorsey, Judge
Matthew J. Pollard (Office of the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
David Reed Jennings (appellant) appeals from his convictions, entered on conditional
pleas of guilty, for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2
and possession of a firearm while in possession of cocaine in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(B). 1
On appeal, he contends the trial court erroneously denied his motion to suppress, arguing the
police officer who found a firearm and cocaine on his person lacked reasonable suspicion to
conduct the detention and frisk that led to discovery of those items of contraband. We agree the
frisk was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and that the trial court’s denial of the
motion to suppress was error. Thus, we reverse the challenged convictions and strike counts two
and three of the indictment.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Appellant also was convicted for possession of cocaine upon his entry of a guilty plea. That plea was not conditional, and thus, that conviction is not before us in this appeal. I.
At a hearing on a defendant’s motion to suppress, “the trial court, acting as fact finder,
must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses . . . [and] resolve the conflicts in their testimony
. . . .” Witt v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 670, 674, 212 S.E.2d 293, 297 (1975). On appeal of a
ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party, here the Commonwealth. Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595,
598 (2004). “In so doing, we must discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of
the Commonwealth, and regard as true all . . . evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all
fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Cirios v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 292, 295,
373 S.E.2d 164, 165 (1988). “[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact
unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them[,] and we give due weight to the
inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.”
McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc).
However, we review de novo the trial court’s application of defined legal standards, such as
whether the police had reasonable suspicion or probable cause for a search or seizure. Ornelas v.
United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911, 920 (1996).
An officer may effect a Terry stop if he becomes aware of facts that “lead[] him
reasonably to believe in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot” and that the
person he detains is involved in it. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1884, 20
L. Ed. 2d 889, 911 (1968). “[T]he likelihood of criminal activity [required for a Terry stop] need
not rise to the level required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a
preponderance of the evidence standard.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274, 122 S. Ct.
744, 751, 151 L. Ed. 2d 740, 750 (2002). Nevertheless, “the Fourth Amendment requires at least
a minimal level of objective justification for making the stop. The officer must be able to
-2- articulate more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or “hunch.”’” Illinois v.
Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123-24, 120 S. Ct. 673, 676, 145 L. Ed. 2d 570, 576 (2000) (quoting
Terry, 392 U.S. at 27) (citation omitted); see Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274. He must articulate “a
particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal
activity.” United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18, 101 S. Ct. 690, 695, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621,
629 (1981); see United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 10, 109 S. Ct. 1581, 1587, 104 L. Ed. 2d
1, 12 (1989) (“A court sitting to determine the existence of reasonable suspicion must require the
agent to articulate the factors leading to that conclusion . . . .”).
An officer who develops such reasonable, articulable suspicion concerning a person may
stop that person “in order to identify him, to question him briefly, or to detain him briefly, while
attempting to obtain additional information” in order to confirm or dispel his suspicions. Hayes
v. Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816, 105 S. Ct. 1643, 1647, 84 L. Ed. 2d 705, 711 (1985). An officer
may conduct a pat-down search for weapons during a Terry stop if reasonable, articulable
suspicion of criminal activity supports the stop and, additionally, the officer has reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous. Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143,
146, 92 S. Ct. 1921, 1923, 32 L. Ed. 2d 612, 617 (1972).
Whether an officer has reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop and, additionally, reasonable
suspicion for a weapons frisk is based on an assessment of the totality of the circumstances,
“which includes ‘the content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability,’ i.e.,
‘quantity and quality.’” Jackson, 267 Va. at 673, 594 S.E.2d at 599 (quoting Alabama v. White,
496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 2416, 110 L. Ed. 2d 301, 309 (1990)). When the factual
basis for probable cause or reasonable suspicion is provided by an informer, the informer’s
(1) veracity, (2) reliability, and (3) basis of knowledge are “highly relevant” factors in the overall
totality-of-the-circumstances analysis. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 233, 103 S. Ct. 2317,
-3- 2328, 2329, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 543, 545 (1983). “‘[I]f there are strong indicia of the informant’s
veracity, there need not necessarily be any indicia of the informant’s basis of knowledge.’”
Jackson, 267 Va. at 673, 594 S.E.2d at 599 (quoting State v. Rutzinski, 623 N.W.2d 516, 522
(Wis. 2001)) (emphasis added). The fact that the informer is “a disinterested citizen who is
either the victim or eyewitness of a crime . . . permit[s] the infer[ence] that reasonable
information obtained from the citizen is reliable.” Polston v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 738,
745, 485 S.E.2d 632, 635 (1997), aff’d on other grounds, 255 Va. 500, 498 S.E.2d 924 (1998).
In contrast, if the tipster is anonymous or is “a ‘criminal’ informer,” additional information—
such as a prior history of giving reliable information, corroboration by another informer, or
independent police investigation confirming predictive information in the tip—is necessary. Id.;
see Jackson, 267 Va. at 574-77, 594 S.E.2d at 599-601 (discussing anonymous tips); see also
White, 496 U.S. at 330, 110 S. Ct. at 2416, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 309 (recognizing that less proof of
reliability is required to establish reasonable suspicion than probable cause).
A.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Appellant points to Donna McCoy’s testimony that she did not describe to the police
dispatcher anyone who had been shooting because “it was dark” and she “just heard voices.” As
a result, appellant contends, the descriptive information available to Officer Puckett about the
shooter and his companions must have come from the unknown informant, rendering it
insufficient, without proper corroboration, to provide reasonable suspicion for the stop and frisk.
We disagree because the evidence in the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, the party prevailing below, supports a finding that, despite Ms. McCoy’s
testimony at the suppression hearing, all descriptive information concerning the trio involved in
the shooting came from Ms. McCoy.
-4- Officer Puckett’s testimony on direct examination did not make clear the source of the
information about the shooting that the dispatcher relayed to Officer Puckett. On
cross-examination, appellant’s counsel referred Officer Puckett to the call screen print-out from
his vehicle’s laptop computer, and Puckett ultimately confirmed it contained information
indicating that both Ms. McCoy and a second, unidentified person called 911 and reported
information about the shooting. Officer Puckett first indicated on cross-examination that he was
unaware of the source of any of the information. Appellant’s counsel then directed Officer
Puckett to a particular line on the call sheet, and Puckett confirmed it referenced Ms. McCoy.
When Officer Puckett said he “[did not] see any reference to a second caller,” appellant’s
counsel provided him with similar guidance, stating, “It says ‘Another caller heard the shots,’”
and Puckett responded, “Another caller heard the shots, yes.” This exchange, viewed in the light
most favorable to the Commonwealth, supports a finding that the only information obtained from
the unidentified caller was confirmation that shots had been heard in the area and that all other
reported information contained on the call sheet and relayed to Officer Puckett by the dispatcher
verbally came from Ms. McCoy, a known citizen informant.
Ms. McCoy’s testimony at the suppression hearing, when called as a witness by
appellant—that she did not “describe [to the dispatcher] anyone who had been shooting” because
“it was dark” and she “just heard voices”—did not compel a different finding. The suppression
hearing was held almost five months after the shooting, which permitted the reasonable inference
that the contemporaneous notes made by the police dispatcher during Ms. McCoy’s call on
January 30, 2006, were more accurate than Ms. McCoy’s memory at the later suppression
hearing. Further, the trial court was free to assess Ms. McCoy’s credibility based on her
demeanor on the stand and to conclude that she minimized what she saw, perhaps to protect
herself from retaliation for providing information leading to appellant’s conviction. Thus, the
-5- trial court was entitled to conclude all descriptive information about the shooters came from a
known citizen informant and, thus, that the descriptive information was reliable for purposes of
determining the existence of reasonable suspicion.
B.
SUFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION TO PROVIDE REASONABLE SUSPICION
Appellant also contends that Officer Puckett lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to
detain appellant and to frisk him for weapons. We hold the evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, failed to support the weapons frisk.
The evidence establishes that Puckett equivocated in his testimony on direct examination,
stating “I believe the three subjects were described as black males” and “I believe one of them
[was described as having] a dark jacket on.” (Emphases added). When asked on direct if “any”
of the three people he approached at the corner of Harrison and Fifth was wearing a “dark
jacket[],” Officer Puckett again equivocated, testifying, “I believe [appellant] had on a blue jean
jacket, but I can’t be sure.” (Emphases added). When confronted on cross-examination with the
call screen print-out and asked if the print-out “describe[d] any individuals,” Officer Puckett
reported as follows: “It says, ‘Can see black male wearing a camo, gun shooting in the air.’”
(Emphasis added). Officer Puckett gave no testimony on cross-examination or redirect that the
call report referred to a dark jacket or a blue jean jacket or that the dispatcher relayed any similar
descriptive information to him verbally. Thus, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth, established that the shooter wore some article of camouflage clothing and
failed to establish that appellant or any of his companions wore camouflage. The record
contained equivocal testimony that appellant may have been wearing a blue jean jacket when
Officer Puckett approached him, evidence that failed to link appellant in any way to the report
-6- that the shooter was wearing camouflage. Thus, the record contains no evidence linking
appellant to the shooting via a description of his clothing.
The remaining identifying information relevant to the determination of reasonable
suspicion was that the shooter or shooters comprised a group of three African-American males
standing in the headlights of a blue car that was either a Buick or a Mercury Marquis and that the
three left the corner of Rutherford Avenue and Fifth Street, located in a neighborhood known for
drug arrests, at about 9:00 p.m. traveling toward the downtown area on foot. When Officer
Puckett approached the scene of the shooting four minutes later, he encountered appellant and
his two companions one block south of the scene, at a location consistent with the direction the
shooters were reported to have walked. Further, the trial court found that one block was a
reasonable distance for the trio to have walked in the four minutes that elapsed before Officer
Puckett arrived on the scene. Officer Puckett could see up Fifth Street to Rutherford from his
location at the intersection of Fifth and Harrison and said no other pedestrians were visible.
Nevertheless, the 911 caller had indicated the trio were all males. Appellant’s group, by
contrast, comprised two men and one woman, and nothing in the record established the woman’s
appearance was such that an observer was likely to mistake her for a man. Furthermore, the
three were walking in a residential area at 9:00 p.m., during what appellant’s attorney described
as “prime television hour” rather than “a late time at night.” Although Officer Puckett could see
no other pedestrians on Fifth Street when he arrived and his view to its intersection with
Rutherford was unobstructed, the shooters could easily have entered a residence along Fifth
Street or departed in the blue Buick or Mercury Marquis or some other vehicle prior to that time.
The presence of appellant and his companions within a block of the shooting four minutes
afterward was suspicious but, absent information that appellant or one of his companions was
wearing camouflage or that they engaged in furtive behavior or attempted to flee when Officer
-7- Puckett arrived on the scene, the evidence was insufficient to provide Officer Puckett with
reasonable, articulable suspicion to detain appellant. Indeed, Officer Puckett articulated only
that he “assumed” the trio were the same group that had been shooting, based on the direction of
their travel and the fact that no one else was on the street at that time.
Finally, even if Officer Puckett had reasonable suspicion to detain appellant and his
companions briefly in an attempt to determine whether one of them might have been the shooter,
the existence of reasonable suspicion to detain appellant, without more, did not carry with it the
authority to frisk appellant for weapons. See Adams, 407 U.S. at 146, 92 S. Ct. at 1923, 32
L. Ed. 2d at 617.
[D]espite the danger that inheres in [Terry stops] and the need for police to act quickly for their own safety, the Court in Terry did not adopt a bright-line rule authorizing frisks for weapons in all confrontational encounters. Even in high crime areas, where the possibility that any given individual is armed is significant, Terry requires reasonable, individualized suspicion before a frisk for weapons can be conducted.
Stanley v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 873, 875-76, 433 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1993) (quoting
Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 334 n.2, 110 S. Ct. 1093, 1098 n.2, 108 L. Ed. 2d 276, 286 n.2
(1990)) (emphases added); see also United States v. Caruthers, 458 F.3d 459, 467-68 (6th Cir.
2006) (“We must be particularly careful to ensure that a ‘high crime’ area factor is not used with
respect to entire neighborhoods or communities in which members of minority groups regularly
go about their daily business, but is limited to specific, circumscribed locations where particular
crimes occur with unusual regularity.”). Additional factors relevant to determining whether an
officer has reasonable, individualized suspicion to conduct a frisk during a Terry stop may
include the presence of a suspicious bulge in a detainee’s clothing, furtive behavior or an attempt
by the detainee to flee. See James v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 745-46, 473 S.E.2d 90,
92 (1996) (upholding frisk of passenger who was in vehicle with person wanted on a felony
-8- warrant and who appeared nervous, failed to comply with officer’s request to keep his hands on
dashboard, and kept asking to exit the vehicle); Troncoso v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 942,
945, 407 S.E.2d 349, 350-51 (1991) (holding that if bulge observed in stomach area of driver
during routine traffic stop is accompanied by fidgeting, nervousness, and effort to conceal bulge,
officer’s belief that subject may be armed and dangerous is reasonable); see also Whitfield v.
Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 362, 576 S.E.2d 463, 465 (2003) (holding “‘[n]ervous, evasive
behavior is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion’” and that “‘[h]eadlong flight[,
although] . . . not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, . . . is certainly suggestive of such’”
(quoting Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124, 120 S. Ct. at 676, 145 L. Ed. 2d at 576)).
Here, nothing Officer Puckett observed when he initiated the stop provided additional
facts sufficient to rise to the level of reasonable, individualized suspicion to frisk appellant for
weapons. To the contrary, Officer Puckett testified that when he approached the scene with his
blue lights flashing, appellant and his companions stopped walking and did not attempt to flee.
When Officer Puckett ordered them to remove their hands from their pockets, they immediately
complied and did not engage in any furtive behavior. When Officer Puckett inquired whether
they had “heard any shots in the area,” they accurately responded “yes,” and reported that the
shots had come from “down the street.” Finally, Officer Puckett did not testify that appellant or
his companions appeared nervous and did not indicate he observed a suspicious bulge that could
have been a weapon. Thus, Officer Puckett gained no additional knowledge during the stop to
provide him with reasonable, individualized suspicion to believe that appellant, or either of his
companions, was the shooter. See El-Amin v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 15, 23, 607 S.E.2d 115,
119 (2005) (holding that discovery of weapon on one group member, who demonstrated
tendency toward violence, may, along with other circumstances, provide reasonable suspicion for
-9- frisk of other group members). Absent such evidence, his frisk of appellant violated the Fourth
Amendment.
As we observed in reversing a conviction in Stanley,
We recognize the legitimate need of police officers to be cautious and protect themselves. If the slightest reasonable circumstances exist for an officer to suspect that an individual is armed and dangerous, the officer may conduct a limited patdown for weapons. In Terry, an experienced officer reasonably suspected the appellant of planning a robbery, a situation which he understandably concluded was likely to involve weapons. In [Pennsylvania v.] Mimms, [434 U.S. 106, 111, 98 S. Ct. 330, 333, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331, 337 (1977),] the officer observed a bulge which, although accompanied by no suspicious behavior, was large enough and carried in such a fashion so as to give the officer reason to believe it might be a weapon.
16 Va. App. at 877, 433 S.E.2d at 515. In appellant’s case, by contrast, appellant was merely
seen walking in a particular direction in a high crime residential neighborhood with a male and
female companion in the vicinity of a shooting that been committed four minutes earlier by one
of a group of three males of the same race. Neither appellant’s clothing nor the clothing of his
companions matched the description given by the caller. Further, neither appellant nor his
companions engaged in any suspicious behavior when Officer Puckett approached them, they
admitted having heard gunshots, and Officer Puckett observed no suspicious bulge in the
clothing of appellant or his companions. As we recognized further in Stanley,
the Fourth Amendment requires “not that [the factual determinations relevant to the reasonable suspicion analysis] always be correct, but that they always be reasonable.” Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 185, 110 S. Ct. 2793, 2799, 111 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1990). [However,] [a]n officer may not, simply by observing some item causing a “bulge” in one’s clothing, conduct a general frisk where the nature of the bulge or the surrounding circumstances do not reasonably support the conclusion that criminal activity is afoot or that the person is armed and dangerous. The physical evidence in this case shows that Officer Wooten’s conclusion concerning the likely content of appellant’s pocket prior to the pat down was neither correct nor reasonable.
- 10 - Id. Similarly here, the evidence shows Officer Puckett’s “assum[ption]” that appellant was part
of the group that committed the earlier shooting also “was neither correct nor reasonable.” Id.
Compare Caruthers, 458 F.3d at 462, 464-68 (where anonymous “shots fired” call was received
from high crime area at 1:30 a.m., officers who arrived on scene five minutes later found man
matching description of suspect’s race and clothing and man ran when officers asked to speak
with him and engaged in furtive movements as if he was trying to get rid of something in his
possession, reasonable suspicion supported detention and frisk); United States v. Mitchell, 256
F.3d 734, 738 (7th Cir. 2001) (where officers received “shots fired” call shortly before
10:00 p.m., arrived at scene in high crime area in 90 seconds, saw individual matching limited
description of shooter as male of particular race walking north on particular street, saw no one
else fitting description in that block, recognized man and his companion as dangerous men with
propensity for carrying firearms, and questioned man and his companion, who denied having
heard shots, officers had reasonable suspicion to detain and frisk individual); Johnson v. State,
696 So. 2d 1271, 1272-74 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (where officer responding to shots fired call
at 1:30 a.m. arrived on scene three to five minutes later, found only two men in vicinity and
engaged them in consensual encounter, during which both denied having heard any gunshots and
one had large bulge at his waist that resembled bulge made by officer’s own .9 millimeter
weapon, officer had reasonable suspicion to pat down man with bulge).
II.
For these reasons, we hold the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress was error.
Thus, we reverse the challenged convictions and strike counts two and three of the indictment.
Reversed and dismissed.
- 11 - McClanahan, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part.
I concur in Part I.A. of the majority opinion holding that the source of information about
the shooters was reliable for purposes of determining the existence of reasonable suspicion. I
dissent from Part I.B. of the majority opinion and the judgment reversing the trial court.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Jackson v.
Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004), and giving deference to the trial
court’s factual findings, McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261
(1997) (en banc), as we must do, I conclude the evidence supports the trial court’s decision that
reasonable, articulable suspicion existed to stop and detain the appellant. The majority discounts
the testimony of the officer and the totality of the circumstances in favor of one clothing detail,
“camo,” draws inferences and hypotheses in favor of the appellant, and then requires furtive
behavior or an attempt to flee for reasonable articulable suspicion. The trial court resolved
contrasts in the testimony between Jennings and Officer Puckett, and between the information
from the dispatcher and from the call screen, in favor of the officer’s testimony. See Witt v.
Commonwealth, 215 Va. 670, 674, 212 S.E.2d 293, 297 (1975).
While on patrol, Officer Puckett responded to a report of shots fired one block from his
location. The information relayed to him by dispatch, based on two callers—one known and one
unknown— was that three black individuals were in the street at the corner of Rutherford
Avenue and Fifth Street, shots were being fired, the individuals were moving around a vehicle,
and were headed toward downtown. Upon Officer Puckett’s arrival four minutes later, the only
persons in the vicinity were three African-American individuals on the sidewalk one block south
of where the call originated. Their location was consistent with having taken a direct path to
- 12 - downtown from the location of the shootings. 2 This evidence supports the trial court’s finding of
a reasonable, articulable suspicion that these were the same individuals involved in the
shootings. 3 Officer Puckett 4 was justified in stopping appellant, “in order to identify him, to
question him briefly, or to detain him briefly, while attempting to obtain additional information”
so as to confirm or dispel his suspicion. Hayes v. Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816 (1985) (citations
omitted).
Since the majority concludes the stop was illegal, its alternative analysis regarding
justification for the frisk is dicta. See Lofton Ridge, LLC v. Norfolk S. Ry., 268 Va. 377, 383,
601 S.E.2d 648, 651 (2004) (an “alternative justification for the ruling was unnecessary to the
holding” and, as such, “dicta”). Nevertheless, on that issue, I would hold the evidence was
sufficient to justify the limited pat down for the officer’s safety. Officer Puckett was conducting
an investigation into a shooting that took place four minutes prior to his arrival at the scene.
2 The majority attempts to explain why Officer Puckett saw no other individuals in the area and hypothesizes that the shooters may have entered into a residence or departed in the vehicle. However, such an analysis of the facts requires us to draw inferences from the facts in appellant’s favor rather than in the Commonwealth’s favor. Cirios v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 292, 295, 373 S.E.2d 164, 165 (1988). Moreover, the possibility of an innocent explanation for what the officer observed does not deprive him of the capacity to entertain a reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct. See Raab v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 577, 652 S.E.2d 144 (2007) (en banc). 3 The majority notes that the 911 caller indicated the three individuals were all males and appellant’s trio consisted of two males and one female. But, it was dark, and as the trial court noted, when Officer Puckett arrived, he observed three “subjects” who at least on gross inspection met the description he had. The majority states that nothing in the record established the woman’s appearance was such that she could be mistaken for a man, but again we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, not the appellant. 4 Officer Puckett testified that he believed one of the shooters was reportedly wearing a dark jacket and he believed the appellant was wearing a blue jean jacket. He further testified that the call screen print-out described a black male wearing “camo.” He also testified that information relayed by the dispatcher may not necessarily have made it onto the call screen. The trial court found Officer Puckett to be a credible witness and resolved any “equivocal” testimony by Officer Puckett in favor of the Commonwealth. See Witt, 215 Va. at 674, 212 S.E.2d at 297.
- 13 - Certainly, there then exists “the slightest reasonable circumstances” to suspect that the only three
individuals he found in the area were armed and dangerous. See Stanley v. Commonwealth, 16
Va. App. 873, 877, 433 S.E.2d 512, 515 (1993).
For these reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
- 14 -